The Dart Programming Language

Lecture 2

Dr.Sara Shehab
Getting Started

• Dart is easy to learn if you know any of Java, C++,

JavaScript, etc.
• The simplest "Hello World" program gives the idea of
the basic syntax of the programming language. It is the
way of testing the system and working environment.
• There are several ways to run the first program, which
is given below:
– Using Command Line
– Running on Browser
– Using IDE
Hello World

void main() {
print("Hello World!");
}
 Identifiers

• Identifiers are the name which is used to define

variables, methods, class, and function, etc.
• An Identifier is a sequence of the letters([A to
Z],[a to z]), digits([0-9]) and underscore(_), but
remember that the first character should not be
a numeric.
Identifiers
The first character should not be a digit.
Special characters are not allowed except underscore
• (_) or a dollar sign ($).
• Two successive underscores ( ) are not allowed.
The first character must be alphabet(uppercase or
• lowercase) or underscore.
Identifiers must be unique and cannot contain
• whitespace.
They are case sensitive. The variable name Tushar and
tushar will be treated differently.
Printing and String Interpolation

• The print() function is used to print output on

the console, and $expression is used for the
string interpolation. Below is an example.
void main()
{
var name = "Tushar";
var marks = 78.56;
print("My name is ${name} My marks are ${marks}");
}
• Semicolon
The semicolon is used to terminate the statement
that means, it indicates the statement is ended
here. It is mandatory that each statement should be
•
terminated with a semicolon(;).
We can write multiple statements in a single line by
using a semicolon as a delimiter. The compiler will
•
generate an error if it is not use properly.
Example -
var msg1 = "Hello World!";
var msg2 = "How are you?"
Whitespace and Line Breaks

The Dart compiler ignores whitespaces. It is used to

specify space, tabs, and newline characters in our
• program.
It separates one part of any statement from
• another part of the statement.
We can also use space and tabs in our program to
define indentation and provide the proper format
• for the program.
It makes code easy to understand and readable.
• Block
• The block is the collection of the
• statement enclosed in the curly braces. In
• Dart, we use curly braces to group all of the
statements in the block.
• Consider the following
syntax. Syntax:
• { //start of the block
• //block of statement(s)
• }// end of the block
• Comments
Comments are the set of statements that are
ignored by the Dart compiler during the program
execution. It is used to enhance the readability of
• the source code.
Generally, comments give a brief idea of code that
• what is happening in the code.
We can describe the working of variables, functions,
• classes, or any statement that exists in the code.
Programmers should use the comment for better
practice.
• Comments

Dart provides three kinds of comments

– Single-line Comments
– Multi-line Comments
– Documentation Comments
• Single-line Comment
• We can apply comments on a single line by using the
• / (double-slash). The single-line comments can be
/
applied until a line break.
• Example - void
main(){
• / / This will print the given statement on screen
• print("Welcome to MITU Skillologies");
•}
• Multi-line Comment
Sometimes we need to apply comments on multiple lines;
then, it can be done by using /*…..*/. The compiler
ignores anything that written inside the / * … * / , but it
cannot be nested with the multi-line comments. Let's see
•
the following example.
Example -
void main(){
/* This is the example of multi-line comment
This will print the given statement on screen */
print("Welcome to MITU Skillologies");
}
Documentation Comment
• The document comments are used to generate documentation or
reference for a project/software package. It can be a single-line or
multi-line comment that starts with / / / or /*. We can use / / / on
consecutive lines, which is the same as the multiline comment.
• These lines ignore by the Dart compiler expect those which are
written inside the curly brackets. We can define classes, functions,
parameters, and variables. Consider the following example.
• Syntax
///This
///is
///a example of
/ / / multiline comment
Keywords
 Data Types

• The data types are the most important fundamental

features of programming language.
• In Dart, the data type of the variable is defined by its
value.
• The variables are used to store values and reserve the
memory location.
• The data-type specifies what type of value will be
stored by the variable. Each variable has its data-type.
• The Dart is a static type of language, which means
that the variables cannot modify.
 Data Types
• Dart supports the following built-in Data types.
– Number
– Strings
– Boolean
– Lists
– Maps
– Runes
– Symbols
Numbers

• The Darts Number is used to store the numeric values. The

number can be two types - integer and double.
• Integer - Integer values represent the whole number or
non-fractional values. An integer data type represents the
64-bit non-decimal numbers between -263 to 263. A variable
can store an unsigned or signed integer value. Ex.
int marks = 80;
• Double - Double value represents the 64-bit of information
(double-precision) for floating number or number with the
large decimal points. The double keyword is used to declare
the double type variable.
double pi = 3.14;
Strings

• A string is the sequence of the character. If we

store the data like - name, address, special
character, etc.
• It is signified by using either single quotes or
double quotes. A Dart string is a sequence of
UTF-16 code units.
var msg = "Welcome to MITU";
print("सुस्वागतम");
Boolean

• The Boolean type represents the two values -

true and false.
• The bool keyword uses to denote Boolean Type.
• The numeric values 1 and 0 cannot be used to
represent the true or false value.
• bool isValid = true;
List

• The list is a collection of the ordered objects

(value).
• The concept of list is similar to an array. An
array is defined as a collection of the multiple
elements in a single variable.
• The elements in the list are separated by the
comma enclosed in the square bracket[].
• The sample list is given below.
var list = [1,2,3]
• Map
The maps type is used to store values in key-value
•
pairs. Each key is associated with its value.
The key and value can be any type. In Map, the key
must be unique, but a value can occur multiple
•
times.
The Map is defined by using curly braces ({}), and
comma separates each pair.
var student = {'name': 'Rajesh', 'age':22, 'Branch':
'Statistics'}
 Runes
• As we know that, the strings are the sequence of Unicode
UTF-16 code units. Unicode is a technique which is used to
describe a unique numeric value for each digit, letter, and
symbol.
• Since Dart Runes are the special string of Unicode UTF-32
units. It is used to represent the special syntax.
• For example - The special heart character is equivalent
to Unicode code \u2665, where \u means Unicode, and the
numbers are hexadecimal integer.
• If the hex value is less or greater than 4 digits, it places in a
curly bracket ({}). For example - An emoji is represented
as \u{1f600}.
Example

void main( ){
var heart_symbol = '\u2665';
var laugh_symbol = '\u{1f600}';
print(heart_symbol);
print(laugh_symbol);
}
Symbol

• The Dart Symbols are the objects which are

used to refer an operator or identifier that
declare in a Dart program.
• It is commonly used in APIs that refers to
identifiers by name because an identifier name
can changes but not identifier symbols.
• Dynamic Type
•
• Dart is an optionally typed language.
• If the variable type is not specified
explicitly, then the variable type is dynamic.
The dynamic keyword is used for type
annotation explicitly.
 Variable Default Value
• While declaring the variable without initializing
the value then the Dart compiler provides
default value (Null) to the variable.
• Even the numeric type variables are initially
assigned with the null value.
• Let's consider the following example.
int count;
 Final and const
• When we do not want to change a variable in the future
then we use final and const. It can be used in place of var
or in addition to a type.
• A final variable can be set only one time where the
variable is a compile-time constant. The example of
creating a final variable is given below.
• Example -
final name = 'Rashmi';
/ / final variable without type annotation.
final String msg = 'Hi?';
/ / final variable with type annotation.
Final and const

• The const is used to create compile-time constants.

We can declare a value to compile-time constant such
as number, string literal, a const variable, etc.
const a = 1000;
• The const keyword is also used to create a constant
value that cannot be changed after its creation.
var f = const[];
• If we try to change it, then it will throw an error.
f = [12]; //Error, The const variable cannot be change
Operators
Arithmetic Operators

• +
•-
•*
•/
•%
• Unary –
Arithmetic Operators

void main(){
print("Example of Assignment operators");
var n1 = 10;
var n2 = 5;

print("n1+n2 = ${n1+n2}");
print("n1-n2 = ${n1-n2}");
print("n1*n2 = ${n1*n2}");
print("n1/n2 = ${n1/n2}");
print("n1%n2 = ${n1%n2}");
}
 Increment and Decrement

• ++ and -- operators are known as increment and

decrement operators and also known as unary
operators, respectively.
• Unary operators, operate on single operand where ++
adds 1 to operands and -- subtract 1 to operand
respectively.
• The unary operators can be used in two ways - postfix
and prefix.
• If ++ is used as a postfix(like x++), it returns the value
of operand first then increments the value of x. If -- is
used as a prefix(like ++x), it increases the value of x.
Assignment Operators

• =
• +=
• -=
• *=
• ~/=
• %=
Relational Operators

• ==
• !=
•<
•>
• <=
• >=
Bitwise Operators

• AND &
• OR |
• EX-OR ^
• >>
• <<
• ~
Type Test Operators

• as
– It is used for typecast.
• is
– It returns TRUE if the object has specified
type.
• is!
– It returns TRUE if the object has not specified
type.
Type Test Operators

void main()
{
var num = 10;
var name = "Skillologies";
print(num is int);
print(name is! String );
}
Logical Operators

• &&
• ||
•!
Conditional Operators

• The Conditional Operator is same as if-else

statement and provides similar functionality as
conditional statement.
• It is the second form of if-else statement. It is also
identified as "Ternary Operator". The syntax is
given below.
• Syntax 1 -
condition ?exp1 : exp2
If the given condition is TRUE then it returns exp1
otherwise exp2.
Conditional Operators

• Syntax 2 -
exp1 ??expr2
If the exp1 is not-null, returns its value,
otherwise returns the exp2's value.
Conditional Operators

void main() {
var x = null;
var y = 20;
var val = x ?? y;
print(val);
}
Conditional Operators

• void
main()
{ var a
= 30;
• var output = a > 38 ? "value greater than 10":"value
lesser than equal to 30";
• print(output);
• }
The parse()
•

• The parse() function converts the numeric

string to the number. Consider the following
example -
• void main(){
• var a =
num.parse("20.56");
var b =
num.parse("15.63");
• var c = a+b;
• print("The sum is = ${c}");
The number properties
The number methods
• Strings
String is a sequence of the character or UTF-16 code
• units. It is used to store the text value. The string can be
created using single quotes or double-quotes.
The multiline string can be created using the triple-
• quotes. Strings are immutable; it means you cannot
modify it after creation.
In Dart, The String keyword can be used to declare the
string.
• Strings
• String msg = 'Welcome to
MITU'; or
• String msg1 = "This is double-quoted string
example."; or
• String msg2 = ' ' '
line1 line2
• line3'''
Strings
•
•
• The + or += operator is used to merge the two
string.
• String Interpolation
– The string interpolation is a technique to
manipulate the string and create the
new string by adding another value.
• – It can be used to evaluate the string
including placeholders, variables, and
interpolated expression.
– The ${expression} is used for string
interpolation.
• Strings

Properties and Methods

Useful web resources
•
• www.mitu.co.in
• www.pythonprogramminglanguage.com
• www.scikit-learn.org
• www.towardsdatascience.com
• www.medium.com
• www.analyticsvidhya.com
• www.kaggle.com
• www.stephacking.com
www.github.com