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 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Prelims.indd 1 03-12-2019 15:07:39

Prelims.indd 2 03-12-2019 15:07:39
 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Shashi Bhushan Tiwari

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

Prelims.indd 3 03-12-2019 15:07:39

 Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited,
444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai - 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India

Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Copyright © 2020 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

No Part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise
or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and
executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.

This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers.

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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Printed and bound in India

ISBN (13) : 978-93-5316-390-7

ISBN (10) : 93-5316-390-0

Information contained in this work has been obtained McGraw Hill Education (India), from sources believed to be reliable. However,
neither, McGraw Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw
Hill Education (India) nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information.
This work is published with the understanding that McGraw Hill Education (India) and its authors are supplying information but are not
attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional
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Prelims.indd 4 03-12-2019 15:07:39

 Dedicated to
All those who are behind technological innovations
to fight climate change

Prelims.indd 5 03-12-2019 15:07:39

Prelims.indd 6 03-12-2019 15:07:41
 Preface

This book forms a part of the series “Your Personal Coach”. Like other books in this series, this book has been written
on two core principles:
(i) a text book must have continuity and flow in what it discusses.
(ii) nothing contributes more in understanding Physics than a good example.
I have tried to unfold the concepts gradually, one-by-one; illustrating each of them with examples. The main aim is to
make the students learn the basic principles of Physics independently.
In this book we will explore the close linkage between electricity and magnetism which will help us understand the
nature of light (electromagnetic wave). The story that will evolve at the end will truly fascinate you.
I shall be grateful to everyone who would provide feedback or help me with useful suggestions.

S.B. Tiwari

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Prelims.indd 8 03-12-2019 15:07:43
 How to use this Book

To make full use of this book one must go through the topics sequentially while working through the examples and in-
chapter problems given under heading “Your Turn”. By doing this you will have a fair amount of grasp over all the
essentials in a chapter.
Miscellaneous examples given at the end of each chapter have problems which involve multiple concepts or have some
mathematical complexity or are tricky. If you are studying the subject for the first time or are hard pressed for time, you
may skip the section on miscellaneous examples.
Almost every solved example starts with explanation of physical situation and basic principles involved. This feature
comes under heading “Concepts” at the beginning of each example.
I have highlighted the important points of learning under the heading “In short”. Here, I have also taken important
learning points from the examples. While going through the chapter it is essential to go through these points.
Physics cannot be mastered without practice. Keeping this in view I have given three Worksheets (exercises) after every
chapter. Worksheet 1 has multiple choice objective type questions with single correct answer. Worksheet 2 has multiple
choice questions having one or more than one correct answers. Worksheet 3 has subjective problems. A good number of
problems has been given in the Worksheets to give you a good practice on concepts learnt.
After few chapters, at regular intervals, you will find separate assignments on miscellaneous type problems. These are
problems based on latest trend of competitive examinations and contain Match the Column type questions and problems
based on a given paragraph. Attempt these questions only after you gain enough confidence in the related chapters.
I have kept these problems in separate chapters so that you have no bias or hint about the equation/s to use.
In the last chapter, you will find a collection of questions asked in competitive examinations since 2005. This is an
ideal collection of problems for revision.
In the end of the book, solutions to all questions has been given. Solutions are quite descriptive and easy to
understand.
Those who desire to practice at even higher level, I recommend my book – “Problems in Physics for JEE
Advanced”.
I hope you will enjoy this book.

S.B. Tiwari

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Prelims.indd 10 03-12-2019 15:07:45
 Acknowledgements

I thank to all who helped me in preparation of this book. My special thanks to –

• My students, who have taught me a lot.
• The management at McGraw-Hill which has shown a lot of patience.

S.B. Tiwari

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Prelims.indd 12 03-12-2019 15:07:47
 Contents

Preface  vii 5. Motion of a Charged Particle in

How to use this Book  ix Electric And Magnetic Field 1.15
Acknowledgements  xi 5.1 Velocity selector 1.15
5.2 Mass spectrometer 1.15
1. Magnetic Field 1.1–1.48 5.3 Cyclotron 1.16
1. Introduction 1.1 • Your Turn 1.18
2. Bar Magnet 1.1 6. Magnetic Force on a Current
2.1 Direction of magnetic field 1.2 Carrying Wire 1.18
2.2 Strength of magnetic field 1.2 • Your Turn 1.20
2.3 Magnetic field lines due to 7. Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole 1.21
a bar magnet 1.2 • Your Turn 1.23
2.4 Magnetic field strength due 8. Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic
to a bar magnet 1.2 Field 1.24
2.5 Torque on a bar magnet in a • Your Turn 1.25
uniform magnetic field 1.4 9. Moving Coil Galvanometer 1.25
2.6 Potential energy of a magnetic • Your Turn 1.26
dipole in a m­ agnetic field 1.4
 Miscellaneous Examples 1.27
• Your Turn 1.7
 Worksheet 1 1.36
3. Sources of Magnetic Field 1.7
 Worksheet 2 1.41
4. Magnetic Force on Moving Charged
 Worksheet 3 1.43
Particles 1.7
 Answer Sheet 1.47
• Your Turn 1.8
4.1 Circular motion of a charged 2. Magnetic Effect of Current 2.1–2.41
particle in a ­magnetic field 1.9
1. Introduction 2.1
• Your Turn 1.12
2. Biot-Savart Law 2.1
4.2 Helical path of a charged particle
in a magnetic field. 1.12 • Your Turn 2.2
• Your Turn 1.15 3. Caculation of Magnetic Field Using
Biot-Savart Law 2.3

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 xiv Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

3.1 Field due to a straight current 

6. Magnetisation ( I ) 4.5
carrying wire 2.3 
7. Magnetising Field Intensity ( H ) 4.5
• Your Turn 2.7
8. Magnetic Susceptibility (Χ) 4.5
3.2 Magnetic field at the centre of a
9. Magnetic Permeability 4.5
current carrying circular arc 2.8
• Your Turn 4.6
• Your Turn 2.10
10. Temperature and Magnetisation 4.6
3.3 Magnetic field on the axis of a
current carrying circular loop 2.11 11. Hysteresis 4.7
• Your Turn 2.12 12. Perfect Diamagnetism 4.8
3.4 Helmholtz coils 2.12 13. Cooling by Adiabatic Demagnetization 4.9
3.5 Solenoid 2.12 14. Earth’s Magnetism 7.9
• Your Turn 2.14 15. Elements of the Earth’s Magnetic Field 4.10
4. Ampere’s Circuital Law 2.15 • Your Turn 4.12
5. Applications of Ampere’s Law 2.16 16. Aurora 4.12
 Miscellaneous Examples 4.13
5.1 Field due to a long straight
current carrying wire 2.16  Worksheet 1 4.15
5.2 Field inside an ideal solenoid 2.17  Worksheet 2 4.16
5.3 Toroid 2.17  Worksheet 3 4.17
5.4 Field due to a large current sheet 2.18  Answer Sheet 4.18
• Your Turn 2.19
6. Force Between Parallel Currents 2.20 5. Electromagnetic Induction 5.1–5.63
• Your Turn 2.22 1. Introduction 5.1
 Miscellaneous Examples 2.23 2. Magnetic Flux 5.1
 Worksheet 1 2.29 3. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction 5.2
 Worksheet 2 2.33 4. Lenz’s Law 5.3
 Worksheet 3 2.36 • Your Turn 5.6
 Answer Sheet 2.40 5. The Source of Induced emf 5.7
5.1 Motional emf 5.7
3. Miscellaneous Problems
• Your Turn 5.12
on Chapters 1 & 2 3.1–3.10
5.2 Induced electric field 5.12
Match the Columns 3.1 • Your Turn 5.14
Passage Based Problems 3.4 6. Eddy Current 5.14
 Answer Sheet 3.10 • Your Turn 5.16
7. Self Induction 5.16
4. Magnetic Properties of Matter
7.1 Self inductance and inductors 5.16
and Earth’s Magnetism 4.1–4.18
• Your Turn 5.17
1. Introduction 4.1 7.2 Inductor in a circuit 5.17
2. Atoms as Small Magnets 4.1 • Your Turn 5.18
3. Paramagnetism 4.2 7.3 Self inductance of an ideal solenoid 5.18
4. Ferromagnetism 4.2 • Your Turn 5.19
5. Diamagnetism 4.3
• Your Turn 4.4

Prelims.indd 14 03-12-2019 15:07:48

 Contents xv

8. Transient Current in LR Circuit 5.19 7. Series AC Circuits 6.12

8.1 Growth of current 5.19 7.1 RC circuit 6.12
8.2 Decay of current 5.20 7.2 LR circuit 6.13
• Your Turn 5.23 7.3 LCR circuit 6.13
9. Energy Stored in an Inductor 5.23 • Your Turn 6.16
10. Energy Density in Magnetic Field 5.23 8. Power in AC Circuits 6.16
• Your Turn 5.25 9. Choke Coil 6.17
11. Inductors in Series and Parallel 5.25 • Your Turn 6.18
12. LC Oscillations 5.26 10. Resonance on Series LCR Circuit 6.18
• Your Turn 5.29 • Your Turn 6.21
13. Mutual Induction 5.30 11. Parallel Circuit 6.21
13.1 Mutual inductance of a pair of • Your Turn 6.22
coaxial solenoids 5.30 12. Measurement of AC Current and Voltage 6.22
13.2 Mutual inductance of two 13. Transformer 6.22
concentric coplanar loops 5.31
• Your Turn 6.24
• Your Turn 5.32  Miscellaneous Examples 6.25
 Miscellaneous Examples 5.33
 Worksheet 1 6.28
 Worksheet 1 5.47
 Worksheet 2 6.31
 Worksheet 2 5.53
 Worksheet 3 6.33
 Worksheet 3 5.56
 Answer Sheet 6.35
 Answer Sheet 5.63
7. Miscellaneous Problems
6. Alternating-Current Circuits 6.1–6.36 on Chapters 5 and 6 7.1–7.10
1. Introduction 6.1
Match the Columns 7.1
2. Essential Mathematical Concepts
Passage Based Problems 7.4
to Deal With Sinusoidal Quantities 6.1
 Answer Sheet 7.10
2.1 Average of a quantity 6.1
2.2 Understanding sinusoidal quantities 6.2 8. Electromagnetic Waves 8.1–8.14
2.3 Addition of sinusoidal quantities
1. Introduction 8.1
having same frequency 6.4
2. Ampere’s Law and Displacement Current 8.1
2.4 Phasors 6.5
3. Maxwell’s Equations 8.2
• Your Turn 6.6
• Your Turn 8.4
3. AC Generator 6.7
4. Source of Electromagnetic Waves 8.4
4. Average of AC Current and Voltage 6.7
5. Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves 8.4
5. RMS Current/Voltage 6.7
• Your Turn 8.7
• Your Turn 6.9
6. Electromagnetic Spectrum 8.7
6.­ AC Circuit with One Element 6.9
 Miscellaneous Examples 8.9
6.1 Only resistor 6.9
 Worksheet 1 8.11
6.2 Only capacitor 6.9
 Worksheet 2 8.12
6.3 Only inductor 6.10
 Worksheet 3 8.13
• Your Turn 6.12
 Answer Sheet 8.14

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 xvi Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

9. Previous Years' JEE Questions 9.1–12.18 AC Circuits 9.13

AIEEE/JEE Main Questions 9.13
Magnetic Field 9.1
IIT JEE/JEE Advanced Questions 9.14
AIEEE/JEE Main Questions 9.1
Electromagnetic Waves 9.15
IIT JEE/JEE Advanced Questions 9.2
JEE Main Questions 9.15
Magnetic Effect of Current 9.4
 Answer Sheet 9.17
AIEEE/JEE Main Questions 9.4
IIT JEE/JEE Advanced Questions 9.6
Magnetic Properties of Matter 9.8
Solutions S.1–S.106
Electromagnetic Induction
9.9
AIEEE/JEE Main Questions 9.9
IIT JEE / JEE Advanced Questions 9.10

Prelims.indd 16 03-12-2019 15:07:48

 CHAPTER 1

Magnetic Field

‘‘What magnetism is, no one knows. We can only think of it as a peculiar condition created in space by the motion of electricity.’’
–Sydney Evershed (1925)

1. INTRODUCTION pole of the magnet. When the north pole of one magnet is
brought near the north pole of another magnet, they repel.
More than 2000 years ago, certain stones (called lodestones) The same is true for a south pole placed near another south
were found in the coastal district of Magnesia, in ancient pole. However, opposite poles attract one another.
Greece. These stones had the unusual property of attracting Physicists have speculated for a long time about the
iron pieces. The term ‘magnet’ originated from the name existence of discrete magnetic charges (we can call them
‘Magnesia’. Magnets were first crafted into compasses and magnetic monopoles), just like positive and negative electric
used for navigation by the Chinese in the twelfth century. charges. But all our attempts to find tiny particles which
The subjects of electricity and magnetism developed will carry either a single north or a single south pole, has
almost independently till 1820, when a Danish physicist proved to be futile. If we go on cutting a magnet into many
Oersted discovered that an electric current exerts force on a small pieces, each small piece has its own north pole and
magnetic compass. Thereafter, a series of experiments and south pole. Even when one piece is one atom thick, there
discoveries established that electricity and magnetism are very are two poles. This suggests that the atoms, in a magnet,
closely related and it is not wise to study them separately. themselves are magnets.
Ampere proposed that electric currents are the source of Though we have never found an isolated magnetic pole
all magnetic phenomena. In 1867, Maxwell expressed that (i.e., a magnetic charge), we often think of a bar magnet as
both the phenomena—electricity and magnetism—go hand having two magnetic charges separated by a distance. The
in hand and one can produce another. The subject matter is north pole is assumed to carry a positive magnetic charge
now appropriately known as ‘electromagnetism’. (+m) and the south pole is assumed to have a negative
In this book we will explore the close linkage between magnetic charge (–m). The unit of magnetic charge (or, pole
the electricity and magnetism. In this chapter we will study strength) is A–m. The distance between the two poles of a bar
about the magnetic force on a moving charge and a current magnet is 0.84 times the geometrical length of the magnet.
carrying wire. But before we do so, we will introduce A bar magnet is essentially a magnetic dipole.
ourselves to magnetic field produced by a bar magnet.

2. BAR MAGNET
A magnet exerts force on another magnet, even without lg
touching it. We can say that a magnet creates a magnetic l = magnetic length, lg = geometrical length, l = 0.84 lg
field in its surrounding and this field exerts force on other
magnets. The dipole moment of a bar magnet is defined to be a
Simplest form of a magnet is a bar magnet. It has two vector quantity directed from the south pole to the north pole
ends of opposite nature. When it is suspended freely by tying of the magnet. Its magnitude is
a string at its centre, it acts like a compass. One end which M = ml (1)
points northward is called the north pole of the magnet. The where m is pole strength and l is the magnetic length.
other end, which points southward, is known as the south A magnet with large magnetic dipole moment (M) produces

Chapter_01.indd 1 03-12-2019 15:10:53

 1.2 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

large field in its surrounding. The dipole moment is measure

of strength of a magnet.

2.1 Direction of magnetic field

The direction of magnetic field at a point is defined as the
direction of magnetic force acting on a magnetic north pole
(positive magnetic charge) placed at that point. A south pole,
kept in a magnetic field, experiences a force opposite to the Iron filings around a bar magnet.
direction of the field.
To represent the variation of a magnetic field in space we
can draw field lines just like the electric field lines. A tangent
to a field line must represent the direction of field at a point
and density of lines is proportional to the strength of the field.
The next figure shows that field lines due to a bar magnet. Note
that the magnetic field lines are always closed loops. Density
of lines is very high inside the magnet.

A north pole experiences force in the direction of field.

A south pole experiences force opposite to the field.

2.2 Strength of magnetic field

We can define the strength of magnetic field at a point as
magnetic force experienced by a unit magnetic charge kept at
that point. If a magnetic pole of strength m experiences a force Field lines due to a bar magnet. All lines are closed loops.
F when kept in a magnetic field, the strength of the field at
the location is 2.4 Magnetic field strength due to a bar magnet
F
B=
m A magnetic charge (m) produces a magnetic field (B) at a
N distance r which is given by a law similar to the Coulomb’s
Unit of magnetic field (B) is , which is commonly law.
A−m µ  m
B =  0  2 (3)
known as tesla (T) or weber/m2 (Wb/m2). Another common  4π  r
unit is gauss.
1T = 104 gauss m0 is a constant known as magnetic permeability of free
space. In SI system its value is
Now, we can say that a magnetic pole of strength m
placed in a magnetic field B experiences a force given by T –m
4p ×10–7
  A
F = m B (2)
The field is radially outward if the magnetic charge is
2.3 Magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet positive and is radially inward if it is negative.
Assume a bar magnet placed on a table. If we wish to know Magnetic field obeys principle of superposition.
the direction of field at a point due to this bar magnet, we
need a small magnetic compass. Place the compass at a point Field on the axis of a bar magnet
on the table. The direction in which the north pole of the
compass points is the direction of field at that point. We can The line joining the two poles of a magnet is known as its
keep the compass at various points and know the direction of axis. Consider a bar magnet of magnetic length 2d having
field at each point. Another method is to spread small iron pole strength m. The dipole moment of the magnet is a
filings around the magnet and tap the table so that the iron vector from south pole to its north pole and its magnitude
pieces can overcome friction. An iron piece, when placed is M = m(2d).
near a magnet, develops magnetic poles in it. It becomes a
small magnet. We say that it has been magnetised [we will
learn about the reason in a later chapter]. Every iron piece
becomes a magnetic compass and points in the direction of
the field at that point. We can see the direction of field at
every point.

Chapter_01.indd 2 03-12-2019 15:10:53

 Magnetic Field 1.3

P is a point at a distance x from the centre of the magnet, Field at P is vector sum of BN and BS. It is easy to see
on its axis. Distance of P from the positive magnetic charge that components of the two fields along y direction will
(i.e., the north pole) is (x – d) and its distance from the cancel out. Their components in x direction add.
negative charge is (x + d).
 Field at P is directed opposite to the dipole moment vector
Field at P due to the north pole is ( M ) of the dipole and its magnitude is
µ m 2µ 0 m
BN = 0 directed towards right. B = BN sin q + BS sin q = sin q
4π ( x – d ) 2 4π r 2
µ 2md
Field at P due to the south pole is = 0
4π r 3
µ m
BS = 0 directed towards left. µ 2md
4π ( x + d ) 2 or, B = 0
4π (d + x 2 )3/ 2
2

The resultant field is

µ0 M
µ0 m  1 1  = (6)
B = BN – BS =  ( x – d )2 – ( x + d )2  4π (d + x 2 )3/ 2
2

4π  
For x >> d,
µ m(4 xd )
\ B= 0 µ M
4π ( x 2 – d 2 ) 2 B  0 3 (7)
4π x
µ0 2 Mx
or, B = [∵ M = m(2d)](4) Again, compare this result with that for an electric dipole.
4π ( x 2 – d 2 ) 2
When x  d, the above result can be approximated as Field at a general point
µ 2M Consider a point P at a distance r from the centre (O) of a
B 0 (5)
4π x 3 magnetic dipole (i.e., a bar magnet). The line OP makes an
angle q with the axis of the dipole. Let r >> d, where 2d is
Compare this result with the expression of electric field
distance between the poles.
due to an electric dipole at a point on its axis.
B

Field at broadside – on position Br

A position on the perpendicular bisector of a bar magnet B
is known as broadside–on position. Let P be a point at a
distance x from a magnet on its broadside–on position.
BN

BS Field at P can be worked out by using any of the methods

learnt in the chapter of electrostatics. We are not presenting
the derivation here, just stating the result.
The component of field along OP is given by
µ 0 2 M cos θ
Br = (8)
4π r3
Field at P due to the north pole is
µ m M = m(2d) is the dipole moment of the magnet. The
BN = 0 2 (direction is along NP ) component of field in a direction perpendicular to OP is
4π r
given by
Field at P due to the south pole is µ M sin θ
Bq = 0 (9)
µ m 4π r3
BS = 0 2 (direction is along PS )
4π r Resultant field at P is
B = Br 2 + Bθ 2

Chapter_01.indd 3 03-12-2019 15:10:55

 1.4 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

µ0 M B
or, B = 1 + 3cos 2 θ (10)
4π r 3
The angle made by B with the line OP is given by ext
B 1
tan a = θ = tan q
Br 2
1
⇒ a = tan–1  tan θ  (11) U90° = 0
2 
For slowly rotating the dipole text = tB.
2.5  Torque on a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic
field Magnetic torque on it is tB = MB sin q
Consider a bar magnet of magnetic length 2d and pole We wish to rotate the dipole slowly, we must apply an
strength m placed in a uniform magnetic field B. Angle equal torque in opposite direction.
between the direction of the field and the magnetic axis is q. text = tB = MB sin q
Work done by the external agent in rotating the dipole
further by dq is
d Wext = text · dq = MB sin q dq
Total work done by the agent in rotating the dipole from
initial angle q = 90° to final angle q is
sin
θ θ
Wext = ∫
90°
dWext = MB ∫ sin θ d θ
90°
Force acting on the north pole is mB in the direction of or, Wext = – MB (cos q – cos 90º) = – MB cos q
the external field and the force on the south pole is mB in
This work done is change in potential energy of the
a direction opposite to the field. These two forces form a
dipole.
couple and their torque is
Uq – U90º= – MB cos q
t = mBd sin q + mBd sin q
∵ U90º = 0
or, t = 2mdB sin q
or, t = MB sin q
\ Uq = – MB cos q
M = m(2d) = Magnetic dipole moment.  
= – M ⋅ B (13)
The torque tries to rotate the dipole so as to align it parallel
to the direction of the field. In vector notation, we can write
Recall that the potential
  energy of an electric dipole in
the expression of the torque as
   an electric field is – P ⋅ E .
τ = M × B  (12)
You must compare this to the expression of torque on an NOTES
  
electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field ( τ = P × E ) . 1. The above description of a magnet with two opposite magnetic
charges is a useful model in understanding its magnetic
behaviour. In practice, nobody has ever found an isolated
magnetic charge.

A magnetic dipole experiences a torque in an external field

 
which tries to align M parallel to B .

2.6  Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a

­magnetic field
Potential energy of a magnetic dipole is considered to be zero
when it is held perpendicular to a magnetic field. If we wish
to rotate it to some other angle q, we must do work against
the magnetic torque. Consider the dipole at an angle q to the A horseshoe magnet.
direction of the field.

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 Magnetic Field 1.5

2. A common horseshoe magnet is simply a bar magnet that has B2 1

been bent into a U shape. The figure shows a rough sketch tan a = =
B1 2
of field lines due to such magnet. All field lines are closed
1
loops. We have not shown the field lines inside the material ⇒ a = tan–1  
of the magnet. 2

  Example 2 A bar magnet of length 2d has magnetic

  Example 1 Two identical magnetic dipoles (D1 and D2)
dipole moment M. It is placed vertically on a horizontal
are placed at a separation 2x with their axes perpendicular.
table with its south pole on the table. Find the horizontal
The dipole moment of each dipole is M and their lengths component of magnetic field at a point P on the table due to
is short compared to x. Find the strength of magnetic field the magnet. The point P is at a distance 2d from the lower
at a point O that is midway between them. end of the magnet. Assume that the magnetic poles are at
D2 the geometrical ends of the magnet.

D1

Solution Solution
Concepts Concepts
(i) The magnetic field obeys the principle of (i) In practice, the magnetic poles are not exactly at
superposition. the geometric ends of a magnet. But the question
(ii) Field due to the dipole D1 is along x direction at asks us to assume so.
point O. (ii) Field at P due to the south pole is horizontal along
(iii) Field due to the dipole D2 is along y direction PS . Field at P due to the north pole is along NP . We
(antiparallel to the dipole moment vector of D2). will find its horizontal component and then add it
vectorially to the horizontal field produced by the
Field at O due to dipole D1 is south pole.
µ 0 2M (iii) We will assume the pole strength to be m and write
B1 = (along x) m (2d) = M
4π x 3

Field due to the north pole is

1
µ m µ m
1 2 BN = 0 2 = 0
4π r 4π (2 2 d ) 2
2
From geometry, q = 45°
Field at O due to D2 is \ Horizontal component of BN is
µ M BNH = BN cos 45°
B2 = 0 (along y)
4π x 3 µ m
= 0 (→)
Note that O is at a broadsideon position for D2. 4π 8 2 d 2
\ B = B12 + B2 2
µ0 M
= 4 +1
4πx 3
5µ 0 M
=
4πx 3
Direction of B makes an angle a with the x direction, where

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 1.6 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Field at P due to the south pole is

In Short
µ m
BS = 0 (←) (i) A bar magnet has two poles (magnetic charges)—
4π (2d ) 2
north pole (positive magnetic charge) and south pole
\ Resultant horizontal field at P is (negative charge). A magnetic charge is denoted by
BH = BS – BNH (←) ‘m’ and its unit is A–m.
µ0 m  1  (ii) A pole of a magnet can never be separated. However
=
4π 4d
2 1 –  (←) small a magnet is sliced, it always has a north and a
 2 2 south pole.
µ 0 m(2d )  1  (iii) The poles of a magnet are slightly inside the
= 3 1 –  (←)
4π 8d  2 2 geometrical edges. The pole to pole distance, known
as magnetic length, is 0.84 times the geometrical
µ0 M  1 
= 1 –  (←) length of the magnet.
32πd 3  2 2
(iv) Magnetic dipole moment of a magnet is a vector
directed from the south pole to the north pole. Its
  Example 3 A bar magnet has a magnetic dipole moment
magnitude is M = ml, where l is the magnetic length.
2.0 A–m2. It is released in a uniform magnetic field B = 25µT
from a position where its dipole moment makes an angle Unit of magnetic dipole moment is A–m2 or J/T.
of 120° with the direction of the field. Find the maximum (v) The magnetic field due to a magnetic pole of strength
kinetic energy of the dipole after its release. Assume no other m at a distance r from it is given by
force apart from the magnetic force. µ m
B= 0 2
4π r
Solution
Concepts Field is radially outward if the source is a north pole.
(i) The bar magnet has a potential energy in a magnetic For a south pole it is directed towards the pole. Unit
field. It loses potential energy to gain Kinetic of B is tesla (T)
Energy. (vi) The magnetic field obeys principle of superposition.
(ii) Kinetic Energy is maximum at position where the (vii) The field at a distance x on the axis of a bar magnet
potential energy is minimum. Potential Energy is
is given by U = MB cos q. It is minimum when µ 2 Mx
q = 0°. B= 0
4π ( x – d 2 ) 2
2

MB The field at a distance x on the perpendicular bisector

Ui = – MB cos 120° =
2 of the dipole is
Uf = – MB cos 0° = – MB µ0 M

B=
\ Loss in potential energy = 3 MB 4π (d + x 2 )3/ 2
2
2
3 (viii) When a bar magnet of dipole moment M is placed
Gain in kinetic energy = MB
2 in a uniform field B, it experiences a torque given
  
3 by τ – M × B
= × 2 × 25 ×10–6
2 (ix) The potential energy of a dipole placed in a magnetic
field is given by
= 75 µ J  
U = –M ⋅B

assuming the potential energy to be zero when M is

perpendicular to B .

Potential
 energy is minimum when M is parallel  to
B and the potential
 energy is maximum when M is
anti parallel to B .

Potintial Energy is minimum in this position.

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 Magnetic Field 1.7

YOUR TURN
Q.1 In what way are magnetic poles very different from Q.5 A bar magnet of length 10 cm has a magnetic dipole
electric charges? moment of 1.0 J/T. Find the magnetic field produced by
Q.2 In what way are magnetic field lines different from the magnet at a point on its axis which is at a distance of
electrostatic field lines? 10 cm from its centre.
Q.3 A bar magnet has a geometric length of 10 cm and its Q.6 In the last question, find the field on the perpendicular
pole strength is 12A–m. Find the magnetic dipole moment bisector of the magnet at a distance of 10 cm from its centre.
of the magnet.  [Take (1.25)3/2 = 1.4]
Q.4 Which property of a magnet has a unit of J/T? Q.7 In which position the potential energy of a magnetic
dipole is maximum when it is placed in a uniform magnetic
field?

3. SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD

Proton beam
A magnet is a practical source of magnetic field. However, it S
is not the most fundamental source. Fundamental source of
N
a magnetic field is moving charge (i.e., an electric current).
We will study about the magnetic effect of current in next
chapter. A magnet is able to produce magnetic field due to
Force
moving charges (i.e., current) in its atoms. We will explore
this further in a later chapter. Field
In the chapter of electromagnetic waves, we will learn
that a time changing electric field can also create a magnetic Velocity
field.
A proton beam gets deflected in a magnetic field.
The Earth itself behaves like a magnet. The strength of
magnetic field on the surface of the Earth ranges from 25 The magnetic force experienced by a charged particle is
to 65 µT. In New Delhi the strength of the Earth’s magnetic observed to be greatest when the particle moves perpendicular
field is about 48µT. to the direction of the magnetic field. At other angles, the
In practice, strong magnetic fields can be created by force is smaller and becomes zero when the velocity of the
electromagnets. People have successfully created field of charge is parallel or antiparallel to the field. Also, the force
100T also. is proportional to the speed of the particle and the strength of
In the present chapter we will not worry much about the field. In one aspect this force is very different from other
the source of magnetic field. We will study the effect of a interactions like the gravitational force or the electrostatic
magnetic field on a moving charge and on a current carrying force. The magnetic force on a moving charge is not along
wire. the line joining the charge to the source of the field. The
force acts perpendicularly to both the magnetic field and
velocity of the charge particle.
4. MAGNETIC FORCE ON MOVING In the diagram shown above, if we replace the proton
CHARGED PARTICLES beam with an electron beam the direction of the force on
the beam reverses. This shows that the direction of magnetic
A static charge does not experience any force due to a static
force depends on the sign of the charge.
magnetic field. But a moving charge, in general experiences
a force in a magnetic field. If a proton beam is passed All the experimental observations can be explained if
through a region between the poles of a magnet, it gets we define the magnetic force acting on a moving charge
deflected as shown in the figure below. The magnetic field by the equation
  
in the region between the poles exerts force on the moving F = q v × B (14)
protons. A similar force on moving charges can be seen 

when they pass near a current carrying wire. The magnetic If q is the angle between the vectors v and B , the
field produced by the current is responsible for this force. magnitude of the magnetic force is F = qvB sin q.

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 1.8 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction


 of force must be perpendicular to v as
(ii) The direction
 well as B . If you keep your note book horizontal,
the magnetic field is directed perpendicularly into
it. Force vector will be in the horizontal plane
 of
your note book so that it is perpendicular to B . The
force vector is also perpendicular to the velocity
vector.

Stretch your right hand palm along the direction of The × in the figure indicates the direction of magnetic

velocity so that the direction of field ( B ) is outward to field vector. This symbol × represents a direction into the
your palm. You must be able to curl your fingers from plane of the figure.
 
the direction of v to the direction of B . The stretched
thumb gives the direction of the force.

 The
 direction of force on a positive charge is along
v × B . The diagram given here
 will help you recall how

to get the direction of v × B using the right hand rule.
Remember that force on a negative charge will be directed
 
opposite to the direction of v × B
Because the magnetic force on a moving charge is always
perpendicular to the velocity of the charge, the force can
only deflect the direction of motion of the charge and will 
never change its speed. Magnetic force on a moving charge Force ( F ) must be in the plane of the figure so that it
never performs work. is perpendicular to B . The force must also be perpendicular

to v . This means it will be along the line AC. Now, use
  Example 4 A positively charged particle is moving 
right hand rule. stretch your right hand palm along v so
horizontally in north-east direction with a velocity of that you can curl your fingers downwards, towards B. The
2 × 105 m/s. It enters into a region where exists a uniform, thumb points towards A. Therefore, the force is in north-
vertically downward, magnetic field of strength 0.02T. west direction.
Charge on the particle is q = 3.2×10–19 C. Find the direction
Magnitude of the force is
and magnitude of the magnetic force that acts on the particle.
F = qvB sin90º = 3.2 × 10–19 × 2 × 105 × 0.02
Solution = 1.28 × 10–15 N
Concepts
(i) Velocity of the particle is horizontal and the NOTE
magnetic field is vertically downward. Angle If the particle has a negative charge, it will experience force in
between the two is 90°. Magnitude of the magnetic south-west direction.
force on the particle will be F = qvB sin90º = qvB.

YOUR TURN
Q.8. A particle having charge q is projected towards north Q.10. A charged particle is projected vertically up in
in a region where there is a magnetic field in the south a region where a horizontal magnetic field exists in north
direction. Field strength is B. Find the force on the particle. direction. In which direction will the charge deflect (east or
Q.9. A charged particle having mass M = 1 mg and west) if it is (a) positive, (b) Negative?
charge q = 1µC is projected in a magnetic field B = 1mT. Q.11. A negative charge – q enters a region with velocity
Find the maximum possible acceleration of the charge if its  
v vo iˆ + v0 ˆj . A magnetic field B = B0 kˆ exists in the region.
=
speed is 1 ×106 ms–1 Find the magnetic force on the particle.
Q.12. Write the dimensional formula of magnetic field (B).

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 Magnetic Field 1.9

4.1 
Circular motion of a charged particle in a The time period of revolution can be written as
­
magnetic field 2π 2πm
T = = (18)
Imagine that there is a uniform magnetic field (B) directed ω qB
into the plane of this page. A charged particle, having mass
The frequency of circular motion is
m and charge q, is projected from point A. The particle is
given a velocity v in the plane of this page (see figure). In 1 qB
f = = (19)
whichever direction you project the particle in the plane of T 2 πm
this page, its velocity will be perpendicular to the direction
Note that the time period (or the frequency) of circular
of the magnetic field.
motion is independent of the speed of the particle. Whatever be
the speed, the particle takes same amount of time to complete
C the circle. Actually, if you double the speed of the particle, the
radius of circular path doubles (See equation 15). This means
B that doubling the speed doubles the circumference. Obviously,
time period will not change.

A charged particle projected perpendicularly 2

1
into a magnetic field.

Immediately after receiving the velocity the particle starts

experiencing a magnetic force. The force is perpendicular to
the velocity in the plane of this figure (i.e., perpendicular Particle projected from A at smaller speed will follow path 1.
to B ). The use of right hand rule tells us that the force Same particle projected with higher speed will follow path 2.
on the particle (when it is at A) is in the direction shown Time period will be same in both the cases.
in the figure. This force does not change the speed but
deflects the particle in the plane of this paper. Let’s say the
  Example 5 A proton and a deutron
particle reaches a point B after some time. Magnitude of the
force on the particle has not changed. Its direction will be A proton and a deutron have same kinetic energy. They enter
perpendicular to the velocity at B. This force will further perpendicularly into a uniform magnetic field.
deflect the particle and so on. The speed does not change Find the
and the force deflecting the particle also stays constant in (a) ratio of radii of their circular paths, and
magnitude. Obviously the particle will follow a path of (b) ratio of time period of their circular motion.
constant curvature. It must move in a circle.
Magnitude of the magnetic force on the particle is
Solution
Concepts
F = qvB sin90º = qvB
(i) A deutron is basically a deuterium nucleus. It has
This force provides the necessary centripetal force. If the one proton and a neutron. Mass of a deutron will
particle moves in a circle of radius R, we can write be nearly twice that of a proton, charge on both the
mv 2 particles is same.
= qvB
R (ii) Equation 16 and 18 shall be used to get the required
mv ratios.
or, R = (15)
qB
Let mass of the proton be m. Mass of the deutron is 2m.
The above equation can also be written as Charge on both of them is e. Both have same kinetic energy
p 2mK (Say K).
R = = (16) 2mK
qB (a) Radius of the circular path is R =
qB qB
where p = mv = momentum of the particle. K, q and B are same for both the particles.

and K = Kinetic energy of the particle. \ R∝ m
The angular speed of the particle can be written as
Rp m 1
v qB \ = =
w = = (17) Rd 2m 2
R m

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 1.10 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

2πm   Example 7 One third of a circle in magnetic field

(b) Time period of circular motion is T =
qB In the last question, the particle is made to enter the magnetic
field at an angle of 60º with AB. Everything else is same
\T∝m
as in the last question. Find the time spent by the particle
Tp m 1 in the field region.
\ = =
Td 2m 2

  Example 6 Semicircular path in magnetic field

Region to the right of plane AB has a uniform magnetic field
of strength B. There is no field in the region to the left of
AB. A particle having mass m and charge q enters the region
of magnetic field at point P while moving with a velocity v
m
perpendicular to AB. Show the path of the particle and calculate
the distance that it will travel inside the magnetic field.
Solution
Concepts
(i) Circular motion begins as soon as the particle enters
the field region. After leaving the field region the
particle will travel in a straight line.
(ii) Centre of the circle will not lie on line AB. A
radius of the circle can be obtained by drawing a
perpendicular on the direction of the velocity. The
magnetic force is directed towards the centre.
Solution (iii) One easy way to figure out the path is to assume
Concepts that the field exists everywhere (i.e., in the region
Path of the particle inside the field will be circular. Once to the left of AB also). Path will be a complete
the particle crosses AB while moving to the left, it will circle in this case. Now, think which point on this
travel in a straight line in absence of any force. circle could be the point P given in the question.
Draw line AB passing through the point P. Now
As soon as the particle enters you can see the arc of the circle along which the
into the region of magnetic field, it particle must have moved before leaving the field
begins to move in a circular path. region.
Radius of the, circular path is
Radius of the circular path will be
mv
R= mv
qB R=
qB
To fix the location of the centre
Had there been a field
of the circle, you should note that
everywhere, the particle
the velocity at P is along the
would have moved in a circle 120°
tangent to the circle. Radius of the
as shown in the figure. The
circle must be perpendicular to the velocity. Magnetic force
point of projection P is such
on the particle (at P) is upward in the figure. This force is
that velocity at the point
towards the centre of the circle. Therefore, the centre is a
makes an angle of 60º with
point (O) on the line AB such that PO = R.
the line AB.
After completing the semicircle, when the particle reaches
The particle moves along the circular are PTQ in the field
point Q the force on it becomes zero (as there is no field
region and exits at Q. Thereafter it goes straight.
to the left of the point Q). The particle moves in a straight
line after this. The direction of motion of the particle has One can easily show that ∠PCQ = 120º
been changed by 180º. Time needed to complete one third circle is obviously.
πmv
Distance travelled in the field region = pR = T 2πM
qB t = =
3 3qB

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 Magnetic Field 1.11

  Example 8 Deflection in a narrow field. Solution

Concepts
The region between the parallel
(i) Show the circular path in the xy plane. Remember
planes AB and CD contains a
that the magnetic field is always perpendicular to
uniform magnetic field of strength B
the plane of the circular motion of the particle.
directed into the plane of the figure.
Width of the region is d. A charged (ii) The particle rotates through an angle q = wt in time
particle having mass m and charge q t, where angular speed w is given by equation 17.
enters into the field region moving
perpendicular to AB. Find the angular The symbol indicates a direction out of the plane of the
deviation in the path of the particle figure. Let this be our Z direction. Magnetic field exists in
caused by the magnetic field if this direction.
mv
d< . v0
qB
Solution
Concepts v0
mv
(i) Radius of the circular path is R = . It is given
qB
that d < R. The particle will fail to complete a
semicircular path as in example 6. It will definitely
exit to the right of CD.
(ii) The deviation angle is the angle between the initial
and final velocities of the particles.
B
Particle moves along the arc PQ and exits the field region B is directed out of the plane of the figure.
at Q.
q is the angle between the The charge is projected in y direction and the direction
initial and the final velocities. CP of initial force on it is towards negative x direction. [The
 
is perpendicular to the velocity at force is directed along – ( v × B ) as the charge is negative]
P and CQ is perpendicular to the Therefore, the centre of the circle is a point C on the
velocity at Q. It is easy to see that negative x axis.
qB
< PCQ = q. Angular speed of the particle is w = .
SQ m
In triangle CSQ : sinq =
CQ In time t the particle rotates through an angle q given by
d d .qB qB
\ sinq = = q = wt = t.
R mv m
 dqB 
q = sin–1   Magnitude of the velocity (i.e., speed) does not change.
 mv 
Hence, velocity at time t can be written as

v = – v0 sinq iˆ + v0 cosq ĵ
NOTE

If angle between two lines is q, then angle between their respective or, v = – v0 sin  qBt  iˆ + v0 cos  qBt  ĵ
perpendiculars is also q.  m   m 
The co-ordinates of the particle are
  Example 9 Writing velocity and co-ordinates x = – OM = – (OC – MC)
A particle having mass m and charge –q is projected with  qBt  
 = – [R – R cosq] = – R 1 – cos 
a velocity v = v0 ˆj from the origin at t = 0. There exists   m 


a uniform magnetic field B = B0 kˆ in the region. Write the
velocity and co-ordinates of the particle as a function of  qBt 
y = MP = R sinq = R sin  
time(t).  m 

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 1.12 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

YOUR TURN
Q.13 Alpha particles are projected with a speed of Q.18 A particle having mass m and charge +q is projected

10 kms–1 in a direction perpendicular to a uniform magnetic with a velocity v = v0 iˆ , from the origin of the co-ordinate

field of magnitude 1.0 T. Find the radius of the circular path system, into a region of uniform magnetic field B = − B0 kˆ .
and frequency of revolution of the particle. Find the time after which its acceleration will be in negative
Q.14 A particle having charge q and mass m is accelerated y direction for the first time.
through a potential difference of V and then made to enter
a uniform magnetic field B. Find the radius of the circular
trajectory of the particle if the particle moves perpendicular
to the field.
Q.15 A proton enters perpendicularly into a uniform
magnetic field with a velocity of 4 ×106 ms–1. The magnetic
field exists in a region that is just less than 10 cm wide in the
direction of initial velocity of the proton. Find the angular
deviation in the path of the proton caused by the field. Take
the charge on the proton to be e = 1.6 × 10–19 C and its Q.19 A beam of charged particles enter perpendicularly
mass to be m = 1.6 × 10–27 kg. Magnitude of the magnetic into a magnetic field. The beam
field is B = 0.4T. contains neutrons, electrons,
Q.16 Redo the question in example 7 considering that the protons and alpha particles. The
charge on the particle is negative. particles follow the tracks A, B,
Q.17 A charged particle, when projected in uniform C and D as shown in figure.
electric field, moves on a curved path. The same particle Which track corresponds to
when projected perpendicularly into a uniform magnetic which particle?
field, again moves in a curved path. What is the nature of
the two paths?

4.2 Helical path of a charged particle in a ­magnetic Due to the velocity component v⊥ the particle will
field experience a force in the magnetic field and will describe a
circle in yz plane (or a plane parallel to the yz plane). The
Consider a region having a uniform magnetic field of radius of this circle and the time period of circular motion
strength B directed along positive x direction. A particle is given by
having charge q and mass m is projected with a velocity mv⊥ mv sin θ
R = qB = (20)
v making an angle q with the direction of the field. To qB
understand the motion of the particle, let’s divide its velocity 2πm
into two components. T= (21)
qB
The particle has another velocity component v|| which
remains constant. Due to this velocity component the particle
continuously moves in x direction.
By superimposing the motions due to v⊥ and v||, one
can easily see that the particle will describe a helical path.
v|| = component of velocity in the direction of field = The radius of the helix is given by equation 20. The time
vcosq needed for the particle to rotate by 360º in yz plane is the
v⊥ = component of velocity in a direction perpendicular time period of the motion and it is given by equation 21.
to the direction of the field = v sinq Carefully understand the figure on the next page with the
comments written under it.

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 Magnetic Field 1.13

The figure below shows the path for one rotation. The
second diagram shows how the path will look like, to an
observer location on the z-axis. The first diagram shows that the
particle rises from O to A along the z direction as it completes
one rotation.
z

y
z

A charge moving in a helical path in a uniform B. The figure

shows three completed rotation of the charge. The particle rotates in

a plane perpendicular to B . The z co-ordinate of the particle is never
positive in this figure. The particle touches the axis at A, B and C only.

The pitch of the helical path is defined as the distance

moved by the particle in the direction of B by the time it
makes one full rotation in plane perpendicular to B . The The particle touches the z-axis at A. OA is the pitch.
pitch is given by
 2πm 
P = v|| · T =   vcosq(22)
 qB  v B is outwards

  Example 10 A proton enters into a region having a uniform A

magnetic field B = (0.3T) k̂ . The proton enters the field
region at the origin of the co-ordinate system with a velocity

v = ( 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ ) ×10 m/s.
4

(a) Find the time after which the proton will touch the
z axis for the first time after entering into the field
region.
(b) At what distance from the origin will the proton
touch the z-axis for the first time?
It is given that charge on a proton is q = This figure shows the path in xy plane as seen by an eye
1.6 × 10–19 C and its mass is m = 1.6 × 10–27 kg. located on the z-axis. The particle is coming out of
the paper as it rotates.
Solution
Concepts (a) Time of motion from O to A = time period of the
(i) Field is in z direction. The velocity component in helical path
z direction is v|| = 2 × 104 m/s. The velocity 2πm 2 × 3.14 × 1.6 × 10 –27
   or, T = =
component perpendicular to the field is qB 1.6 × 10 –19 × 0.3
v⊥ = vx 2 + v y 2 = ( 2 + 2 ) × 104 = 2 × 104 m/s. = 2.1 ×10–7 s
(b) Distance OA = Pitch
(ii) The particle will move in a helical path and will
= T · v|| = 2.1 × 10–7 × 2 × 104
touch the z-axis after completing one full rotation
= 4.2 ×10–3 m = 4.2 mm

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 1.14 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

  Example 11 Position and velocity in helical path.  qBt 

vy = – v sin q = – v sin  
A region of space has a uniform magnetic field Bkˆ. A particle  m 
having mass m and charge +q enters into the region at the origin z component of velocity remains unchanged.
with a velocity v iˆ + v k̂
vz = v
(a) Write the velocity of the particle at time t after it
  qBt  ˆ  qBt  ˆ  + v
enters the field. \ v = v cos   i – sin   j k̂
(b) Write the co-ordinates of the particle as a function   m   m  
of time. (b) Co-ordinates at time t are: (see figure)
Solution mv  qBt 

x = R sinq = sin  
Concepts qB  m 
(i) Particle will describe a circular path in xy plane mv   qBt  
with speed v⊥ = v. Apart from this it will move y = – (R – R cosq) = – 1 – cos  
qB   m 
uniformly in z direction with velocity component.
v|| = vz = v. z =vt
(ii) We will first consider its motion in xy plane.
Adopting an approach similar to that in example In Short
9, we will be able to write the x and y component (i) Electric current is the basic source of magnetic field.
of velocity and x and y co-ordinates as a function of A magnet exhibits magnetism due to current inside
time. vz remain constant at v and the displacement it at atomic scale.
in z direction in time t is simply z = vzt = ut Later we will study that a time changing electric field
also induces a magnetic field.
First consider the circular motion in xy plane. This
motion takes place due to v⊥ which is, initially, equal to viˆ (ii) A moving charge experiences force in a magnetic

field. The force is given by = F q (v × B ) .
qB (iii) Magnetic force on
Angular speed, w =  a moving charge is directed
m perpendicular to B as well as v .
Angular displacement in time t is (iv) Magnetic force does not change the speed of a charge.
It can only change its direction of motion. Work done
qB
q = wt = t by a magnetic force on a moving change is zero.
m
(v) When a charge is projected perpendicularly into a
uniform magnetic field, it moves in a circular path.
Plane of the circle is perpendicular to the magnetic
v field. Radius of circular path, time period of motion
and angular speed are given by
mv p 2mK
R=
= =
qB qB qB
v
2πm 2π qB
T=
and w = =
qB T m
(vi) When a charge is projected into a uniform magnetic
field with its initial velocity v making an angle
q with B , the particle moves in a helical path
This is projection in xy plane for the path taken by the
particle. The particle is moving out of the plane of the
(q ≠ 0º, 90º, 180º). The radius, time period and pitch
figure in a helical path for the helical path are
mv sin θ 2πm  2πm 
(a) x and y velocity components at time t are R=
,T= , p=   v cosq
qB qB  qB 
 qBt 
vx = v cos q = v cos  
 m 

Chapter_01.indd 14 03-12-2019 15:11:10

 Magnetic Field 1.15

YOUR TURN
Q.20 An electron with a kinetic energy of 90 eV and initial velocity of the electron is 53º. Find the radius
moves into a region of uniform magnetic field of strength
 and pitch of the helical path of the electron.
B = 3.14 × 10–4  T. The angle between the direction of B [Mass of electron = 9.0 × 10–31 kg; 1eV = 1.6 ×10–19 J]

5. MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN the electric field is directed downwards. A positive charge
moving along the straight line SX experiences an upward
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD magnetic force equal to
When a charge enters a region having both an electric field FB = qvB

( E ) and a magnetic field ( B ) it experiences an electric The electric force on the particle is independent of it
force as well as a magnetic force. The electromagnetic force speed. It is directed downward. Its magnitude is
on the particle is sometimes knows as Lorentz force. It can Fe = qE
be expressed as A particle will continue along the straight line path if net
   
F = q E + q ( v × B )(23) force on it is zero. Let this happen for a particle having speed v0.
qv0B = qE
By suitable choice of the electric and magnetic field we
can make a charged particle move on various kind of paths. E
or, v0 = (24)
We can also make interesting devices using the two fields. B
Below, we present the basic principle of a velocity selector,
This means that all the particles moving with velocity
a mass spectrometer and a cyclotron E
v0 = will experience no force and move in a straight
5.1 Velocity selector B
line to come out of the slit C. All other particles having
This device can be used to obtain a parallel beam of charged
velocity greater than or less than v0 will get deflected and
particles with all the particles moving at same velocity. In the
hit the screen C. A particle having v > v0 will experience a
figure shown, S is a source throwing out charged particles
magnetic force higher than the electric force and will follow
having different speeds. The parallel slits A and B act as a
a path like 2 shown in the figure. A particle having v < v0
collimator. All the particles which are able to cross through
will experience a magnetic force smaller than the electric
the two slits are moving along a straight line. However, they
force and will get deflected along a path like 3. Therefore,
may have different speeds. Our intention is to have a beam
we have a beam of particles, all moving with velocity
in which all the particles are moving with same velocity.
E
v0 = , to the right of slit C. We can choose the velocity
B E
FB that we want by adjusting the ratio .
B
v0
Fe 5.2 Mass spectrometer
This device can separate particle based on their masses and
can be used to identify different isotopes of an element.
Consider a source S which gives out singly ionised atoms of
Velocity Selector: Only particles having a particular speed are
an element. These ions are passed through a velocity selector
able to travel in a straight line and emerge out of slit C.
to obtain a beam of charged particles in which each particle
After crossing the slit B, the particles enter into a has same speed v0. If needed we can accelerate the particles
region where we have uniform magnetic and electric fields by applying a suitable potential difference. The beam of ions
perpendicular to each other. In the diagram shown, the is now made to enter into another region having a uniform
magnetic field is directed into the plane of the figure and magnetic field (B).

Chapter_01.indd 15 03-12-2019 15:11:11

 1.16 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

potential difference is used again and again to impart energy to

the particle. If a proton is made to cross a 10000 V potential
difference 1000 times (everytime accelerating it), the kinetic
energy will increase by 104 ×103 = 107 eV!
A cyclotron has two semicircular metallic hollow discs.
v0 Because of their shape the two pieces are often called as ‘dees’
of the cyclotron. They are kept with a small gap between
them. A high frequency oscillator is connected across the two
dees. For now, just understand that an oscillator produces
    Velocity Selector   particles hit the detector screen     a potential difference which keeps changing its polarity at
       after moving on a semicircular path regular intervals. An electromagnet is used to produce a
uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the
The charged particles move on semicircular paths and hit
the detector screen (D). Let’s assume that the detector screen dees. Source (S) generates charged particles moving at some
records that the particles strike it at two locations P and ordinary speed. These charges are trapped in circular paths
Q. This implies that there are two type of particles in the inside the dees. Note that the dees are hollow and a charge
beam which moved on circular paths of diameters OP and can go inside it and come out. Assume that a charge comes
OQ. Since all the particles were singly ionised and were out of the dee D1 at point A (see figure). Also assume that
travelling with the same speed, the only difference must at this moment the polarity of the oscillator is such that the
be in their mass. The beam has particles with two different dee D1 is at higher potential than D2. There is an electric
masses (say m1 and m2). The radii of circular paths for these field in the gap between the two dees. Field is directed from
particles will be D1 to D2. This accelerates the charge as it crosses that gap
mv to enter the second dee D2. Because the speed of the particle
R1 = 1 0 has increased, it travels on a path of higher radius inside the
qB
dee D2. By the time the charge reaches C, and again enters
m1v0 the gap, the polarity of the oscillator changes and now D2
and R2 = is positive The electric field is directed from D2 to D1 and
qB
again accelerates the charge. Now, the charge moves on an
R1 m1
\ = (25) even bigger circle inside D1. By the time it emerges into
R2 m2 the gap at E, the polarity of the oscillator changes once
again. The process continues and the charge moves on a
By measuring the distance OP and OQ we can find spiral like path of growing radius. When the radius of the
R1 OP
= . Therefore, we know the ratio of masses of the path becomes equal to the radius of the disc, it is made to
R2 OQ exit out of the dees.
two types of particles. If they are ions of the same element,
they are the two isotopes. Had there been three isotopes
of the element the detector would have recorded particles
at three locations.

5.3 Cyclotron
Many applications, particularly experiments in nuclear
physics, require charged particles moving at high speeds. A
cyclotron is a device which can be used to accelerate charged
particles to impart them a kinetic energy of the order of few
MeV. E.O. Lawrence built the first cyclotron in 1931 and it
delivered protons with kinetic energy of 1.25 MeV.
A charged particle can be accelerated by applying a ‘Dees‘ of a cyclotron Magnetic field is directed
potential difference. But the method is not practical when outward in this diagram.
we need to accelerate them to very high kinetic energies. If
The key thing to understand is that the time period of the
you wish to accelerate a proton to a kinetic energy of 10 circular motion of a charge in a magnetic field is independent
MeV, you need a potential difference of 107 V. of its speed or the radius of the path. It is given by
A cyclotron uses a moderate potential difference to 2πm
accelerate a charged particle. The charge is made to follow a T=
qB
circular (rather spiral) path using a magnetic field and the same

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 Magnetic Field 1.17

The frequency of circular motion is Solution

1 qB Concepts
f= =
T 2 πm (i) The magnetic field should be chosen so that the
frequency of circular motion of the porton is same
The time period (or the frequency) of the oscillator is set as the oscillator frequency.
equal to the time period (or frequency) of circular motion
of the charge. The frequency given by the above equation (ii) The kinetic energy is limited by the radius of the
is often called as cyclotron frequency. dees. The final kinetic energy of the proton beam
What this means is that the polarity of the oscillator is attained when radius of its circular path becomes
T equal to the radius of the dee.
changes at regular intervals of and the charge always
2
experience acceleration when it enters the gap between the (a) Frequency of circular motion of proton = Frequency of
dees. the oscillator
The speed of the charge when radius of its circular path
Bq
becomes equal to the radius (R­0) of the dee is given by­ ⇒ = 10 ×106 Hz
mv0 2πm
R0 =
qB 2πm
or, B= × 107
qBR0 q
or v0 =
m 2 × 3.14 × 1.67 × 10 –27
= ×107
This is the maximum speed that we can impart to the 1.6 × 10 –19
charged particle. The main limitation is to create a uniform = 0.67 T
magnetic field over a circular space of large radius (R0).
(b) Final speed of a proton is given by
NOTE mv
R0 =
For very light particles like electrons, the speed changes a lot even Bq
for a small change in their kinetic energies. Theory of relativity
BqR0
says that with increase in speed, the mass of a particle increases. ⇒v=
For a particle like an electron a small change in kinetic energy m
causes a big change in speed which results in a big change 1
\ Kinetic energy, K = mv2
in its mass. This causes the time period of circular motion to 2
2πm 2
increase (T = ). The synchronisation between the circular 1  BqR0  B 2 q 2 R02
qB or, K = m   =
motion of the particle and the polarity changes of dees gets 2  m  2m0
disturbed. The cyclotron fails to accelerate such light particles to
great kinetic energies.
(0.67) 2 × (1.6 × 10 –19 ) 2 × (0.5) 2
=
2 × 1.67 × 10 –27
In today’s world, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in
Europe, is the largest particle accelerator. It lies in a tunnel = 8.6 ×10–13 J
that is 27 km long and can accelerate particles upto energies 8.6 × 10 –13
of few TeV (tera electron volt). It is the largest machine in = eV
1.6 × 10 –19
the world.
= 5.37 × 106 eV
  Example 12 Magnetic field in a cyclotron
Oscillator used in a cyclotron has a frequency 10 MHz. The = 5.37 MeV.
device has dees of radius 50cm. This cyclotron is used to
accelerate protons. Calculate
(a) The magnetic field (B) needed to operate this
cyclotron
(b) The kinetic energy of the proton beam produced by
the cyclotron.

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 1.18 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

YOUR TURN
Q.21 A proton moves at a constant velocity of (100 m/s) iˆ (b) Find the speed of the deutron as it leaves the
in a region having a uniform electric and magnetic fields. cyclotron.
The magnetic field in the region is B = (4×10–3 T) ĵ . Find Q.23 In a mass spectrometer, the detector detects two
the electric field. spots at a distance of 1.2 cm and 1.4 cm measured from the
Q.22 A cyclotron accelerates deutrons. The radius of the slit through which the singly ionised carbon atoms enter into
dee is 0.8 m and the frequency of the cyclotron’s oscillator the magnetic field. What can you predict about the ratio of
is 1MHZ. masses of two isotopes of carbon?
(a) Find the number of times a deutron enters into the
gap between the dees in one second.

In Short
(i) Force on a charge moving in an electric as well as
a magnetic field is given by
  
F = qE + q (v × B)
(ii) Net force on a charge can be zero if
  
qE + q(v × B) = 0
   A current carrying wire in a magnetic field experiences a force

⇒ E=−(v × B) that is perpendicular to its length as well as B .
  
or, E = B × v
A current carrying conductor has electrons moving inside it.
(iii) In a cyclotron, a charge is made to move on a spiral
These moving electrons experience force in a magnetic field.
kind of path. Its energy is increased after every half
This force acts sideways on the electrons and get transmitted
circle by pushing it using an electric force. The
to the wire as the electrons collide with atoms.
particle gains speed but time period of its circular
motion does not change. Consider a straight wire carrying current I placed
perpendicularly into a uniform magnetic field. Let us
(iv) In a cyclotron, the time period of the oscillator is consider a length L of the wire and assume that the drift
same as the time period of circular motion of the speed of the electrons is vd. The wire is made of a material
2πm
charge and is given by T = . having n number of free electrons in its unit volume.
qB
Magnetic force on an electron is
(v) If R0 is the radius of the dees of a cyclotron, the   
maximum speed that it can impart to a charge is F = −e ( vd × B )
given by In the diagram shown, this force is
qB
vmax = R0w = R0 . towards left and has magnitude
m
F = evdB
Total number of free electrons in L vd
6. MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT length of the wire is = n(AL), where A is
area of cross section.
CARRYING WIRE
Sum of forces acting on all free electrons
When a current carrying wire is placed between the poles is the resultant force on the wire. Therefore, the force on the
of a magnet, it experiences a lateral force. Experiments show wire is to the left and has magnitude.
that the force is in a direction given by the right hand rule FB = (evdB) (nAL) = (nevd A) BL
with the thumb pointing in the direction of the force when
or, FB = ILB(26)
the fingers are curled
 from the direction of the current to
the direction of B .

Chapter_01.indd 18 03-12-2019 15:11:13

 Magnetic Field 1.19

Here, nevd A = I is the current. 

If the magnetic field is not perpendicular to the wire, the
Here, ∫ dl = 0 for a closed curve.
force is given by general form of the above equation \F=0
   A closed current loop experiences no force in a
F= B I L× B  (27)
 uniform magnetic field.
L is a length vector that has magnitude L and is directed
along the current.   Example 13 Sliding a wire on a rough floor
Following situations are worth noting. A straight wire of length L and mass M carries a current
I. It is placed on a horizontal rough surface and a vertical
(A) When the current carrying wire is magnetic field B is switched on. The coefficient of friction
parallel to the magnetic field, no between the wire and the surface is m. Find the least value
force acts on the wire. This follows of B which can make the wire translate. Give your answer
from equation (27) as cross product for L = 1.0m, M = 50 g, I = 5A and, m = 0.5. How will
of two parallel vectors is zero. your answer change if direction of B is reversed?
(B) When the wire is curved, to get the
force we must do vector addition of Solution
force acting on every small segment Concepts
of
 the wire.
 Force on a small length (i) Since field is vertical, the direction of the
 magnetic
 
dl = I dl × B force on the wire must be horizontal (∵= F I L × B).
Force is also perpendicular to the length of the
wire.
(ii) To draw a simple picture we can assume that the
wire is going into the plane of this paper and show
the cross section of the wire.

dl In the diagram shown, the current in the wire is directed into

the plane of the figure. The circle shown
 is the cross section
of the wire. The magnetic force I L × B is directed to the right.
 
Its magnitude is
dF is force on a small segment of lenght dl . By adding
F = ILB sin90º
forces on all the segments we get the resultant.
= 5 × 1 × B × 1 = 5B.
Force onthe entire wire is The maximum friction that can act

F = ∫ dF on the wire is
fmax = mN = mMg
 B   
= I  ∫ dl  × B (i) 50
A  = 0.5 × ×10
1000
B 

∫ dl is vector sum of all small displacements along
A
= 0.25N
The wire will begin to move if
 curved wire AB. It must be equal to the vector
the
F ≥ fmax    ⇒ 5B ≥ 0.25N
L obtained by joining the end A to the end B of the
wire. or, B ≥ 0.05T
   
\ F = IL × B If the direction of B is reversed (see figure), the magnetic
force on it will also reverse in direction. To prevent the
In short, wherever you encounter a curved current  motion, friction will be directed rightwards. But all this will
carrying wire kept in a uniform magnetic field B,
make no difference to the above calculations and our answer
replace the wire with a straight wire by joining its
remains unchanged.
ends. Magnetic force on this straight wire is same as
on the curved wire.   Example 14 A V-shaped wire
(C) Consider a closed current loop in a B A V shaped wire has 90º angle
uniform magnetic field B. Force on I between its arms and length
the entire wire can again be written of each of its arms is L. It is
using above equation (i). carrying a current I, as shown in

Chapter_01.indd 19 03-12-2019 15:11:15

 1.20 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

figure. A uniform magnetic field B is applied perpendicular Solution

to its plane. Find the magnetic force on the wire. Concepts

Solution (i) Assuming the wire to be uniform we can say that

resistance of the longer path from A to B is 3r if
Concepts
the resistance of the quarter arc is r. The current I
For writing force in a uniform field, the wire can be gets divided into two parallel paths at A. The ratio
replaced by a straight wire AC. There is no need of finding of currents in the two paths will be in inverse ratio
the forces separately on the arms AB and BC. of the resistances of the parallel paths.
(ii) For writing the magnetic force on a curved wire
We can replace the V we can replace it with a straight wire.
shaped wire by a straight
wire AC. Length of AC is Current I divides as I1 and I2
AC = 2 (Lsin 45º) = 2 L I
into two parallel paths at A.
Force can be written I1 B
 as  11 ==
II 33
C
B
F = I ( AC × B ) II22 11 R
\ F = I ( 2 L)(B) sin 90º 3I I 45° F
sin90º = 2 I L B \ I1 = and I2 = I A O
4 4
Direction of the force is perpendicular to AC in upward D
direction. Force on arc ACB is same I2
as force on straight wire AB,
  Example 15 A circular wire having two parallel paths having current I1. Force on arc ADB is also same as force
for current. on straight wire AB, having current I2.
A circular conducting wire \ F = I1(AB)B + I2 (AB)B = (I1 + I2)(AB)B
of radius r is kept in a plane
perpendicular to a uniform = I ( 2 R) B = 2 IRB
magnetic field B (see figure). The force is directed perpendicular to
A current I enters into the wire AB in the direction shown in the figure.
O
at A and leaves it at point B Therefore, force on the circle is F = A
45°
such that are AB is quarter of 2 IRB in a direction making 45° with F
the circle. AO, as shown in the figure.
Find magnetic force on the
circle. NOTE
A common mistake in such questions is to write the force as zero
when the diagram shows a closed loop. You must see if the current
is forming a closed loop or not. In the above example, the current
is not forming a closed loop.

YOUR TURN

Q.24 A wire of length L carries a current I along as shown in figure. A current I enters the pentagon at A
the positive x direction. A uniform magnetic field and leaves it at B. Find the magnetic force on the pentagon.

B = B0 (2 ĵ + k̂ ) exists in space. Find the force on the wire.
Q.25 A wire carries current in vertically upward direction.
It is kept in a horizontal magnetic field that is directed in
north west direction. Find the direction of magnetic force
on the wire.
Q.26. A pentagon shaped wire frame (APQRB) is located
in a uniform magnetic field B which is perpendicular to its
plane. The wire is uniform and various arms have lengths

Chapter_01.indd 20 03-12-2019 15:11:17

 Magnetic Field 1.21

Q.27 A square frame of side downward magnetic field B = 0.5T exists in the space. The
length L carries a current I as ends of the rails are connected to a 10V cell through a
shown in the figure. A uniform variable resistance R. When the variable resistance is made
magnetic field B exists in the space to decrease, the wire PQ begins to slide once R goes below
parallel to the square frame. Find 20W. Neglect resistance of all other parts of the circuit and
find the coefficient of friction between the wire and the rails.
(a) Force on arm AB
(b) Force on arm BC
(c) Force on the square loop
Q.28 A metal wire PQ of mass 20 g lies at rest,
perpendicularly on two parallel horizontal conducting rails.
The rails are separated by a distance d = 10 cm. A vertically

7. CURRENT LOOP AS A MAGNETIC So, far we have said that a current carrying coil and
a magnet are magnetic dipoles. You will learn later that
DIPOLE subatomic particles, including the electron, the proton and
A current loop behaves like a magnetic dipole though there the neutron, have magnetic dipole moments. Yes, they
are no visible poles in it. In this chapter, as well as in the are tiny magnets! In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
next one, we will come across many similarities in behaviour a patient is subjected to a strong external magnetic field
of a current loop and a magnet. which interacts with the protons in each hydrogen atom in
a tissue. This interaction is possible only because a proton
Magnetic dipole moment of a current loop is defined
has a magnetic dipole moment.
as a vector directed perpendicular to the plane of the loop.
This direction is taken in the direction of outstretched right   Example 16 Gyromagnetic ratio
hand thumb when the fingers are curled in the sense of the
An electron (charge -e, mass m) is revolving in a hydrogen
current. Magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of a
atom. Find the ratio of magnetic dipole moment (M)
current loop is
associated with this motion of an electron to its angular
M = NIA(28) momentum (L) about the centre of the circular path. This
where N is number of ratio is known as gyromagnetic ratio.
turns in the loop, I is the
current and A is the area Solution
of the loop Concepts
A current loop having (i) If an electron moves at frequency f in a circular
dipole moment M is path, the current associated with its motion is
equivalent to a bar magnet I = ef. The current is directed opposite to the
having dipole moment M. Magnetic dipole moment vector direction of motion of the electron as it has negative
As said earlier, we will of a current loop. charge.
encounter several similarities to support this statement. In We can write the magnetic dipole moment
the next chapter we will learn that a current coil can produce corresponding to this current.
magnetic field like a permanent magnet.
(ii) Angular momentum is L = Iw

Current associated with the motion

of the electron is
eω e
I = ef =
2π
where f is frequency of revolution and
w is angular speed
The figure shows current loop and its equivalent bar magnet.
Note the direction of north and south poles.

Chapter_01.indd 21 03-12-2019 15:11:20

 1.22 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Magnetic dipole moment corresponding to this current is This result is same as that obtained for a particle in the
M = I · p r2  (r = radius of the circular path) last example.
eω 2 1 (b) Figure shows a charged
or, M = pr = ewr2
2π 2 spinning disc. Charge
 per unit area on the disc
In the figure shown, the direction of M vector is 
is
downward. Angular momentum of the electron about the Q
centre is s=
πR 2
L = mr2w
 Consider a ring of radius
Direction of L is upward, in the figure shown.
x and thickness dx on the
Ratio of magnitudes of M and L is
disc. Charge on the ring is
M e dQ = s (2pxdx)
= (29)
L 2m Magnetic dipole moment
  e  
In vector notation M = –   L. for this ring is given by equation (i).
 2m 
  1
For a positive charge, both M and L will be in the dM = (dQ)wx2 = pswx3dx
2
same direction.
Dipole moment for all such rings are in same direction
  Example 17 Non conducting charged ring and disc and add. Therefore, dipole moment of the disc is
(a) A non conducting ring of mass M and radius R has R
π
charge Q on it. It is spinning about its central axis ∫ dM = psw ∫ x dx
3
M= = σωR 4
(normal to its plane) with an angular speed w. Find o 4
the magnetic dipole moment of the ring. Also find π Q 1
the ratio of its magnetic dipole moment to its angular = . 2 wR4 = QR2w
4 πR 4
momentum about the rotation axis. 1
(b) Repeat the above exercise for a uniform non The angular momentum for the disc is L = mR2w.
2
conducting disc having mass M and charge Q. M Q
\ =
Solution L 2m
Concepts
(i) A charged ring, that is spinning is just like a current NOTE
loop. You may try to prove that the ratio M is Q for a uniformly
(ii) A disc can be divided into a large number of thin L 2m
rings, magnetic dipole moment of each ring is in charged spherical shell or a solid sphere.
same direction and adds.

(a) When the ring makes one rotation, a charge Q passes   Example 18 Current loop that is not in a plane
through any point on its A current loop has
circumference. If it makes f the shape shown in
z
rotations in a second, the total the figure. It has
charge that passes through a two semicircular
point in a second is Qf. This is parts of radii R and
the associated current. 2R which lie in two D
R
perpendicular planes. C
ω
I = Qf = Q Two straight sections A O
2π B 2R
(AB, CD), each of
Magnetic dipole moment is length R, join these x
1
M = I · pR2 = QwR2(i) semicircular parts.
2 Current in the loop is
The angular momentum of the ring about its rotation y
axis is I. Find the magnetic
dipole moment of the current loop.
L = mR2w
M Q
\ =
L 2m

Chapter_01.indd 22 03-12-2019 15:11:22

 Magnetic Field 1.23

Solution Consider two circular current loops as shown in the

Concepts figure. The superposition of these two loops gives us the
(i) We can consider the given loop as combination given loop. Current in the section BC is equal and opposite
of one semicircular loop in xz plane and another in the two loops and cancel out.
semicircular loop in xy plane. For the loop in xz plane, dipole moment is
(ii) We will write the dipole moments for the two loops  πR 2
M1 = I (– ĵ )
separately and add them. 2
For the loop in xy plane, dipole moment is
 π(2 R) 2
z M2 = I (– k̂ ) = 2pR2 I (– k̂ )
2
Dipole moment of the give loop is
   1
I M = M 1 + M 2 = – pR2I ( ĵ + 2 k̂ )
R 2

2R
x
I

YOUR TURN
Q. 29 A non conducting rod of length 2l has two particles Q. 31 A circular current loop is folded along one of its
attached to its ends. Each particle has charge q and mass m. diameter such that the two semicircular halves lie in xy and
The rod has negligible mass. The system rotates with an yz planes. The radius of the circle is R and it carries a current
angular speed w about an axis I. Write the magnetic dipole moment of the loop.

passing through the centre of the
rod and perpendicular to its length.
q q
z
Find the ratio of magnetic dipole l l
moment to the angular momentum
of the system. I y
R
Q. 30 Find the magnetic dipole moment of the current
loop shown in the figure. O
I

Chapter_01.indd 23 03-12-2019 15:11:23

 1.24 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

8. CURRENT LOOP IN A UNIFORM or, t = F1b sin q = (IaB) b sin q

or, t = IAB sin q[A = ab = area of the loop]
MAGNETIC FIELD
or, t = MB sin q
Consider a rectangular loop having sides of length a [M = IA = magnetic dipole moment of the loop]
and b. It carries a current I. It is placed in a uniform The torque is directed so as to bring the dipole moment
magnetic field ( B ) and the magnetic dipole moment 
 vector ( M ) parallel to the magnetic
field ( B ). In the shown
( M ) of the loop makes an angle q with the direction 
diagram, the torque vector is along PQ . This is the direction
of the field. The dipole moment vector is normal to the  
surface of the loop with its direction being given by the of the vector M × B . Therefore, we can write
  
stretched right hand thumb when fingers τ = M × B (30)
 are curled in the
sense of the current. Angle between B and the plane of This equation is same as equation (12) that we wrote for
the loop is 90°–q. For easy visualisation, assume that the a bar magnet in a uniform field. This is the first evidence
magnetic field is horizontal and the loop has been tilted by that a current loop does behave like a bar magnet. It indeed
is a magnetic dipole. The above relation is valid for a current
loop of any shape, though we have derived it for a special
case of a rectangular loop.

  Example 19   Coil wrapped on a cylinder

A solid uniform cylinder has
mass M, radius R and length
L. A coil is wrapped on it in
vertical plane as shown in figure
Number of turns in the coil is
N. A current i is established in
the coil. A magnetic field of
angle q from its vertical position. When the loop is vertical, strength B is suitched on in

direction of M is along B . When the loop is tilted by q, horizontal direction parallel to
 
direction of M also tilts by q. Now, the angle between B the plane of the coil. Find the

and M becomes q. initial angular acceleration of
Magnetic force on arm AB is the cylinder. Neglect the inertia of the wire used to make
the coil.
F1 = IaB
 Solution
The force is directed perpendicular to AB and  B . In our Concepts
discussion, AB is horizontal and therefore F1 is vertical.
Force on the arm CD is also F1, directed downward. (i) The magnetic dipole moment of the coil

is normal to
Magnetic force on the arm BC is the plane of the coil. Both M and B are horizontal
with an angle q = 90º between them.
F2 = IbB sin (90° – q) = IbB cosq   
Force on DA is also of same magnitude. Both these (ii) The magnetic torque τB = M × B is directed
forces have same line of action passing through the centre vertical and causes the cylinder to rotate about its
of the loop. vertical axis.
τ
It is appropriate to show all the force acting at midpoints (iii) µ = B , where I0 is moment of inertia of the
(M, N, P and Q) of the respective arms. I0
Obviously, the resultant force on the current loop is zero. We cylinder about its central vertical axis.
already know this result – magnetic force on a closed current
loop in a uniform field is zero. Magnetic dipole moment of the coil
M = N · I · A = NI (2RL) B
The pair of forces on the arms AB and CD form a couple.
There is a resultant torque due to this pair. The second Dipole moment vector is normal to
diagram shows the line MN and the two forces acting at its the plane of the coil. B is parallel to B
ends. Resultant torque is the plane of the coil. Angle between I
b b them is 90º
t = F1 sin q + F1 sin q M
2 2 \ tB = MB sin 90º = 2NIR · L · B

Chapter_01.indd 24 03-12-2019 15:11:25

 Magnetic Field 1.25

1 Solution
Moment of inertia of the cylinder I0 = MR2
2 Concepts
τ 4NILB  
\ a= B = (i) If a and b represent two adjacent sides of a
I0 MR 
parallelogram, then a × b represents its area vector.
This vector is directed perpendicular to the plane
  Example 20 A method to find dipole moment of the parallelogram and its proper direction is
A conducting loop given by the right hand thumb when fingers are

ABCD carries a current curled from a to b .
I. An indicative box (ii) In the given diagram AB × AD gives the area vector
has been drawn to of the surface of the coil, pointing in the direction
make you understand of its magnetic dipole moment.
the dimensions of the Magnetic dipole moment of the loop is
loop and its orientation. 
M = I ( AB × AD )
Write torque on the loop
if a magnetic field B0 is = I [(l ĵ ) × (–m iˆ + n k̂ )]= I [lm k̂ + ln iˆ ]
switched on in vertical = I l [n iˆ +m k̂ ]
direction.  
\ τ = M × (Bo k̂ ) = – I l B0 ĵ

YOUR TURN
Q.32 A non-conducting disc of mass M and radius R Q.33 A circular current loop of radius R has current I
has uniformly distributed charge of surface density s. It is in it. A uniform magnetic field B is applied parallel to its
spinning about its vertical central axis. A vertical magnetic plane. Write the magnitude of magnetic torque on the loop
field B is switched on. Find the magnetic torque on the disc. and indicate the direction of torque vector.

9. MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER as torsional constant of the spring. A pointer attached to the
cylinder rotates with it on a graduated scale.
A rectangular coil of several turns is wound over a soft iron
cylindrical core. The cylinder coil system is free to rotate about
its axis on frictionless bearings. The wire of the coil is coated
with an insulating material so that the turns are insulated from
one another and also insulated from the iron cylinder. The
arrangement is surrounded by two semicylindrical pole pieces
of a magnet. A coil spring is attached to the cylinder and
its axis. When the cylinder rotates by an angle q, the spring
exerts a torque ts = Cq on it in opposite direction. C is known axis

Chapter_01.indd 25 03-12-2019 15:11:27

 1.26 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

torque. After making few oscillations, the coil comes to rest

in its equilibrium position. Let q be the angular rotation of
the coil, from its original position, when it is in equilibrium.
tB = tS
NIAB = Cq
 C 
or, I =   q(31)
 NAB 
The pointer attached to the cylinder also deflects by an

Top view. Field lines are radial. Field at the arms AB and CD angle q. The current I is proportional to the deflection angle
are parallel to the plane of the coil. C
q. The constant k = is known as the galvanometer
NAB
constant. This constant may be measured directly by passing
a known current and measuring the deflection.
When a current is passed through the galvanometer coil,
it begins to oscillate due to the variable spring torque. For
fast damping of oscillations we have to make appropriate
modifications. we will learn later that Eddy currents helps in
damping.
Even when the coil rotates the field is parallel to the
plane of the coil at side arms AB and CD. Sensitivity
The semi cylindrical pole pieces create a radial magnetic The sensitivity of a galvanometer is the deflection produced
field. Inside the iron cylinder the field gets multiplied many when a unit current is passed through it. It can be written as
times due to the magnetisation of iron (we will learn about
θ NAB
this phenomenon in a later chapter). A torque on the coil S= = (32)
ABCD acts when a current is passed through it. The torque I C
arises due to magnetic forces on the arms AB and CD. The The inverse of sensitivity (S) is known as figure of merit
forces on the other two arms are zero or always acting along for the galvanometer.
the same line producing no torque. The key thing to realise For high sensitivity, the magnetic field (B) must be
is that whatever be the orientation of the coil, the magnetic high. Presence of iron core increases the field and hence
field always remains normal to the sides AB and CD and sensitivity.
parallel to the plane of the coil. Inside the iron cylinder, the Voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer can be defined as
field lines get distorted and are not perfectly radial (Field the deflection produced when a unit potential difference is
lines cannot intersect. Exactly radial lines will mean that applied across it.
they intersect). But that shall not bother us when we wish θ NAB
θ
to find torque on the coil. The forces on the arms DA and Sv = = = (33)
V IRg CRg
BC do not contribute to the torque.
If B is strength of the radial field at the periphery of the Here Rg is resistance of the coil.
cylindrical core (that is where arms AB and CD are located),
then torque on the coil at any orientation is   Example 21 Will increasing the number of turns in a
galvanometer coil, increase its voltage sensitivity?
tB = MB sin 90º = NIAB
where N is number of turns in the coil, A is its area and Solution No. the voltage sensitivity is directly proportional
I is current flowing in it. to the number of turns N but inversely proportional to the
When a current is passed, the magnetic torque causes the coil resistance (Rg). Value of Rg is directly proportional to
coil to rotate. The spring gets twisted and exerts a counter the length of the wire, i.e. N. Hence, Sv will not depend on N.

YOUR TURN
Q. 34 A moving coil galvanometer has 100 turns and area of 0.05 radian when 10mA current is passed through it. Find
of each turn is 2.0 cm2. The magnetic field at the location the torsional constant of the spring used in the device.
of the iron cylinder is 0.01 T. The coil suffers a deflection

Chapter_01.indd 26 03-12-2019 15:11:29

 Magnetic Field 1.27

In Short
(i) A current carrying wire experiences force in a (viii) When placed in a uniform magnetic field, a current
magnetic field. This force arises due to the magnetic loop experiences torque.
  
forces acting on the moving electrons inside the wire. τB = M × B
(ii) Force on a straight
 current carrying wire in a uniform This torque is always about an axis in the place of
magnetic field B is the loop and tries to align M parallel to B .
  
F = IL×B (ix) A particle having mass m and charge q, revolving

Here, L is the length vector in the direction of the in a circular orbit, has a constant ratio of magnetic
current. dipole moment and angular momentum, irrespective

(iii) If a straight wire has its length along B , no magnetic of its rotation speed. The ratio is
force will act on it. M q
=
(iv) Magnetic force on a curved wire placed in a uniform L 2m
The ratio is known as gyromagnetic ratio.
magnetic field can be obtained by replacing the wire
with a straight one joining its ends. This is true, in (x) In a moving coil galvanometer, current (i) through the
general, for a uniform field only. coil is proportional to the deflection (q) of the coil.
(v) Magnetic force on a closed current loop in a uniform i ∝ q    ⇒ i = kq
magnetic field is zero. The constant k is known as galvanometer constant
(vi) A current loop behaves like a magnetic dipole. and its value is
C
(vii) Magnetic dipole moment of a current loop is a k =
vector perpendicular to its plane having magnitude NAB
M = NIA. Here, N is number of turns in the loop, Where C is torsional constant of the spring, N is
A is its area and I is the current in the loop. The number of turns in the coil, A is area of the coil and
proper direction of dipole moment vector ( M ) is B is the magnetic field at the position of the coil.
along the right hand thumb when fingers are curled θ 1
(xi) = is known as current sensitivity of the
in the sense of current. i k
galvanometer.

Miscellaneous Examples
First, let’s write the force due to lower magnet on the north
  Example 22 Two identical magnets, with pole of the upper magnet. Force due to south pole of the
length l and mass M each are arranged lower magnet can be neglected compared to the force applied
vertically inside a glass tube as shown in the by the north pole (∵ l >> x)
figure. The upper magnet remains suspended
µ0 m ⋅ m
in air above the lower one so that the distance \ FN = (↑­)
between the nearest poles of the magnets is 4π x 2
x (<< l). Find the pole strength (m) of the Force on the south pole of the upper magnet due to the
magnets. Assume that the magnetic length, lower magnet can be written as
for each magnet, is same as the geometric µ m⋅m µ m⋅m
length. FS = 0 – 0
4π l 2 4π (2l ) 2
Solution 3 µ0 m ⋅ m
= (↓)
4 4π l 2
Concepts
(i) The force applied by the lower magnet on the upper For equilibrium
magnet balances the weight of the upper magnet. FN = FS + Mg
(ii) Equation 4 can be used to write the field due to µ0 m2 3 µ0 m2
or, = + Mg
lower magnet at the position of the two poles of 4π x 2
4 4π l 2
the upper magnet. µ0  1 3 1
or, m2  2 – = Mg
4π x 4 l 2 

Chapter_01.indd 27 03-12-2019 15:11:31

 1.28 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Again, x << l, permits us to neglect the second term inside This is the standard equation for SHM. The magnet
the bracket. In effect, we are saying that FS << FN. performs SHM.
2
µ0 m MB
⇒ 2 = Mg
w =
4π x IZ
4πMg IZ
⇒ m = x. ⇒ T = 2p
µ0 MB
m(l 2 + a 2 )
  Example 23 Oscillating magnet or, T = 2p
12 MB
A bar magnet has the shape shown in the figure. Its mass is
m. It is kept in a uniform magnetic field B that is parallel (b) Moment of inertia about the y axis is
to its axis (along x direction). The magnet is given a small m 2
Iy= (l + b2)
angular displacement and released find time period of its 12
oscillations if it was displaced about (a) z axis (b) y axis.
d 2θ
Its magnetic dipole moment is M. Neglect all other forces \ Iy = – MBq
apart from the magnetic force. dt 2
d 2θ  MB 
⇒ =–  q
 Iy 
2
dt

MB
\ w =
Iy

Iy m(l 2 + b 2 )
or, T = 2p = 2p
MB 12 MB

Solution   Example 24 Another question on writing velocity as a

Concepts function of time
   A particle having mass m and  charge q is projected
(i) The magnetic torque ( τ= M × B ) is always directed
from the origin with a velocity  v = v0 ( iˆ + ĵ ). The region
so as to rotate the magnet back to its original
has a uniform magnetic field B = Bo k̂ . Find the x and y
equilibrium position. This restoring torque causes
component of the particle’s velocity as a function of time
oscillations.
assuming that it was projected at time t = 0.
(ii) The moment of intertia of the magnet is different Solution
about z axis and y axis. Concepts
Torque on the magnet in the position shown is (i) It is important to draw the path correctly. The initial
t = MB sinq velocity makes 45º with the positive x direction and
N it must be tangential to the circle. Initial force on
For small angular
M
the particle is directed towards a point in the 4th
displacement, this torque 
quadrant. Thus the centre of the circle is located in
can be written as 
x the 4th quadrant.
t = MB.q. B qB
S
(ii) The angular speed of circular motion is w = .
The torque remains m
same whether the magnet The particle rotates through an angle q = wt in time
is rotated about the y axis or z axis. t.
(a) Moment of inertia about the z axis is The circular path of the
m 2 particle is as shown in figure.
Iz = (l + a2)
12 The speed of the particle is
d 2θ 2 v0 and its initial velocity
\ Iz = – MBq is inclined at 45º to the x axis.
dt 2
In time t the particle rotates
d 2θ  MB  by an angle q to reach point
or, =–  q
dt 2  IZ  A and its velocity now makes
an angle 45º – q with the x
direction. Recall that the
speed does not change.

Chapter_01.indd 28 03-12-2019 15:11:32

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MILITARY

ADVENTURES OF CHARLES O'NEIL ***
WHIPPING AT GIBRALTAR. PAGE 47.
 THE

MILITARY ADVENTURES
OF

CHARLES O’NEIL,
WHO WAS A SOLDIER IN THE ARMY OF LORD WELLINGTON
DURING THE
MEMORABLE PENINSULAR WAR AND THE CONTINENTAL
CAMPAIGNS FROM 1811 TO 1815;

INCLUDING FULL HISTORIES OF

THE BLOODY BATTLE OF BAROSSA,

AND
THE MEMORABLE SIEGE OF
BADAJOS;
TOGETHER WITH A GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF THE

BATTLE OF WATERLOO,
TERMINATING WITH THE OVERTHROW OF NAPOLEON;
IN ALL OF WHICH HE WAS AN ACTOR.

ILLUSTRATED BY SIX SPLENDID ENGRAVINGS.

 WORCESTER:
PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR BY EDWARD LIVERMORE.
1851.
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851,
By CHARLES O’NEIL,
In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the District of
Massachusetts.

Stereotyped by
HOBART & ROBBINS;
NEW ENGLAND TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDERY,
BOSTON.
 PREFACE.
The history of times and events, of men and their characters, must
ever be replete with interest and instruction. Chronicles of the great
and wise, the noble and the learned, are often presented to the
world; and the military hero and chieftain finds everywhere his
biographer. We read of campaigns that his mind has traced out, of
battles which his plans have won; and we forget, in our admiration
of his skill and power, those by whom the heroic deeds were done,
the victory gained. Generals, says one author, “often calculate upon
men as though they were blocks of wood, or movable machines.” Yet
every one of these nameless soldiers has feelings as acutely alive to
suffering and to honor as those who look upon them thus.
It is well sometimes to turn away from the glare and tinsel of rank,
from the glitter of arms and the pageantry of war, to follow the
common soldier in his partings and wanderings, to cast the glance of
pity upon his sufferings, and allow the heart to be moved with
compassion while regarding the temptations which must ever beset
his path. It is only thus that a true knowledge of the evils and
miseries of war can be obtained; and only when this knowledge is
spread far and wide, that we may hope to see the banner of peace
unfurled, and the olive-branch waving in quiet, where now the sword
spreads its desolation, and the vulture feasts on the unburied dead.
Thoughts like these may, perhaps, lend interest to the unpretending
narrative of one who now presents himself and the scenes of his
times before an indulgent public, with none of the advantages of
rank, or birth, or fame, to recommend him to its notice. Simply one
of the rank and file, he was an actor and participator in the scenes
he has endeavored faithfully to represent.
It is his ardent wish, by this little volume, to awaken more interest in
this class of his fellow-beings, so often forgotten in the lustre of that
halo which rarely fails to surround the victor’s name.
The work, such as it is, he cheerfully commends to the public,
looking with unshaken trust to its kindness and sympathy for the
success and encouragement which he hopes it may be his lot to
meet.
Worcester, July 4, 1851.
 CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
Introductory Remarks.—The Author’s Birth.—Parentage.—
Prevalence of the Military Spirit.—Two of his Brothers enlist,
and are killed in the Service.—Author apprenticed to a
Carpenter.—His Desire for a Military Life.—Leaves Home
without the Consent of his Parents.—Reaches Belfast, and
enlists.—Dissatisfied with his new Position.—Deserts, and
returns to his Native Village.—Again enlists, at Navan.—Still
dissatisfied, and again deserts.—Enlists a third Time.—
Marches to Dublin, and thence to Cork.—Departs for
England.—Incidents of the Voyage.—Sails for the Peninsula.
—The Ship on Fire.—A Terrific Storm.—Arrives in Spain.—
Gibraltar.—A Flogging, 7
CHAPTER II.
Origin of the War in the Peninsula.—Siege of Saragossa.—
Murderous Character of the War.—Success of the French in
Portugal.—Battle of Rolica.—Battle of Vimiero.—Convention
of Cintra.—The French evacuate Portugal.—Preparations of
Napoleon for another Campaign.—He subdues the Country,
and enters Madrid.—Address to the Spanish People.—
Napoleon recalled by the War with Austria.—Soult and Ney
intrusted with the Command of the French Army in Spain.—
Retreat of Sir John Moore.—Battle of Corunna.—Death of Sir
John Moore.—The British Army sail for England, 50
CHAPTER III.
Joseph Bonaparte again King of Spain.—His Difficulties with 99
Soult.—Second Siege of Saragossa.—Another English Army,
under Sir Arthur Wellesley, lands at Lisbon.—Battle of
Talavera.—The English retire into Portugal.—Siege of
Gerona.—Principal Events of the Campaign of 1810.—The
English Troops make a Stand at Torres Vedras.—Retreat of
Massena.—Siege of Cadiz.—Escape of French Prisoners.—
Opening of the Campaign of 1811,
CHAPTER IV.
The Author, with his Regiment, leaves Gibraltar, for Tarifa.—
Dissensions between the Spanish and English Officers.—
Battle of Barossa.—Retreat of the French.—Suffering of the
Pursuing Army.—Guerillas.—Don Julian Sanchez.—Juan
Martin Diaz.—Xavier Mina.—Continued Privations of the
British Army.—Adventures of the Author in Search of Food.—
Arrival of the Commissariat with Provisions.—Extravagant
Joy of the Troops.—Departure of the British Army for
Badajos, 123
CHAPTER V.
Badajos.—Its Capture by the French.—Attempts to retake it
by the English.—Wellington invests it in Person.—Assault
upon Fort Christoval.—Storming of the Town.—Terrific
Conflict—The place sacked by the Victors.—Disgraceful
Drunkenness and Debauchery of the Troops.—The Main
Body of the Army depart for Beira, 160
CHAPTER VI.
Romantic Adventures of Sir Colquhoun Grant.—The Author
ordered, with a Convoy, to Brussels.—Description of the
Route.—The Pass of Roncesvalles.—Memorable Defeat of
the Army of Charlemagne there.—A sudden Attack and
Repulse.—The Author arrives at Brussels, and joins the
Garrison of that Place, 199
CHAPTER VII.
Brief Summary of Events for Four Years preceding the Battle 217
of Waterloo.—Author’s Narrative resumed at that Period.—
Preparation of Troops for the Battle.—Skirmishing preceding
its Commencement.—Reception of the News at Brussels.—
Departure of the English for the Field of Battle.—Disposition
of the Forces.—Attack upon Hougomont.—Progress of the
Battle.—Arrival of the Prussian Reinforcements.—Charge of
the Old Guard.—Flight of the French.—The Author wounded,
and left upon the Field.—Rescued by a Camp-follower.—
Carried to the Hospital, and thence taken to England.—He
quits the Service, and emigrates to America.—Conclusion,
MILITARY ADVENTURES.
 CHAPTER I.
Introductory Remarks.—The Author’s Birth.—Parentage.—
Prevalence of the Military Spirit.—Two of his Brothers enlist,
and are killed in the Service.—Author apprenticed to a
Carpenter.—His Desire for a Military Life.—Leaves Home
without the Consent of his Parents.—Reaches Belfast, and
enlists.—Dissatisfied with his new Position.—Deserts, and
returns to his Native Village.—Again enlists, at Navan.—Still
dissatisfied, and again deserts.—Enlists a third Time.—
Marches to Dublin, and thence to Cork.—Departs for England.
—Incidents of the Voyage.—Sails for the Peninsula.—The Ship
on Fire.—A Terrific Storm.—Arrives in Spain.—Gibraltar.—A
Flogging.

People advanced somewhat in life, and surrounded by a family of

children, often find great pleasure in retracing scenes of their own
childhood,—in living over, again and again, the hours which have
been to them so productive of happiness or misery; and the events
of those bygone days present to their minds scenes of far deeper
and more thrilling interest than the present can ever do. The thrice-
told tale is as new, and as glowing with interest, as though its
occurrences were but of yesterday. This is true in the case of most
whose lives have been diversified by the changes of varied condition
and prospects. But how much more true is this of the old soldier,—
one who, in early life, became inured to the hardships of war and
the severe duties of camp life. Scenes in the camp, and on the
bloody field of martial combat, where death, in its most terrific
forms, is met by many,—the horrors of the siege, and the
consequences to the vanquished,—the sufferings, the writhings and
groans, of the distressed and the dying,—too deeply impress the
mind to be ever erased; and, in our times of peace, should serve to
enhance the value of the blessings we enjoy. It is, perhaps, with
something like these feelings, that the author of the following sketch
presents his narrative to the public. He can claim no titled ancestry,
nor lordly birth, to throw around him a fictitious glory. This tale
draws its interest from the wild scenes of war, and the wilder
passions of men’s souls, which it has been his fortune to encounter.
It is his hope both to instruct and amuse the young, that they may
better prize the blessings of peace; and learn that war, with all its
glory, is to be dreaded, not sought for,—that it is productive of far
more evil than good, even to the successful party, and that it should
ever be, to all nations, only a last resort from the most flagrant
oppression.
I was born in Dendolk, in the county of Lowth,
PREVALENCE OF
THE MILITARY Ireland, in June, 1793. I was the youngest of
SPIRIT. eleven children, six of whom were sons, and five
daughters. My father’s name was Charles O’Neil,
BROTHER KILLED and my mother’s maiden name was Alice McGee.
IN BATTLE.
My father was a carpenter by trade, and he
supported his large family by daily toil. He was an industrious and
active laborer, and in other times would gladly have seen his family
settle around him, pursuing the peaceful avocations of husbandry, or
engaged in some of the useful mechanic arts. But it was our fortune
—or misfortune, I should say—to live when all Europe resounded to
the din of arms, and the glory of martial life, amid the confusion and
carnage of battle. Napoleon, the mightiest of heroes and
conquerors, was then rapidly ascending to the zenith of his glory;
and all the crowned heads of Europe, terrified by his growing power,
and anxious to save themselves and their thrones, began to prepare
themselves for resistance. Recruits were sought for in every village
and hamlet. The honors of the soldier’s life, and the glory of the
military profession, were everywhere, and by all classes of people,
the topics of conversation. Fathers and mothers were careful to instil
into the minds of their children the glory and honor of a military life,
and the fair young damsels of our own dear island—for Ireland has
charming and beautiful girls—were scarcely willing to regard any
young man as honorable or brave, who did not enlist, and aim to
deserve well of his country. He is a soldier, he has fought in such a
battle, he belongs to his majesty’s regiment, &c., were a sure
passport to society and respectability. All other occupations were
considered tame and spiritless, fit only for the aged, infirm, and for
cowards. My father caught the spirit of the times, and although too
old to engage in such an enterprise himself, gave his ready
permission to Arthur, my oldest brother, who early sought to
distinguish himself on the field of battle. My mother’s consent was
not so readily given, but even she did by no means object to his new
enterprise; and when he presented himself before his parents, in his
new uniform, for their parting blessing, she felt proud that her son
was possessed of such a noble, courageous soul. She cheerfully
gave him her hand, saying, “Go, my son; cover yourself with glory in
the service of your country, and when you are old, you will be
honored, respected, and provided for.” But, alas! how little did my
mother think that the first news she would hear from her first-born
son, after this blessing, would fill her own heart with grief
unutterable. He enlisted into the navy, and was placed upon a
seventy-four gun-ship, named the “Terrible;” and terrible, indeed, it
proved to him, for he was killed by a cannon-ball, a few months only
after enlisting, in an engagement which took place in 1807, near the
coast of Holland, between his majesty’s fleet and the French naval
force. His death was a severe affliction to my parents, and
completely damped my father’s desire for military honor for his
children. It was, therefore, with deep regret that they saw in my
brother James’ mind a growing dislike to the quiet duties and
occupations of home, and an earnest longing for those warlike
scenes which had been so fatal to Arthur. This desire soon grew so
strong that entreaties and persuasions were alike useless from my
dear and aged parents; and in less than two years from Arthur’s
death, he enlisted in the royal army of George IV., in the 96th
regiment of foot. It was a sorrowful day in our little home, when the
news came that his regiment was ordered abroad, into the foreign
service. My father gave him much good advice, with many directions
for the attainment of that honor he hoped to see him enjoy, at some
distant day. But my poor mother could only weep, and express her
deep regret that Jimmie would not be contented to live at home, at
the same time reiterating her confident prediction that she should
see his face no more. Since the melancholy death of Arthur, the
glory and honor of military life all gave place to the carnage, the
slaughter, and the dreadful sufferings of the battle-field, where no
kind hand could minister the slightest consolation, and where agony
unmitigated might be the fate—and to her mind undoubtedly would
be—of her son. She wept aloud, and would not be comforted. But
the die was cast; Jimmie was resolved, at all hazards, to be a soldier.
He thought not of danger, and did not fear death. He only thought of
the excitement of martial strife, the joy and honor awaiting the
victor, and the subsequent reward. Alas! for him the bright future
never dawned. My mother’s fears were but too well founded; for he,
too, fell dead upon the field of battle, while fighting bravely for his
country, in his first engagement, in the bloody battle of Talavera.
It was my father’s wish that I should become a carpenter; and he,
early in life, put me an apprentice to his own trade. But the quiet
habits, constant labor,—destitute of an exciting or romantic incident,
—of a mechanic’s life, ill suited the tastes I had already formed.
There resided near us an old soldier, who found great pleasure in
relating the adventures of his past life; and I was never weary of
listening to them. My imagination was excited, and the romantic
scenes he related to me, with the thrilling incidents of a soldier’s life,
made a deep and permanent impression upon my mind. Alas for me,
that I ever fell in company with this old soldier! My peace was
destroyed; I was uneasy, and determined not to remain in my
employment, as a carpenter’s apprentice. Each interview with him
strengthened my desire for a participation in those scenes which, I
was sure, would be so delightful and interesting.
Mingled with a desire to see foreign countries, and be a sharer of
those actions to whose thrilling narration I had so often listened with
so much interest, came an ardent thirst for revenge on those whom
I regarded as the murderers of my brothers. About this time, one of
my cousins, to whom I was warmly attached, resolved to enlist in a
regiment that was then being formed at Belfast. He was very
anxious that I should accompany him. It did not require much
persuasion to induce me to determine so to do. But I remembered
how difficult it had been for my brother James to gain my parents’
consent, and being anxious to avoid a scene which must be so
painful to all, I resolved to leave without their knowledge.
This was a most wicked resolution, and deeply do I
REFLECTIONS ON
LEAVING HOME. regret such an unkind and unwise act. It was not
without many misgivings and fears that I left the
JOURNEY TO home of my childhood. O, that I never had stifled
BELFAST. that voice which so clearly bade me not to go
under such circumstances! There were many things
to call up these misgivings, and to hold me back from such a cruel
purpose. The uniform kindness of my parents, the severe trials to
which they had already been subjected,—for, beside the loss of my
brothers, they had buried four of their children, in early childhood,—
their known wishes that I should pursue my father’s calling, the
affection I still felt for home and my dear parents,—all these made
me hesitate, as I stood at our little gate, with my earthly all in the
small bundle I held in my hand. There, on the one hand, were my
dear parents and brothers and sisters, all quietly asleep, wholly
unconscious that I had formed such a wicked purpose, and by
stealth packed my few clothes, and whatever else I could call my
own, in my little bundle; there was the home of my childhood, the
hallowed scene of my early sports and joys, under the smiles and
watchfulness of the kindest of parents; there were the early
associates of my boyish days, and all necessary to render me happy
and quiet;—and, on the other, were the glories of the military
profession, and the unreal pleasures I had anticipated in foreign
countries,—scenes and events pictured in my imagination from the
stories of that old soldier. The realities of home, and all that was
dear on earth, opposed to the more heated imaginations of scenes
in other countries, and upon the field of carnage,—I almost resolved
to go back, and become what my parents wished. I hesitated, at
that solemn and still hour of the night, for some time, before I could
break away. Had I only gone back, and done what I knew I ought to
have done, it would have been right; and I caution all my young
readers never to stifle such convictions, or break away from such
restraints. But the thought of my cousin, who was waiting for me,
and the glowing scenes which my imagination had painted in the
countries beyond the sea, to which I hoped soon to go, drowned the
earnest pleadings of the good spirit, whose still small voice was
heard in my soul. I, with sudden violence, sundered these
unpleasant reflections, and madly resolved, come what would, to go
ahead. I rushed, with the utmost rapidity, from my home, and
drowned every conviction and thought that would come up in my
soul, of all that I had left behind. I soon found my cousin, and we
pursued our way to Belfast, with the utmost rapidity. How little did I
then think that so many years would elapse before I should again
see that well-known spot, and those dear friends who, in spite of my
wildness and disobedience, had loved me through all, and were
unceasingly seeking my best good! But I was now to enter another
sphere of life, and be subjected to far other influences than those to
which I had been accustomed from early childhood. I was at this
time only seventeen years of age,—1810. My comrade, like myself,
was quite young. Our ideas of the happiness of a soldier’s life were
much the same; and we amused each other, on our lonely way, by
relating all the adventures either of us had ever heard, of what was
then to be our future profession. When morning came,—that
morning in which there was to be so much grief in our quiet homes,
and when the tears of my dear mother, and her groanings, were to
be again heard, for an absent son, who had stolen away,—we feared
to be recognized, by some one who might be passing, if we
continued our journey. So we stopped in an old, deserted hut, and
making our simple meal of the bread we had brought with us, we lay
down and slept. About four o’clock in the afternoon, not seeing any
one near, we pursued our way, and travelled all night. The next
morning found us far from home, among scenes and people entirely
strange, and greatly fatigued by our night’s march. We found a
teamster, who was going to Belfast, and, by much persuasion and
entreaty, succeeded in persuading him to carry us to that city. Right
glad were we to rest our weary legs, and amuse ourselves by gazing
at the new and strange objects which met our eyes as we passed
along the road. We reached Belfast about sunset. Neither of us had
ever before seen so large a place as this; and we thought, as we
rode through some of its principal streets, that we never should be
weary of gazing upon its churches and public buildings, which
appeared to us so grand and beautiful.
This city is one of the principal seaports of Ireland. It lies about
ninety miles north of Dublin, on the banks of the river Lagan. With a
population of forty thousand, and all the advantages which it
possesses for trade, it may well be imagined that we found in its
busy streets and crowded thoroughfares enough to rally again all the
excitement and glowing visions which our fatigue was beginning, in
some degree, to dim. But when our driver stopped at a small inn, in
one of the back streets of the city, a good supper and bed seemed
too inviting to be resisted, and we were soon asleep. At early dawn,
however, we were awakened by the roll of the drum, and were soon
in the street, gazing, with wondering eyes, at the many strange
sights we saw. Near our hotel a canal came in, which connects the
little lake of Lough Neagh with the Bay of Belfast. The canal-boats
attracted our attention, and my cousin proposed visiting them; but,
far over the tops of the houses, I could see the tall masts of the
vessels which lay moored in the harbor, and I could not restrain my
curiosity longer. So we were soon on our way to the port. The harbor
is an excellent one. It is constantly filled with shipping, as vessels
drawing thirteen feet of water can easily anchor here. We had
scarcely reached the wharf, when I was surprised to hear a familiar
voice calling my name. Turning hastily, I discovered an old playmate,
who had left Dendalk about three years since, for the sea. He
belonged to one of the large vessels now in port. Nothing could have
been more opportune for us, as he was acquainted with the place,
and showed us the ship where he was, which we should not
otherwise have had an opportunity of visiting.
To him we confided our object in leaving home,
A RECRUITING
OFFICER. and he promised to aid us in finding the officer.
Soon after leaving the wharf, we passed a large
building, which, my friend informed us, was a manufactory for Irish
linen, which is one of the staple exports of the place. I afterwards
learned that no less than eight hundred looms found continual
employment in the production of this valuable commodity. But much
as I should have enjoyed a visit to this place, a scene now presented
itself which had, in my eyes, far greater attractions. Near the centre
of a small open place stood a covered cart, embellished with flaming
handbills, giving a description of the success of the British troops on
the peninsula. On its top stood a neatly-dressed soldier, who was
haranguing, with much earnestness, the motley group that
surrounded him, and calling loudly for recruits to engage in such
glorious service. Judging from the description we heard, our most
sanguine expectations had fallen far short of the reality; and of
course this was an opportunity not to be lost. We eagerly pushed
our way through the crowd, which we had some difficulty in doing;
but the eagle eye of the officer soon rested on us, and, perceiving
our eagerness, he called out, “Make way, make way there, my lads!
that’s right, that’s right,—fine soldiers you’ll be, my hearties, I
warrant!” Of course, all eyes were directed to us; and if any idea of
retreating had occurred, the loud hurrah for the new soldiers, which
ran around the crowd, would at once have decided the question. But
no such idea came to disturb our peace, and our names were
handed in. Being asked how long we would serve, each of us
answered, without a moment’s hesitation, “For life.” “For life, then,
are you soldiers of his majesty,” the officer replied.
Each of us then received from him eighteen
DISCONTENTED
WITH THE guineas, and were sent to the barracks, as
SERVICE. members of the 8th regiment of foot. Much elated
with what we considered our good fortune, we
proceeded at once to make a selection of our kit, as it is called. This
consisted of two shirts, two pairs of stockings, a plate, knife and
fork, and a few other small articles, the cost of which does not often
exceed a guinea. A suit of regimentals was then provided for us, by
the officer of our mess, and we soon found ourselves quite at home
in our new situation. But we had not been here long, when we
began to find the old adage applicable in our case, “All is not gold
that glitters.” The drills to which we were subjected were very
tiresome to those as unaccustomed to any kind of restraint as we
were. In addition to this, as many of our troops had deserted, we
were so closely watched that we lost all the enjoyment that I had
anticipated in viewing the curiosities of the city. It was hardly to be
supposed that, unwilling as I had been to submit to the quiet
restraints of home, I should find a pleasure in the rigid discipline of
the parade-ground; and before one week had passed away, I found
myself pondering whether I could not, in some way, escape from my
regiment. Not that I intended to give up the military profession
entirely, for I still thought that in some other place I should find the
happiness I sought. Every night, after we had retired to our
quarters, I listened to the many tales my comrades were ever ready
to tell, of those who, weary of their lot as soldiers, had deserted,—of
their hair-breadth escapes, and the cruel punishment to which they
were subjected, when discovered. The very romance connected with
the undertaking, and the thrilling interest that existed in listening to
these adventures, strengthened in my mind my desire to share in
their experience. It also occurred to me that should I still wish to
continue in the service, I might go to another part of Ireland, where
I was unknown, and again receive the bounty-money offered to all
enlisting. Yet all these motives would have been insufficient, had not
an incident occurred which aroused all the independence and
opposition of my nature. I was unjustly accused of a breach of
discipline, and, in spite of my protestations of innocence, was
punished for it. This circumstance was sufficient to overcome any
fear that might exist of the consequences; and the very next day—
only twelve days from the time I had entered the service, with such
glowing anticipations—an opportunity occurred, which I determined
not to lose. Close to the parade-ground was a small shop where
liquor was sold, and which was much patronized by the soldiers. Into
this shop I saw an old clothes man enter, and immediately followed
him. Having ordered a pint of porter for him, I asked him if he would
be willing to exchange his old and ragged clothes for my new suit.
He said he would, and informed me that I might meet him under a
bridge near, where we might make the exchange. Observing that no
one was near, I went under the bridge, and soon reäppeared,
dressed in his old clothes, and bearing his pack. Thus disguised, I
walked bravely onwards, even passing some of my old comrades,
who did not recognize me. The alarm was soon given, and soldiers
started in pursuit. They soon came up to me, and even stopped to
inquire if I had seen any one pass.
It was with no small degree of pleasure I saw them take another
road from the one I designed to pursue. As soon as they were out of
sight, I renewed my speed, feeling anxious to get as far as possible
from Belfast before another morning. At length, wearied out, I
solicited and obtained permission from a farmer to remain during the
night. He observed me, however, so closely, that my suspicions were
aroused, and I began to fear that he would attempt to inform
against me, in order to obtain the reward offered to those who
deliver up a deserter. He questioned me quite closely, as to where I
had been, where I was going, and, finally, asked me directly, if I had
not been a soldier. I denied it at first, but soon concluded that my
best way would be to appeal to the old man’s generosity. I did so,
and was not disappointed. He not only did not inform, but kindly
offered to assist me on my way. Before daylight we arose, and I
dressed myself in a suit of clothes, with which he furnished me, and
taking my seat by his side, in his market wagon, was once more on
my way home. He talked to me long and faithfully on our journey,
nor did he leave me until he saw me alight at my father’s door. Good
old man! I shall never forget his kindness. He has long since gone to
his reward; yet at this distant day my heart throbs with the
recollection of it, and I shall never forget the old farmer of the
Downs.
My parents received their returning son with true
RETURNS TO
DENDALK. parental affection, and to them I gave what money
still remained from my enlistment bounty. When I
first returned home, they earnestly hoped I should now be willing to
remain there; and I might, perhaps, have yielded to their entreaties,
could I have done so with safety. But soldiers were often passing
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