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An Introduction to Programming
Using Visual Basic®
Tenth Edition

David I. Schneider

University of Maryland

Boston Columbus Hoboken Indianapolis New York San Francisco

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Vice President, Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia Horton

Executive Editor: Tracy Johnson

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Program Manager: Carole Snyder

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Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville

Cover and Insert Printer: Phoenix Color/Hagerstown

Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and

reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate
page within text.

Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is
protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding
permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson
Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit
www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.

Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their

products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this
book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations
have been printed in initial caps or all caps.

The programs and applications presented in this book have been included
for their instructional value. They have been tested with care, but are not
guaranteed for any particular purpose. The publisher does not offer any
warranties or representations, nor does it accept any liabilities with respect
to the programs or applications.

MICROSOFT AND/OR ITS RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS MAKE NO

REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT THE SUITABILITY OF THE
INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE DOCUMENTS AND RELATED
GRAPHICS PUBLISHED AS PART OF THE SERVICES FOR ANY
PURPOSE. ALL SUCH DOCUMENTS AND RELATED GRAPHICS
ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.
MICROSOFT AND/OR ITS RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS HEREBY
DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS WITH REGARD
TO THIS INFORMATION, INCLUDING ALL WARRANTIES AND
CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY, WHETHER EXPRESS,
IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
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FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF
USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
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ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
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SERVICES.

THE DOCUMENTS AND RELATED GRAPHICS CONTAINED

HEREIN COULD INCLUDE TECHNICAL INACCURACIES OR
TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS. CHANGES ARE PERIODICALLY
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MICROSOFT CORPORATION.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Schneider, David I., author.
Title: An introduction to programming using Visual Basic / David I.
Schneider, University of Maryland.
Description: Tenth edition. | Boston : Pearson Education, [2017] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016003346| ISBN 9780134542782 | ISBN 0134542789
Subjects: LCSH: BASIC (Computer program language) | Visual Basic.
Classification: LCC QA76.73.B3 S333633 2017 | DDC 005.26/8--dc23 LC
record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016003346

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN - 10: 0-13-454278-9

ISBN - 13: 978-0-13-454278-2

Attention Students
Installing Visual Studio
To complete the tutorials and programming problems in this book, you need
to install Visual Studio 2015 on your computer.

We recommend that you download Visual Studio Community 2015 from

the following Web site, and install it on your system:

www.visualstudio.com

Visual Studio Community 2015 is a free, full-featured development

environment, and is a perfect companion for this textbook.

Note: If you are working in your school’s computer lab, there

is a good chance that Microsoft Visual Studio has already been installed. If
this is the case, your instructor will show you how to start Visual Studio.

Installing the Student Sample

Program Files
The Student Sample Program files that accompany this book are available
for download from the book’s companion Web site at:

http://www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-resources
These files are required for many of the book’s tutorials. Simply download
the Student Sample Program files to a location on your hard drive where
you can easily access them.
 VideoNote Guide to VideoNotes
www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-resources

1. Chapter 2 Visual Basic, Controls, and Events

1. Textbox Walkthrough 22

2. Button Walkthrough27

3. Event Procedures 37

2. Chapter 3 Variables, Input, and Output

1. Numbers & Strings 56

2. Variable Scope 82

3. Input Boxes and Message Boxes 97

3. Chapter 4 Decisions

1. Relational and Logical Operators 115

2. If Blocks 122

3. Select Case Blocks 146

4. Listboxes, Radio Buttons, and Checkboxes for Input 160

4. Chapter 5 General Procedures

1. Function Procedures 180

2. Sub Procedures 197

3. Debugging Functions and Sub Procedures 218

 5. Chapter 6 Repetition

1. Pretest Do Loops 242

2. For . . . Next Loops 257

3. List Boxes and Loops 273

6. Chapter 7 Arrays

1. Declaring and Using Arrays 295

2. For Each Loops 302

3. LINQ 321

7. Chapter 8 Text Files

1. StreamReaders and StreamWriters 413

2. Exception Handling 419

8. Chapter 9 Additional Controls and Objects

9. 1. List Boxes and Combo Boxes 454

2. Timer, Picturebox, Menustrip, and Scrollbar Controls 463

3. Graphics 491

10. Chapter 10 Databases

1. Introduction to Databases 514

2. Querying Tables 521

3. Editing Databases 540

11. Chapter 11 Object-Oriented Programming

1. Classes and Objects 552

2. Arrays of Objects 569

3. Inheritance 581
Guide to Application Topics
Business and Economics
Admission fee, 164

Airline reservations, 390, 508

Analyze a Loan case study, 376

Analyze fuel economy, 393

Analyze growth of chains, 372

Annuity, 69, 195, 240, 255, 269

APY, 142

Automated directory assistance, 392

Automobile depreciation, 268

Bank account, 600

Bond yield, 112

Break-even analysis, 68, 156

Business travel expenses, 510

Calculate a profit, 68, 127, 194

Calculate a tip, 137, 211

Calculate weekly pay, 138, 184, 223, 485, 567

Car loan, 176, 254, 269

Cash register, 567, 578, 579, 597

Cash reward, 157

Change from a sale, 138

Checking account transactions, 488

Compare interest rates, 141–42

Compare two salary options, 269

Compound interest, 172, 184, 195, 253, 268, 488

Consumer options, 158

Consumer price index, 254

Cost of a computer system, 169

Cost of a tour, 157

Cost of benefits, 165, 166

Cost of electricity, 88

Cost of flash drives, 171

Create sales receipt, 428

Credit card account, 222, 489

Crop production, 70, 271

Currency exchange rates, 534

Depreciation, 268, 286

Discounted price, 68, 87, 143

Display economic data in a bar chart, 270, 495, 502

Display economic data in a pie chart, 494, 502, 504

Dogs of the DOW, 360

Doubling time of an investment, 253, 285

Dow Jones Industrial Average, 360

Employee paycheck receipt, 579

FICA tax, 128, 229, 568

Future value, 91, 185

Gather billing information, 489

Generate an order form, 237

Growth of an investment, 195

Income tax, 140, 171

Individual Retirement Account, 288

Interest-Only mortgage, 598

ISBN code, 386

Itemized bill, 110, 237

Lifetime earnings, 268

Loan analysis, 111, 488

Loan calculator, 239

Mail-order company, 549

Maintain a membership list, 506

Manage telephone directories, 449

Marginal revenue and cost, 156

Marketing terms, 109

Membership fee, 171

Minimum wage, 502

Monetary units of countries, 528

Mortgage, 222, 254, 565

Mortgage with points, 598

Municipal bonds, 92

Number of restaurants in U.S., 70

Pay raise, 222

Payroll, 228, 485, 598

Percentage markup, 69

Postage costs, 194

Present value, 92

Price-to-earnings ratio, 89

Recording Checks and Deposits case study, 439

Rental costs, 175, 196

Restaurant order, 176, 579

Retirement plan, 170

Revenue, 156

Rule of ‘72’, 285

Salary, 108

Salary options, 271

Sales commission, 91

Savings account, 139

Simple interest, 268

Small dogs of the DOW, 361

Supply and demand, 271

Tax return, 171

Total cost, 137

Total salaries paid, 374

Track inventory, 370, 507, 597

U.S. national debt, 71

Universal Product Code, 450

Weekly Payroll case study, 228

Withdrawal from a savings account, 138

Withholding tax, 229, 579

General Interest
Academy awards, 359

Age of a tire, 158

Airplane animation, 505

American Heart Association recommendation, 175

Anagram, 332

Analyze grades, 276

Bachelor degrees conferred, 387

Birthdays, 141, 212, 256, 272

Body Mass Index, 193

Bouncing ball animation, 496

Caffeine absorption, 285

Calculate age, 96, 98, 108, 141, 172

Calendar, 412

Chain-link sentence, 320

Chocolate ice cream, 71

Cloudiness descriptors, 155

College admissions, 177

College credits, 345

College enrollments, 503

College majors, 503

College tuition, 196

Computer pioneers, 356

Convert temperatures, 181, 478

Country flags, 501, 505, 511

Crayola crayons, 318, 411

Declaration of Independence, 107

Determine day of week, 107

Dial a telephone, 490

Digital clock, 475

Distance between cities, 364

Distance from a storm, 87

Earliest colleges, 340, 343, 437

Freshman life goals, 503

Friday the 13th, 270

Game of Life, 391

Gettysburg Address, 71, 431

GPA, 237

Grade book, 550

Ideal weight, 268

Internet lingo, 505

Language translation, 388

Leap years, 139, 195

Manage a list of names, 417

Mean temperature, 431

Military time, 139

Monthly precipitation, 373

Movies, 139, 162, 243, 538, 539, 540, 547

Newton’s law of cooling, 256

Nutritional content of foods, 365

Old McDonald Had a Farm, 211

Palindrome, 288

Physician’s abbreviations, 157

Pig Latin, 138

Pizza consumption, 70

Population growth, 71, 253, 256

Population of cities, 522–27, 531, 532, 544, 547

Presidential age at inauguration, 299, 300, 318, 398, 399, 461

Presidential colleges, 359

Presidential eligibility, 170

Principal languages, 504

Proverbs, 238

Quasi-palindromes, 271

Quiz, 123, 137, 140, 148, 173

Qwerty word, 269

Radioactive decay, 254, 267

Rating of hurricanes, 193

Shakespeare sonnet, 316, 334

Smoking among college students, 502

Social networking sites, 371

Soundex system, 289

Speed of a car, 89

State abbreviations, 354, 404, 412, 414, 434, 577

State areas, 354, 412, 436

State birds, 429, 430

State capitals, 335, 429

State flowers, 173, 429, 430

State mottos, 173

State nicknames, 173, 429

 State populations, 199, 354, 404, 412, 577, 578

Stopwatch, 463

Supreme Court justices, 356, 357, 399, 400, 402, 411, 412

Times Square ball, 478

Training heart rate, 88, 194

U.S. cities, 352

U.S. presidents, 140, 148, 159, 317, 324, 333, 402, 406, 410

U.S. Senate, 438, 448

U.S. states, 274, 275, 281–83, 304, 316, 321, 326, 333, 335, 354, 433,
436, 577

United Nations, 283, 334, 338, 339, 533, 534

University rankings, 371

User-operated directory assistance, 392

Using Excel, 412

Voting machine, 507

Vowel word, 187

Water usage, 70

Weather beacon, 125

Word palindrome, 319

Mathematics
Areas of geometric shapes, 156

Average speed, 70

Binary search, 289

Birthday probability, 256, 272

Calculate a median, 333, 372

Calculate a range, 252, 283, 317

Calculate a spread, 597

Calculate a sum, 315, 316, 429

Calculate an average, 90, 138, 244, 270, 276, 303, 316, 319, 332, 333,
344, 372, 386, 567, 597

Calculate population densities, 354

Calculator, 110, 143, 583, 597

Coefficient of restitution, 251

Convert percentage to a decimal, 89

Convert speeds, 71

Convert temperatures, 251

Convert units of length, 93, 111, 385, 461

Curve grades, 386

Determine a special number, 272

Determine two largest numbers, 211

Error detection, 288

Factorial, 270

Factorization, 253

Find largest number, 267, 300, 429

Find smallest number, 252, 315, 429

Fraction calculator, 568, 578

Gas mileage, 70

Greatest Common Divisor, 252

Interesting algorithm, 240

ISBN codes, 386

Magic square, 375

Make change, 111, 138

Measurements on a square, 566, 578

Multiplication table, 261

Odometer readings, 272

Projectile motion, 70, 286

Quadratic equation, 176

Standard deviation, 283, 317, 386

Student grades, 488, 550, 555, 569, 587, 597

Sum a series, 267

Sum of digits, 272

 Surface area, 193

Sports and Games

Baseball, 89, 355, 438, 448, 451, 535–38

Blackjack, 601

Carnival game, 477

Dice, 477, 478, 566, 578

Famous athletes, 357, 358

Four-minute mile, 71

PGA Championship, 372

Pick-up-Sticks, 238

Poker, 389, 574

Powerball, 476

Rock-Paper-Scissors, 464, 590

Rose Bowl, 279, 280

Soccer league, 389

Super Bowl, 296, 297, 301, 332

Triathlon, 88

World Series of baseball, 509

Contents
1. Guide to VideoNotes iv

2. Guide to Application Topics v

3. Preface xii

4. MyProgrammingLab xvi

5. Acknowledgments xvii

6. Using this Book for a Short or Condensed Course xviii

1. Chapter 1 An Introduction to Computers and Problem Solving 1

1. 1.1 An Introduction to Computing and Visual Basic 2

2. 1.2 Program Development Cycle 5

3. 1.3 Programming Tools 7

2. Chapter 2 Visual Basic, Controls, and Events 15

1. 2.1 An Introduction to Visual Basic 2015 16

2. 2.2 Visual Basic Controls 18

3. 2.3 Visual Basic Events 37

1. Summary 52

3. Chapter 3 Variables, Input, and Output 53

1. 3.1 Numbers 54

2. 3.2 Strings 72
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
scattering the icicles, and flattening themselves on the rocks; their
continued hiss was like the humming of a swarm of bees. All this
did not arrest the fire of the mountaineers, and soon both sides
were buried in thick gray smoke; but at the end of ten minutes
more, the drums beat out the charge, and again the mass of
bayonets dashed toward the abatis; and again the cry of
"Forvertz! forvertz!" rang out, but now nearer and nearer, until the
firm earth trembled beneath the tramp of thousands of feet.

Materne, rising to his full height, with quivering cheeks and flashing
eyes, shouted, "Up! up!"

It was time. Many of the Austrians, almost all of them students of

philosophy, or law, or medicine, gathered from the breweries of
Munich, Jena, and other towns—men who fought against us
because they believed that Napoleon's fall would alone give them
freedom—many of these intrepid fellows had clambered on all-fours
over the frozen snow and hurled themselves upon the works. But
each who climbed the abatis was met by a blow from a clubbed
musket, and flung back among his comrades.

Then did the strength and bravery of old Rochart the wood-cutter
show themselves. Man after man of these children of the Vaterland
did he stretch upon the whitened earth. Old Materne's bayonet ran
with blood. The little tailor, Riffi, loaded and fired into the mass
with the cool courage of a veteran, and Joseph Larnette, Hans
Baumgarten, whose shoulder was pierced by a ball, Daniel Spitz,
who lost two fingers by a sabre stroke, and a host of others, will
be for ever honored by their countrymen for their deeds that day.
For more than a quarter of an hour the fight was hand to hand.
Nearly all the students had fallen, and the others, veterans
accustomed to retiring honorably, turned to retrace their steps. At
first they retreated slowly; then faster and faster. Their officers
urged them to the attack once more, and seconded their words
with blows from the flat of their swords, but in vain; bullets poured
among them from the abatis, and soon all order was lost; the
retreat was a wild rout.

Materne laughed grimly as he gazed after the flying foe, lately

advancing in such proud array, and shook his rifle above his head
in joy.

At the bottom of the slope lay hundreds of wounded. The snow

was red with blood, and in the midst of heaps of slain were two
young officers yet living, but crushed beneath the weight of their
dead horses.

It was horrible! But men are oftentimes savage as the beasts of the
forests. Not a man among the flushed mountaineers seemed to
have a thought for all the misery he saw before him; it even
seemed to rejoice many.

Little Riffi, carried away by a sublime ardor for plunder, glided down
the steep. He had caught a glimpse of a splendid horse, that of the
colonel whom Materne had shot, which, protected by a corner of
the rock, stood safe and sound.

"You are mine!" cried the tailor, as he seized the bridle. "How
astonished my wife Sapience will be!"

All the others envied him as he mounted his prize; but their envy
was soon checked when they saw the noble animal dash at full
speed toward the Austrians. The little tailor tugged at the bridle,
and shouted, and cursed, and prayed, but all to no purpose.
Materne would have fired, but he feared that in that wild gallop he
might kill the man, and soon Riffi disappeared among the enemy's
bayonets.

All thought he would be massacred at once, but an hour later they

saw him pass through the street of Grandfontaine, his hands bound
behind his back, and a corporal following with uplifted cane.
Poor Riffi! He did not long enjoy his triumph, and his comrades at
length laughed at his sad fate as merrily as if he had been a
Kaiserlik. Such is the nature of man; as long as he feels no ill
himself, the troubles of others affect him little.

Chapter XV.

The mountaineers were wild with exultation; their triumph knew no

bounds, and they looked upon each other as so many heroes.

Catherine, Louise, Doctor Larquin, all who had remained at the

farm, rushed out to greet the victors. They scanned the marks of
bullets, gazed at the blood-stained slope; then the Doctor ordered
Baumgarten and Spitz to the hospital, although the latter insisted
on still remaining at his post.

Louise distributed brandy among the men, and Catherine Lefevre,

standing on the edge of the slope, gazed at the dead and
wounded. There lay old and young, their faces white as wax, their
eyes wide and staring, their arms outstretched. Some had fallen in
attempting to rise, and the faces of some wore a look of fear as if
they yet dreaded these terrible blows which the clubbed rifles had
dealt. Others had dragged themselves out of the range of fire, and
their route was marked by tracks of blood.

Many of the wounded seemed resigned to their lot, and only

seeking a place to die; others gazed wistfully after their regiment,
which they could discern on its way to Framont—that regiment with
which they had quitted their native village, with which they had till
then safely braved the toils and dangers of a long campaign, but
which now abandoned them to die, far from friends and home,
surrounded by an infuriated foe. And they thought how a trembling
mother or sister would ask their captain or their sergeant, "Did you
know Hans, or Kasper, or Nickel, of the first or second company?"
And how coldly would come the reply: "Let me see; it is very likely.
Had he not brown hair and blue eyes? Yes, I knew him; we left him
in France near a little village, the name of which I forget. He was
killed by the mountaineers the same day as the stout major, Yeri-
Peter. A brave fellow! Good evening."

Perhaps, too, some among them thought of a pretty Gretchen or

Lotchen, who had given them a ribbon, and wept hot tears at their
departure, and sobbed, "I will wait for you, Kasper. I will marry no
one but you!" Thou wilt wait long, poor girl!

All this was not very pleasant, and Mother Lefevre's thoughts, as
she gazed, wandered to Gaspard. Hullin, however, soon came with
Lagarmitte to where she stood, and cried exultantly:

"Hurrah, boys! you have seen fire, and those Germans yonder will
not boast much of this day's work."

He ran to embrace Louise, and then ran back to Catherine.

"Are you satisfied, Mother Lefevre? Fortune smiles; but what is the
matter?"

"Yes, Jean-Claude, I am satisfied; all goes well; but look yonder

upon the road; what a massacre!"

"War is war," replied Hullin gravely.

"Is there no way of helping that poor fellow there—the one looking
up at us with his large blue eyes? O heaven! they pierce my very
heart! Or that tall, brown-haired one binding his arm with his
handkerchief?"

"Impossible, Catherine! I am sorry; but we should have to cut steps

in the ice to descend; and the Austrians, who will be back in an
hour or two, would make use of them in their next attack. But we
must go and announce our victory through the villages, and to
Labarbe, and Jerome, and Piarette. Holla! Simon, Niklo, Marchal!
carry the news to our comrades. Materne, see that you look sharp,
and report the least movement."

They went together to the farmhouse, and Jean-Claude met the

reserve as he passed, and Marc-Dives on horseback in the midst of
his men. The smuggler complained bitterly of having had no part in
the fight; he felt disgraced, dishonored.

"Bah!" said Hullin, "so much the better. Watch on our right; if we
are attacked there, you will have enough to do."

Dives said nothing; his good humor could not so easily be restored;
nor that of his men—smugglers like himself—who, wrapped in their
mantles, and with their long rapiers dangling from their sides,
seemed meditating vengeance for what they deemed a slight.

Hullin, unable to pacify them, entered the farm-house. Doctor

Lorquin was extracting the ball from the wound of Baumgarten,
who uttered terrible shrieks.

Pelsly, standing at the threshold, trembled in every limb. Jean-

Claude demanded paper and ink to send his orders to the posts,
and the poor Anabaptist had scarcely strength to go for them. The
messengers departed, proud enough to be the bearers of the
tidings of the first battle and victory.
A few mountaineers in the great hall were warming themselves at
the stove, and discussing the details of the fight in animated tones.
Daniel Spitz had his two fingers amputated, and sat behind the
stove, his hand wrapped in lint.

The men who had been posted behind the abatis before daybreak,
not having yet breakfasted, were—each with a huge piece of bread
and a glass of wine—making up for lost time, all the time shouting,
gesticulating, and boasting as much as their full mouths would
allow them to, and every now and then, when some one would
speak of poor Riffi and his misfortunes, they were ready to burst
their sides laughing.

It was eleven o'clock, when Marc-Dives rushed into the hall, crying:

"Hullin! Hullin! Where is Hullin?"

"Here!"

"Follow me—quick!"

The smuggler spoke in a strange tone. A few moments before, he

was furious at not having taken part in the battle; now he seemed
triumphant. Jean-Claude followed, sorely disquieted, and the hall
was cleared in a minute, all feeling that Marc's hurry was of grave
portent.

To the right of Donon stretches the ravine of Minières, through

which roars a torrent which rushes from the mountain-side to the
depths of the valley.

Opposite the plateau defended by the partisans, and on the other

side of the ravine, five or six hundred feet distant, rose a sort of
terrace with very steep sides, which Hullin had not deemed it
necessary to occupy, as he was unwilling to divide his forces, and
saw also that the position could be easily turned under cover of the
fir forest, if the enemy should occupy it.

Imagine the brave old man's dismay when, from the farm-house
door, he saw two companies' of Austrians climbing up the side with
two field-pieces, which, dragged up by strong ropes, seemed to
hang over the precipice. They were pushing at the wheels, too, and
in a few moments the guns would be on the flat top. He stood for
an instant as if struck by lightning, and then turned fiercely on
Dives.

"Could you not tell me of this before?" he cried. "Was it for this I
ordered you to watch the ravine? Our position is turned! Our
retreat is cut off! You have lost all!"

All present, even old Materne, shrank from the flashing eyes bent
upon the smuggler, and he, notwithstanding his usual cool audacity,
could not for some moments reply.

"Be calm, Jean-Claude," said he at last; "it is not so bad as you

think. My fellows have yet done nothing, and as we want cannon,
those shall be ours."

"Fool! Has your vanity brought us to this? You must needs fight,
boast—and for this you sacrifice us all! Look! they are coming from
Framont, too!"

Even as he spoke, the head of a new column, much stronger than

the first, appeared, advancing from Framont toward the abatis at
the double-quick. Dives said not a word. Hullin, conquering his rage
in the face of danger, shouted:

"To your posts, all! Attention, Materne!"

The old hunter bent his head, listening.

Marc-Dives had recovered all his coolness.

"Instead of scolding like a woman," said he, "you had better give
me the order to attack those yonder from the cover of the woods."

"Do so, in heaven's name," cried Hullin. "Listen, Marc! We were

victorious, and your fault has risked all the fruits of our victory.
Your life shall answer for our success."

"I accept the terms."

The smuggler, springing upon his horse, threw his cloak proudly
over his shoulder, and drew his long, straight blade. His men
followed the example. Then, turning to the fifty mountaineers who
composed his troop, Dives pointed with his sword to the enemy,
and cried:

"We must have yon height, boys. The men of Dagsberg shall never
be called braver than those of the Sarre. Forward!"

The troops dashed on, and Hullin, still pale from the effects of his
anger, shouted after:

"Give them the steel!"

The tall smuggler, on his huge and strong steed, turned his head,
and a laugh broke from his lips. He shook his sword expressively,
and the troops disappeared in the wood.

At the same moment the Austrians, with their two guns—eight-

pounders—reached the level top, while the Framont column still
pressed up the slope. Everything was as before the battle, save
that now the mountaineers were between two fires.

They saw the two guns with their rammers and caissons distinctly.
A tall, lean officer, with broad shoulders and long, flaxen
mustaches, commanded. In the clear mountain air they seemed
almost within reach, but Hullin and Materne knew better; they were
a good six hundred yards away, further than any rifle could carry.
Nevertheless, the old hunter wished to return to the abatis with a
clear conscience. He advanced as near as possible to the ravine,
followed by his son Kasper and a few partisans, and, steadying his
piece against a tree, slowly covered the tall officer with the light
mustaches.

All held their breath lest the aim might be disturbed.

The report rang out, but when Materne placed the butt of his rifle
again on the ground, to see the effect of his shot, all was as
before.

"It is strange how age affects the sight," said he.

"Affects your sight!" cried Kasper. "Not a man from the Vosges to
Switzerland can place a ball at two hundred yards as true as you."

The old forester knew it well, but he did not wish to discourage the
others.

"Well, well," he replied, "we have no time to dispute about it. The
enemy is coming. Let every man do his duty."

Despite these words, so calm and simple, Materne too was sorely
troubled. As he entered the trench, the air seemed full of sounds of
dire foreboding, the rattling of arms, the steady tramp of a trained
multitude. He looked down the steep and saw the Austrians
pressing on, but this time with long ladders, to the ends of which
great iron hooks were fastened.

"Kasper," he whispered, "things look ill—ill indeed. Give me your

hand. I would like to have you and Frantz near me! Remember to
do your part like a man."

As he spoke, a heavy shock shook the defences to their

foundations, and a hoarse voice cried, "O my God!"
Then a fir-tree, a hundred paces off, bent slowly and thundered
into the abyss. It was the first cannon-shot, and it had carried off
both old Rochart's legs. Another and another followed, and soon
the air was thick with crushed and flying ice, while the shrieking of
the balls struck terror to the stoutest hearts. Even old Materne
trembled for a moment; but his brave heart was soon itself again,
and he cried:

"Vengeance! vengeance! Victory or death!"

Happily, the terror of the mountaineers was of short duration. All

knew that they must conquer or die. Two ladders were already
fixed, despite the hail of bullets, and the combat was once more
foot to foot and hand to hand, fiercer and bloodier than before.

Hullin had seen the ladders before Materne, and once more his
wrath against Dives arose; but he knew that anger then availed
naught, and he sent Lagarmitte to order Frantz, who was posted on
the other side of Donon, to hasten to the farm with half his men.
The brave boy, warned of his father's danger, lost not a moment,
and already the black slouched hats were seen climbing the
mountain-side. Jean-Claude, breathless, the sweat pouring from his
brow, ran to meet them, crying:

"Quick, quick! or all is lost!" He trembled once more with rage,

attributing all their misfortunes to the smuggler.

But where was Marc-Dives? In half an hour he had made his way
around the ravine, and from his steed saw the two companies of
Austrians drawn up at ordered arms, two hundred paces behind the
guns, which still kept up their fire upon the intrenchments. He
turned to the mountaineers, and in a low voice, while the thunder
of the cannon echoed peal upon peal from the valley, and the
shouts and shrieks and clatter of the assault rose beyond it, said:

"Comrades, you will fall upon the infantry with the bayonet. I and
my men will do the rest. Forward!"
The whole troop advanced in good order to the edge of the wood,
tall Piercy of Soldatenthal at their head.

They heard the Werda [Footnote 157] of a sentinel. Two shots

replied; then the shout of "Vive la France!" rang to heaven, and
the brave mountaineers rushed upon the foe like famished wolves
upon their prey.

[Footnote 157: "Who goes there?"]

Dives, erect in his stirrups, looked on and laughed.

"Well done!" he said. "Charge!" The earth shook beneath the

shock. Neither Austrians nor partisans fired; for a while nothing was
heard but the clash of bayonets or the dull thud of the clubbed
muskets as they fell; then shrieks and groans and cries of rage
arose, and from time to time a shot rang out. Friend and foe were
mixed and mingled in the savage fray.

The band of smugglers, sabre in hand, sat all this while gazing at
the fight, awaiting their leader's signal to engage.

It came at last.

"Now is our time," cried Marc. "One brave blow, and the guns are
ours."

And forth from the cover of the wood, their long mantles floating
behind in the wind, every man, in his fiery impatience, bending
over his saddle-bow, and pointing his long, straight rapier straight
forward, broke the bold riders.

"The point, my lads! the point! never mind the edge!" shouted
Dives.

In a moment they were on the pieces. Among Marc's troop were

four old dragoons who had seen the Spanish wars through, and
two veteran cuirassiers of the guard, whom love of danger had
attached to the smuggler. The rammers and short sabres of the
artillerymen could avail but little against their well-aimed thrusts,
each one of which brought a man to the earth.

Marc's cheek was blackened with the powder of a pistol fired within
six inches of his head; a bullet passed through his hat; but his
course was not staid until his sword pierced the old officer with the
light mustache through and through, at one of the cannons. Then,
rising slowly in his saddle until his tall form sat erect, he gazed
around, and said sententiously:

"The guns are ours!"

But the scene was terrible; the mêlée on the high plateau; the
shrieks, the neighing of horses, or their cries of agony; the shouts
of rage; men casting away their arms in a wild flight for life, an
inexorable foe pursuing; beyond the ravine, ladders crowded with
white uniforms and bristling with bayonets; mountaineers defending
themselves with the fierce courage of despair; the sides of the
slope, the road, and the foot of the abatis heaped with dead, or
wounded writhing in anguish; still further away, the masses of the
enemy advancing, with musket on shoulder, and officers in the
midst urging them on; old Materne, on the crest of the steep,
swinging his clubbed rifle with deadly effect, and shouting for his
son Frantz, who was rushing at full speed with his command to the
fight; Jean-Claude directing the defence; the deafening musketry,
now in volleys, now rattling like some terrible hailstorm; and, rolling
above all, the vague, weird echoes of mountain and valley. All this
was pressed into that one moment.

Marc-Dives was not of a contemplative or poetic turn of mind,

however, and wasted no time in useless reflections upon the
horrors of war. A glance showed him the position of affairs, and,
springing from his horse, he seized one of the levers of the guns,
and in a moment had aimed the yet loaded piece at the foot of the
ladders. Then he seized a match and fired.

Strange cries arose from afar off, and the smuggler, gazing through
the smoke, saw a bloody lane in the enemy's ranks. He shook both
his hands above his head exultingly, and a shout of triumph arose
from the breastworks.

"Dismount!" he cried to his men. "Now is our time for action! Bring
cartridges and balls from your caissons. Load! We will sweep the
road! Ready! Fire!"

The smugglers applied themselves to the work, and shot after shot
tore through the white masses. The fire enfiladed the ranks, and
the tenth discharge was at a flying foe.

"Fire! fire!" shouted Marc. And the partisans, re-enforced by Frantz,

regained the position they had for a moment lost.

And now the mountain-side was covered only with dead, wounded,
and flying. It was four o'clock in the evening, and night was falling
fast. The last cannon-shot fell in the street of Grandfontaine, and,
rebounding, overturned the chimney of the "Red Ox."

Six hundred men had perished. Many of the mountaineers had

fallen, but many more of the Kaiserliks. Dives's cannonade had
saved all; for the partisans were not even one against ten, and the
enemy had almost made himself master of their works.

Chapter XVI.

The Austrians, crowded in Grandfontaine, fled toward Framont, on

foot and on horseback, flinging their knapsacks away, and looking
behind as if they feared the mountaineers were in hot pursuit.
In Grandfontaine, in a sort of spirit of revenge, they broke
whatever they could lay hands on, tore out windows, crushed in
doors, demanded food and drink, and insulted the people by way of
payment. Their imprecations and cries, the commands of their
officers, the complaints of the inhabitants, the heavy tramp of feet
across the bridge of Framont, and the agonized neigh of wounded
horses, all rose in a confused murmur to the abatis.

On the side of the mountain, arms, shakos, knapsacks, dead—all

the signs of a rout—were alone seen. Opposite appeared Marc-
Dives's guns, ready to open fire anew in case of a new attack.

The partisans had gained the day; but no shout of triumph rose
from their intrenchments. Their losses had been too cruel. Silence
had succeeded the tumult of battle—silence, deep and solemn—and
those who had escaped the carnage gazed earnestly at their
fellows, as if wondering to see them yet alive. A few called aloud
for friends, some for brothers, who replied not. Then search began
throughout the length of the works for Jacob, or Philippe, or
Antoine.

And the gray shades of night were falling fast over mountain and
valley, and lending a strange mystery to the horrid picture; and
men came and went without knowing one another.

Materne wiped his bloody bayonet, and called his boys in hoarse
tones:

"Kasper! Frantz!"

And seeing them approach in the half-darkness, he asked:

"Are you hurt?"

"No."

The voice of the old hunter, harsh as it was, trembled.

"We are all three again together; God's mercy be thanked!" he
murmured.

And he, who was never known to weep, embraced his boys, while
the tears rained down his cheeks, and they, no less moved, sobbed
like little children.

But the old man soon recovered himself and cried with a forced
gayety:

"We have had a rough day, lads; let us take a cup of wine—I am
thirsty."

Throwing a last glance at the bloody slope, and seeing that the
sentries whom Hullin had stationed at intervals of thirty paces were
all at their posts, the old man led the way to the farm-house.

They were passing carefully through the corpse-piled trench, when

a feeble voice exclaimed:

"Is that you, Materne?"

"Ah poor Rochart! Pardon! forgive me if I hurt you," said the old
hunter, bending over the wounded man; "how comes it that you
are still here?"

"Because I cannot move hence; inasmuch as I have no legs,"

answered the other with a mournful sort of merriment.

The three hunters stood silent for a moment, when the old wood-
cutter continued:

"Tell my wife, Materne, that behind the cupboard, in a stocking, she

will find six crowns. I saved them in case either of us should fall
sick; but I have no further need—"
"Perhaps—perhaps—you may live yet, old friend," interrupted
Materne. "We will carry you from here, at all events."

"It is not worth while," returned the wounded man. "An hour more,
and you can carry me to my grave."

Materne, without replying, signed to Frantz to help him, and

together they raised the old wood-cutter from the ground, despite
his wish to be left alone. Thus they arrived at the farm-house.

All the wounded who had strength enough to drag themselves to

the hospital were there. Doctor Lorquin and a fellow-surgeon,
named Despois, who had come during the day to his assistance,
had work enough on hand; and as Materne and his sons with their
piteous load traversed the dimly-lighted hall, they heard cries which
froze the blood in their veins, and the dying wood-cutter almost
shrieked:

"Why do you bring me here! Let me die in peace. They shall not
touch me!"

"Open the door Frantz," said Materne, his forehead covered with a
cold sweat, "open quick!"

And as Frantz pushed open the door, they saw, on a large kitchen-
table in the middle of the low room, with its heavy brown rafters,
Colard, the younger, stretched at full length, six candles around
him, a man holding each arm, and a bucket beneath. Doctor
Lorquin, his shirt-sleeves rolled up to his elbows, and a short wide
saw in his hand, was about cutting off the poor fellow's leg, while
Desbois stood by with a sponge. Blood dripped into the bucket, and
Colard was pale as death. Catherine Lefevre was near, with a roll of
lint, and seemed firm; but the furrows in her cheeks were deeper
than usual, and her teeth were tightly set. She gazed on the
ground so as not to see the misery around.

"It is over!" said the doctor at length, turning round.

And casting a glance at the new-comers he added:

"Ah! you here, Father Rochart?"

"Yes; but you must not touch me. I am done for; let me die in
peace."

The doctor took up a candle, looked for a moment at the old man's
wounds, and said with a grimace:

"It was time, my poor Rochart; you have lost a great deal of blood,
and if we wait any longer, it will be too late."

"Do not touch me!" shrieked the old man. "I have suffered
enough!"

"As you wish. We will pass to another."

He looked at the long line of mattresses. The two last were empty,
although deluged with blood. Materne and Kasper placed their
charge upon the last, while Despois went to another of the
wounded men, saying:

"It is your turn, Nicholas."

Then they saw tall Nicholas Cerf lift a pale face and eyes glittering
with fear.

"Give him a glass of brandy," said the doctor.

"No, I would rather smoke my pipe."

"Where is your pipe?"

"In my vest."

"Good; and your tobacco?"

"In my pantaloons pocket."

"Fill his pipe, Despois. This man is a brave fellow—I like to see
such. We will take off your arm in two times and three motions."

"Is there no way of preserving it, Monsieur Lorquin—for my poor

children's sake? It is their only support."

"No, the bone is fractured and will not reunite. Light his pipe,
Despois. Now, Nicholas, my man, smoke, smoke."

The poor fellow seemed after all to have little wish to do so.

"Are you ready?" asked the doctor.

"Yes," answered the sufferer in a choking voice.

"Good! Attention, Despois; sponge!"

Then with a long knife he cut rapidly around the arm. Nicholas
ground his teeth. The blood spirted; Despois tied something. The
saw ground for two seconds, and the arm fell heavily on the floor.

"That is what I call a well-performed operation," observed Lorquin.

Nicholas was no longer smoking; the pipe had fallen from his lips.
They bound round what remained of his arm with lint, and replaced
him on his mattress.

"Another finished! Sponge the table well, Despois, and then for the
next," said the doctor, washing his hands in a large basin.

Each time he said, "Now for the next," the wounded men groaned
with fear. The shrieks they heard and the glittering knives they saw
were enough to strike a chill to their hearts; but what could be
done? All the rooms of the farm-house and of the barn were
crowded. Only the large hall remained clear, and so the Doctor
could not help operating under the eyes of those who must a little
later take their turn.

Materne could see no more. Even the dog, Pluto, who stood behind
the doctor, seemed to tremble at the horrible sight. The old hunter
hastened to breathe the cold air without, and cried:

"And to think, my boys, that this might have happened to us!"

"God is good," said Frantz, "and why should we let sights even like
these affright us from our duty? We are in his hands."

A murmur of voices arose to their right.

"It is Marc-Dives and Hullin," said Kasper, listening.

"Yes, they have just come from the breastwork they made behind
the fir-wood for the cannon," added Frantz.

They listened again. Footsteps approached.

"You are embarrassed with your three prisoners," said Hullin, in

short tones. "You return to Falkenstein to-night; why can you not
take them with you?"

"But where shall I put them?"

"Parbleu! In the prison of Abreschwiller; we cannot keep them

here."

"I understand, Jean-Claude. And if they attempt to escape on the

way, I will plant my rapier between their shoulders."

"You must!"

They reached the door, and Hullin, seeing Materne, cried joyously:
"You here, old friend? I have been seeking you for an hour. Where
were you?"

"We were carrying old Rochart to the hospital."

Jean-Claude dropped his head sadly; but his joy at the result of the
day's battle soon gained the upper hand, and he said:

"Yes, it is mournful, indeed. But such is the fortune of war. Are you
or your sons hurt?"

"Not a scratch."

"Thank Heaven! Materne, those who passed through this day's

work may well rejoice."

"Yes," cried Marc-Dives, laughing, "I saw old Materne ready to beat
a retreat; without those little cannon-shots, things would have had
a different ending."

Materne reddened and glanced angrily at the smuggler.

"It is very possible," he answered; "but without the cannon-shots at

the beginning, we should not have needed those at the end, and
old Rochart and fifty brave fellows would yet have legs and arms—a
thing which would not have hurt our victory."

"Bah!" interrupted Hullin, who saw a dispute likely to arise. "Quit

this discussion. Every man has done his duty."

Then addressing Materne, he added:

"I have sent a flag of truce to Framont, to tell the enemy to

remove their wounded. They will arrive in about an hour, doubtless,
and you must order our outposts to let them advance; but without
arms, and with torches. If they come otherwise, fire on them."

"I will go at once," replied the old hunter.

"Return with your sons, and have supper with us at the farm-
house, when you have carried out your orders."

"Very well, Jean-Claude."

Hullin ordered Frantz and Kasper to have large bivouac-fires lighted

for the night, and Marc to have his horses fed and to go at once
for more ammunition, and, seeing them depart on their way, he
entered the farm-house.

Translated From The French.

 The Unity Of Scientific And Revealed Truth.
[Footnote 158]

[Footnote 158: A discourse pronounced by the

Archbishop of Malines on his first pastoral visit to the
city and university of Louvain.]

I have not been able to come among you as soon as I desired. The
duties of my office, and especially the difficulties which always
surround one's initiation to a new sphere of duties, are the causes
of this delay. Had I the leisure, my first visit after my entrance into
this vast diocese would have been to Louvain—to Louvain, so
celebrated for its glorious traditions—to Louvain, which has ever
remained true to them. To the attraction of great historical
remembrances are joined in my case ties of a more intimate
nature. This pulpit recalls to my mind the days of a ministry which
must always be dear to my heart, and which was far less onerous
than that which has replaced it; for if in those days I spoke of the
cross, it was surely without carrying the one which now weighs
upon my shoulders. Yet it is with joy that I address for the first
time, as pastor of their souls, the children of this city, twice blessed
by the Church for the signal services she has rendered to the
Christian world, both by her ancient university, and by the one
which lives again in our time with so much lustre.

Louvain bears a great title, because she symbolizes a great thing—

the unity of science and faith. How, then, my brethren, can I
avoid speaking of her, and of that unity which men now strive to
banish from the schools of learning? Everywhere it seems as if
some invincible power had given the command to expel Christianity
from our schools in the name of science. I gladly seize, therefore,
the first opportunity which has been offered me to consider this
question, because it deeply interests the living minds of the age,
because it is one of the great cares of our social life, and because
here the two interests are united in one place: the interests of
science, because I speak of Louvain; the interests, of religion,
because I speak from this sacred pulpit.

Not always in their efforts against the unity of science and religion
do we find our opponents frankly declaring war upon Christianity.
No; its enemies prefer to extinguish it by stratagem. They wisely
fear the love of parents for their offspring; and while they are
eager to destroy the faith of the one, they hope to accomplish their
task without the knowledge of the other. It is on this account that
they have sought and found the proper word to conceal their
design, and this word is neutrality in teaching. I wish, then, to
show you two things:

First. That neutrality in teaching, as far as it regards the Christian

religion, is evidently impossible; that a teacher must unavoidably
declare himself for or against the Christian faith, even as Christ
himself said, "He that is not for me is against me."

Second. Science cannot declare itself against the Christian faith

without denying itself, without being unfaithful to its own principle,
which is reason, and without renouncing the very conditions of a
free, perfect, and progressive science.

May the Mother of Science and Faith, Mater Agnitionis, obtain for
us from the incarnated Wisdom the light which we need!

I.

When I speak of instruction, I do not intend to designate certain

branches of study in particular, but I refer to the whole course of
teaching in each of its three degrees. I affirm, then, that neutrality
in teaching is an evident impossibility, so far as it regards
Christianity in each of these three degrees, and more especially in
the highest grade of instruction. This could be demonstrated by
running over a great number of the various branches of study; but
in order to be more concise, though not less conclusive, I will
speak of only two among them, history and morals, upon which no
school can be silent. They will suffice to convince you that the
school which is not Christian is necessarily antichristian, and that it
will ever be impossible to be neutral.

Let us begin with history. If the Christian religion were a mythology,

certainly we could separate it from the teaching of history, and
banish it to the domain of fable; but Christianity before as well as
after the Incarnation is a great historical fact; nay, it is the greatest
fact of history. This fact is a living one in that religious society
which embraces every nation. This living fact speaks and affirms
itself divine; not divine in man who accepts it, but divine in that
which constitutes its essence, in its doctrine, in its worship, and in
its doctrinal and sanctifying power.

Christian teaching affirms that Christianity is a divine fact. Anti-

Christian instruction denies it. What, then, can neutral instruction
be? If it neither affirm nor deny, necessarily it doubts, and
consequently it must teach doubt. But is not the teaching of doubt
formally antichristian? The divine Author of Christianity teaches us
that, in the presence of the proofs of his mission, doubt is
inexcusable: "If I had not come and spoken to them, they
would not have sin: but now they have no excuse for their
sin." (John xv. 22.)

We will see, in a few moments, why this doubt is inexcusable; but

we only affirm a self-evident truth when we declare neutrality to be
impossible, because he who is not for the faith is necessarily
against it, and to teach doubt is only another way to deny truth.
But perhaps it will be said that neutral instruction will say nothing
concerning this matter; that it will pass by the fact of the Christian
religion in silence; and that, without relegating it to the domain of
mythology, it will quietly ignore its existence. Now, the absurdity of
this position is still more manifest, for Christianity is linked to
everything in this world. We cannot take a step in history without
meeting with it; if you search the annals of antiquity, of the first
centuries of the Christian era, of the middle ages, or of modern
times, at every age alike you will see Christianity before you, and
everywhere it governs all other things from its lofty height.

The pretence of silence in this matter is therefore one of two

things: it is either nonsense or it is hypocrisy. It is nonsense when
it is said, as I have recently been informed it is in a certain classic
work adopted by our schools, that it will contain no question about
sacred history, nor about the history of the church, whether of the
old or the new alliance, because these questions are all beyond the
scope of history. The chain of facts which a Bossuet has unrolled in
his discourse upon universal history—that marvellous chain of facts
beyond the scope of history! The expectation of redemption among
all the people of the globe, which is proved by the universality of
expiatory sacrifices, and by foreshadowings which redemption can
alone make intelligible; the establishment of Christianity in its last
and definite form, its civilizing influence, its trials, its long-continued
struggles, its triumphant existence—these are all beyond the scope
of history! This pretended silence, then, is not nonsense, it is
hypocrisy; it is only, like the neutrality which it defends, the hollow
mask of infidelity.

Again, neutrality is not less impossible in the sphere of morals than

in history. What is morality? It is the science of duty. By itself, it is
the science of means furnished by reason to overcome our
passions. Therefore to morals belong these absorbing questions:
Why have the passions revolted against reason? Why does not the
same beautiful harmony reign in the moral as in the physical order?
Why are there, as it were, two men within us, and why do we
know what we ought to do, and why do we follow the opposite?
What is the cause of this deep-seated evil, which is only too well
known to us all? What is the remedy for it? Where shall we find the
strength to conquer this interior revolt? Where are the arms with
which we can triumph?

He who knows not this knows nothing. But faith has positive
answers for these fundamental questions. It teaches us that the
revolt of passions in human nature is the first result of the revolt of
the human mind against God; that the soul, which did not wish to
submit to its Creator and its Master, has rightly suffered the
uprising of its own slaves, the senses and the appetites; that, if it
would vanquish them, it must humiliate its pride, lament its evil
deeds, implore the grace of God, pray to obtain again its lost
strength. It teaches us that by prayer we seize familiarly the divine
armor, "armaturam Dei orantes" and that only by its aid can we
hope to combat and to triumph. This is Christian teaching. And will
not that teaching be antichristian which denies what Christianity, in
this respect, declares to be true? Certainly it must, because in the
teaching of morals, to be silent concerning the necessity of grace
and of prayer, by which man freely obtains grace, is to make an
avowed profession of antichristianity. To say nothing of the grace
which strengthens our nature; to say nothing of grace, which not
only strengthens, but elevates nature above itself; to say nothing of
the life of grace, as if, when compared with the physical and
intellectual life, there was not a far more noble life, which all men
have experienced, since no one is completely abandoned by its
merciful inspirations—this is not a neutral course; it is antichristian,
formally antichristian.

I might prove to you here that instruction upon morals is not only
antichristian when it is silent concerning the means given us by
faith to conquer these passions, but also when it refuses to
recognize the great motives for fulfilling our duties, for these
motives are so many Christian truths. I might show, or rather recall
the fact, that these truths have transformed private and public
morality, that they have begotten modern civilization; and those are
indeed blind and ungrateful who enjoy the fruit of this civilization,
while they would miserably tear the fair tree from the hearts of
their Christian countrymen.

But I must be satisfied with placing these arguments before you;

and I am the more readily contented with this sketch, because I
know that it is not requisite to say everything, in order to be
understood. I am convinced that I have said enough to make it
clear, both to your reason and to your conscience, that instruction
must be Christian, or it will become antichristian; that science is
necessarily either for or against the holy faith; and that its
pretended neutrality is only an unmeaning word. Hence it follows
that the organization of public instruction on the basis of a deceitful
neutrality is in reality the affirmation of antichristianity in the state.
[Footnote 159]

[Footnote 159: In Belgium, there is a society which

bears the title of The League of Instruction. This
society is free to organize antichristianity in its schools,
but always defraying its own expenses, and at its own
risk and peril. This society has become dissatisfied,
because its members know that they cannot gain the
confidence of the people; hence they have sought to
remove the obstacles by imploring the protection of the
state.]

II.

It remains for us to see that, when science declares against the

Christian faith, it really denies its own principle, that is to say,
reason. And why? Because it is reason which invokes the light of
faith, and it is reason which recognizes it. It is reason which
invokes the light of faith. For what is reason? Reason is that one of
our powers which reaches after truth; it is that faculty which is ever
forcing us to search out the "why" of things. It has even the same
name as its object, for the reason and the "why" of anything are
one. Again, we only act reasonably when we know why we are
acting. Even in our most insignificant actions, we always propose to
ourselves an intention, an end which determines them. In order,
therefore, to live reasonably, we must know why. It is necessary to
know the why, or the end, of life, so that the first words of our
catechism answer the first question of reason. Why are you in the
world? Is it only to go to the cemetery? Has man been placed upon
the earth only that he may be thrown into a grave? Humanity will
never accept this doctrine. The generations of the human race
kneel at the tombs of their ancestors and protest against this
monstrosity—the miserable and absurd system of those who
clamorously desire a liberty of the human mind, which can only
terminate in corruption and worms. The human conscience and
human reason unite in declaring that life is only a journey, that its
end is beyond the tomb, and that to die is to attain it. But what do
we attain? Where do we arrive? Here reason searches, and
trembles while she seeks. She looks, and feels that she is
powerless to penetrate single-handed into the abyss of the future
life. The learned and the ignorant are equally baffled, and can only
say, "It is necessary to return to the other world, in order to know
what really is done there." The gospel tells us the same; no one
has penetrated the heavens except he who came from them: "No
one has ascended into heaven, except he who descended from
heaven, the Son of Man who is in heaven."

Let us try then, brethren, to discover what reason asks, and justly
asks. It asks the "why" of life; it does not care to exist without
knowing "why" and knowing it with certainty. It can obtain
certitude in many other spheres of thought; but it wishes to be
assured upon this far more than upon any other question. Let us,
then, state how reason has certitude in some other matters, and
how it wishes and can attain it in this.

We know the things of the exterior world with certainty, and reason
tells as to admit that which is well attested by the senses. We
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