INSIGHTS MINDMAPS

FEBRUARY 2025

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Table of Contents
GENERAL STUDIES – 1 ............................................................................................................................... 2
Topic: Population and associated issues ............................................................................................................... 2
1. OLD AGE IN INDIA........................................................................................................................................... 2

GENERAL STUDIES – 2 ............................................................................................................................... 3

Topic: Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies ............................................................................. 3
2. LOKPAL VS. JUDICIARY .................................................................................................................................... 3

Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education,
Human Resources. ................................................................................................................................................ 5
3. INDIA’S HEALTH-CARE TRANSFORMATION ...................................................................................................... 5
4. WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN INDIA’S TEACHING WORKFORCE ....................................................................... 6
5. FOOD SAFETY, SECURITY, AND FOOD IRRADIATION ......................................................................................... 8
6. YOUTH LIFESTYLE AND MENTAL WELL-BEING ................................................................................................. 9

Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their
design and implementation. ............................................................................................................................... 10
7. NATIONAL CRITICAL MINERALS MISSION (NCMM) ........................................................................................ 10
8. ROLE OF NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY (NSS) IN POLICY FORMULATION........................................................... 11
9. DIGITAL PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE (DPI) ....................................................................................................... 12

Topic: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
............................................................................................................................................................................ 14
10. CHINA-AFRICA RELATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIA ........................................................................ 14

GENERAL STUDIES - 3 .............................................................................................................................. 15

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and
employment........................................................................................................................................................ 15
11. MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE AGRICULTURAL FIELDS OF THE CAUVERY DELTA ............................................ 15
12. AGRICULTURE AS AN ENGINE FOR GROWTH ............................................................................................. 16

Topic: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc. .................................................................... 17

13. SOLAR ENERGY AS A TRANSFORMATIVE FORCE ......................................................................................... 17

Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation ......................................................................... 19

14. SUPREME COURT’S ROLE IN TACKLING DELHI’S AIR POLLUTION ................................................................ 19
15. NATURE RESTORATION LAW FOR INDIA .................................................................................................... 20

Topic: Disaster and disaster management. ......................................................................................................... 22

16. TEESTA DAM PROJECT .............................................................................................................................. 22

Topic: Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social
networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security. .......................................................... 23
17. CYBERSECURITY IN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ............................................................................ 23

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General Studies – 1
Topic: Population and associated issues
1. Old Age in India
Understanding Perceptions of Old Age
• Younger individuals often associate old age with physical decline—walking sticks, grey hair, and nursing
homes.
• In contrast, financially secure seniors view it as a time of freedom, travel, and spiritual growth.
• As India transitions from a youthful nation to an elderly population, these perceptions highlight the
importance of adapting societal attitudes and policies to better serve the aging population.

Challenges of an Aging Population

• India is currently benefiting from a demographic dividend due to its large youth population.
• However, the rise in the elderly population will present new challenges in terms of care, support, and
integration of seniors into society.
• With an average lifespan of 67.2 years, many seniors face the dual challenges of inadequate social
security and healthcare.
• Only a small percentage of seniors receive reliable social security benefits, leaving many vulnerable.

Socio-Economic Realities of Elderly in India

• Around 40% of India’s elderly population lives in poverty, compared to less than 10% of the general
population.
• This economic vulnerability is exacerbated by limited access to technology, social organizations, and
education.
• The elderly population in India is more likely to be female, less educated, and living in rural areas, leading
to further marginalization and challenges in accessing resources.
• Many seniors, particularly those in rural areas and agriculture, continue to work out of necessity, with
65% engaged in unpaid labor.
• Retirement often brings challenges such as loss of purpose and increased loneliness, especially with the
rise of nuclear families.

Role of Community Service Organizations (CSOs)

• Organizations like HelpAge India, Agewell Foundation, and Carers Worldwide play a crucial role in
supporting the elderly, advocating for better state intervention, and changing the narrative around aging.
• CSOs highlight inspiring stories of seniors like Rajinder Singh and Harbhajan Kaur, who continue to
contribute to society in meaningful ways despite their age.

The Need for Societal and Policy Reforms

• India faces the challenge of redefining old age, moving beyond traditional views of decline and
dependence to one of active contribution and engagement.
• The state’s response to the aging population has been slow, with less than 5% of seniors receiving
reliable social security.
• Policies like the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, remain largely
unimplemented.
• The private sector has yet to fully tap into the “silver economy,” valued at $7 billion, or provide adequate
living and recreational facilities for seniors.

The Role of Society and Philanthropy

• It is society’s role to lead the way in redefining aging and creating an environment where seniors can
thrive.
• This includes ensuring that older adults have opportunities to contribute meaningfully to their
communities.

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• Private philanthropy is essential in driving the multi-sectoral innovation required to meet the needs of an
aging population.

International Best Practices for Old Age Care

• Germany's "Pay-As-You-Go" pension system, coupled with additional private pension plans, ensures that
elderly citizens have a stable income during retirement.
• Japan promotes "Active Aging" policies, encouraging seniors to remain active in the workforce and
participate in community activities.
• France offers universal healthcare with specialized services for the elderly, including in-home care,
geriatric care, and mental health services.
• Australia's healthcare system includes the "My Aged Care" service, which provides information,
referrals, and assessments to help elderly Australians access appropriate care services.
• The U.S. has embraced technology to support aging in place, with innovations like telemedicine, remote
monitoring, and wearable devices that help elderly individuals live independently.

Government Schemes for Old Age in India

• Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY) provide physical aids and assisted-living devices to senior citizens from
BPL families.
• National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE) provide accessible, affordable, and
comprehensive healthcare services to the elderly.
• Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY) provide a financial security scheme for senior citizens
with assured returns.
• Senior Citizens Savings Scheme (SCSS) offer a safe and secure investment option with a regular income
for senior citizens.
• Atal Pension Yojana (APY) create a universal social security system for all Indians, particularly the poor
and the underprivileged, with a focus on informal sector workers.

Conclusion
• As India faces a seismic demographic shift, there is an urgent need to rethink how society views and
supports its elderly population.
• Ensuring that seniors are valued and cared for will be crucial for the country’s social and economic future.

General Studies – 2
Topic: Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies
2. Lokpal vs. Judiciary
Introduction
• The recent assertion by the Lokpal that it has the authority to examine complaints against sitting High
Court (HC) judges has raised significant legal and constitutional questions.
• This debate revolves around the scope of the Lokpal’s powers, judicial accountability, and constitutional
protections for judges.

Lokpal’s Assertion and Supreme Court’s Intervention

• The Lokpal, directed that corruption complaints against an HC judge be forwarded to the Chief Justice of
India (CJI) for consideration.
• The Supreme Court (SC) took suo motu cognizance, stayed the Lokpal’s order, and barred the disclosure
of the judge’s identity.
• Key Concerns of SC Judges:
o HC judges are constitutional authorities, not statutory functionaries.
o The Lokpal’s move could threaten judicial independence.

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o Article 214(1) of the Constitution mandates the setting up of HCs, ensuring their status as part of
the higher judiciary.

Lokpal’s Argument
• The Lokpal Act, 2013, under Section 14, empowers the Lokpal to investigate corruption complaints
against public servants.
• The K Veeraswamy case (1991) held that superior court judges are public servants and cannot be
excluded from corruption inquiries.
• Lokpal contended that HCs are not established under Article 124 (which pertains only to the SC),
implying they fall within its jurisdiction.

Supreme Court’s Counterargument

• HC judges are not mere public servants; they are constitutional functionaries, enjoying protection
similar to SC judges and other high constitutional authorities.
• The Lokpal overlooked Article 214(1), which establishes HCs as part of the higher judiciary, ensuring their
autonomy and protection from external influences.
• If Lokpal were allowed to act against sitting judges, it could compromise judicial independence.

Importance of Judicial Independence

• Judiciary is the guardian of the Constitution, and its independence is essential for fair and impartial
adjudication.
• External investigations into HC judges can lead to political interference and pressure, affecting judicial
decision-making.
• Similar protections exist for the President, SC judges, and Election Commissioners, ensuring they are
shielded from arbitrary actions.

The Need for Judicial Accountability

• While judicial independence is crucial, accountability is equally necessary to maintain public trust.
• When Instances of corruption in the higher judiciary occur, secrecy often surrounds them.
• The current mechanism for dealing with corruption in HC judges is inadequate and needs reform.

The Dilemma: Finding the Right Balance

• The Lokpal’s assertion raises valid concerns about ensuring transparency in the judiciary.
• However, any mechanism to hold judges accountable must be constitutionally sound and free from
political motivations.
• Judicial reforms should focus on strengthening internal mechanisms for accountability, such as:
o Judicial Complaints Authority or an independent internal committee under the Supreme Court’s
supervision.
o Greater transparency in judicial appointments and disciplinary actions.

Current Procedure for Action Against Judges

• Judges Inquiry Act, 1968 outlines the process for removal of HC and SC judges:
o Impeachment by Parliament through a motion supported by two-thirds majority.
o Investigation by a three-member committee (SC judge, HC Chief Justice, and an eminent jurist).
• The CJI plays a crucial role in recommending action against erring judges.

Limitations of the Current System

• Impeachment is rare and cumbersome, requiring a high political consensus.
• There is no independent complaints mechanism for investigating corruption allegations before reaching
the impeachment stage.
• Lack of transparency in handling complaints against judges.

Institutional Credibility
• The conflict between the Lokpal and judiciary highlights the larger debate on institutional roles and
checks and balances.
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• The Lokpal was created to tackle corruption, but its powers must align with constitutional safeguards for
judiciary.
• Any attempt to dilute judicial independence can erode trust in the judiciary.
• At the same time, judicial accountability is critical for maintaining public confidence in the justice
system.

Way Forward
• Judicial independence and accountability must go hand in hand.
• A balanced approach should involve:
o Internal judicial accountability mechanisms rather than external interference.
o Strengthening the existing impeachment and disciplinary procedures.
o Greater transparency in judicial misconduct cases.
• A Judicial Oversight Panel under the Supreme Court can handle complaints against judges.
• Time-bound inquiry procedures to ensure quick resolution of complaints.
• Periodic disclosures of actions taken against judges to enhance public confidence.

Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to

Health, Education, Human Resources.
3. India’s Health-Care Transformation
Introduction
• India’s health-care sector has seen significant transformation from dependence on the West to
becoming a global health-care hub.
• Today, India is globally recognized for its world-class medical services, attracting patients from over 147
countries.

India's Healthcare Transformation

• India's healthcare transformation is characterized by rapid digitalization, with the implementation of the
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission.
• The country has also made strides in pharmaceutical manufacturing, becoming a global hub for generic
drugs and vaccines.

From Medical Tourism to a Global Health-Care Hub

• Economic Implications:
o India offers high-quality medical care at significantly lower costs than Western countries, thus
retaining valuable foreign exchange.
o The influx of international patients has positively impacted the economy by creating jobs and
fostering growth in related sectors such as hospitality, transportation, and pharmaceuticals.
o Medical tourism is estimated to generate over $9 billion annually for the Indian economy.
• "Heal in India" Initiative:
o The Prime Minister’s "Heal in India" initiative aims to position India as a global leader in health
care.
• India’s health-care system focuses on holistic care, addressing not just physical ailments but also the
emotional and psychological needs of patients.

Challenges and Opportunities

• Medical Device Dependency:
o India imports a significant portion of its medical devices, adding to treatment costs and
impacting self-reliance.
o The country imported medical devices worth over $6.24 billion in 2021-22
o The "Make in India" initiative is promoting domestic production of medical devices, aiming to
reduce import dependency.
• Towards Self-Reliance:

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o The progress in domestic medical device manufacturing highlights India’s growing capability to
produce high-quality health-care solutions.
o There is a growing need for young innovators and entrepreneurs to drive further advancements
in the health-care sector.

Inspiring the Next Generation

• Career in Health Care:
o A career in health care offers young Indians the opportunity to contribute to nation-building.
o Health care provides a unique platform to combine scientific knowledge, technological
innovation, and compassion to create a lasting societal impact.
• Youth’s Role in Health Care:
o The youth of India, with their energy, creativity, and passion, are essential for driving the next
wave of health-care innovations.
o By embracing careers in health care, Indians can help transform its health-care system into one
that is self-reliant and globally competitive.

Way Forward
• India’s transformation in health care is a testament to the nation’s broader commitment to self-reliance
and excellence.
• India can leverage its growing telemedicine sector to address rural healthcare disparities.
• India can leverage its pharmaceutical prowess to enhance its soft power by increasing medical aid and
vaccine diplomacy, as seen in its 'Vaccine Maitri' initiative during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The country can capitalize on its traditional medicine systems, such as Ayurveda, by promoting them
globally through cultural exchanges.
• By strategically leveraging its healthcare transformation, India can significantly enhance its global
influence.
• This approach, when balanced with addressing domestic challenges, can position India as a key player in
global health governance and innovation.

4. Women’s Participation in India’s Teaching Workforce

Introduction
• The participation of women in India's teaching workforce has undergone significant transformation in
recent years.
• According to data from the Unified District Information System for Education (UDISE), the proportion of
women school teachers increased in recent years.
• Despite these gains, gender disparities persist across different educational levels and between private
and government institutions.

Trends in Women’s Participation in Teaching

• The number of female teachers increased from 49.98% in 2018-19 to 53.34% in 2023-24.
• Growth has been higher in private schools, with a 20% increase in female teachers in recent years.
• Private schools have a higher proportion of women teachers, largely due to urban-centric locations and
better commuting facilities.
• However, private school teachers often receive lower salaries than their male counterparts, reinforcing
gendered economic inequalities.
• Data from the 2021-22 All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) shows that women make up only
43% of faculty in higher education.
• Globally, women dominate primary and secondary teaching roles but see a sharp decline in
representation at the tertiary level.

The Impact of Female Teachers on Education

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• Studies highlight that classrooms led by female teachers show a 20% higher rate of inclusive
participation.
• Women teachers create supportive learning environments by integrating social-emotional learning and
cooperative teaching methods.
• Female teachers play a crucial role in breaking social taboos and encouraging girls’ education.
• They help address menstrual health awareness, child marriage concerns, and gender equity in
classrooms.
• A McKinsey report estimates that achieving gender parity in educational roles could add $12 trillion to
global GDP.
• Greater female participation in higher education leads to diverse academic perspectives and innovative
research.
• Women in leadership inspire future generations to pursue careers in academia and education
administration.

Systemic Challenges Faced by Women Teachers

• Private school teachers earn lower salaries than government counterparts, and women often face
gendered pay gaps.
• Society continues to view women’s earnings as supplementary, limiting their bargaining power for equal
pay.
• Women teachers in rural areas face challenges such as unsafe transportation, lack of housing, and
workplace harassment.
• Absence of grievance redressal mechanisms discourages women from pursuing or continuing careers in
teaching.
• Women continue to bear the primary responsibility for household work and childcare, limiting their
career growth.
• The lack of flexible work hours and childcare support prevents many from advancing into leadership
positions.
• Fewer women in leadership positions results in limited mentorship and role models.
• Promotion policies in universities favor male candidates due to implicit biases and societal norms.

Way Forward
• Governments must implement gender-sensitive policies to promote women’s participation in
education.
• Providing housing allowances, transport facilities, and safety measures in rural schools can encourage
more women to join.
• Expanding financial aid for women pursuing education degrees will help increase teacher diversity.
• Bangladesh’s initiative to provide stipends for female teachers in rural areas has successfully increased
women’s participation—India can adopt similar models.
• Providing higher pay and special allowances for women teaching in remote locations will bridge the
gender gap in rural schools.
• Establishing mentorship programs and leadership training for female educators in higher education.
• Ensuring transparent promotion policies and recognition programs for women faculty members.
• Implementing family-friendly workplace policies such as flexible work hours, parental leave, and on-
campus childcare.

Conclusion
• The increasing participation of women in India’s teaching workforce is a positive trend, but gender
disparities remain in higher education and leadership roles.
• Addressing these disparities requires comprehensive policy measures, cultural shifts, and institutional
support.

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5. Food Safety, Security, and Food Irradiation
Introduction
• The food industry contributes significantly to India’s economy through domestic consumption and
exports.
• Advancing food safety and security is crucial for achieving the vision of "Viksit Bharat".
• Minimizing food loss and waste, particularly of perishable items like fruits and vegetables, is essential to
ensure sufficient, nutritious food for all.

Food Safety and Trade Growth

• With the expansion of processed food trade, food safety management has gained importance, especially
in complying with stringent regulations in developed economies.
• Food safety incidents can cause public health risks, disrupt food supplies, reduce consumer confidence,
and destabilize prices.

Food Irradiation Technology

• Irradiation involves exposing food to ionising radiation, eliminating harmful microorganisms, delaying
spoilage, and reducing the need for chemical preservatives.
• It extends shelf life, prevents premature ripening, and reduces food loss.
• The Union Budget 2024-25 has allocated funds to establish 50 multi-product food irradiation units in the
MSME sector.
• After the Codex Alimentarius Commission set global standards for food irradiation, countries such as the
US, Japan, and the EU adopted the technology for both domestic and export markets.
• The 2012 agreement allowed Indian mangoes to be exported to the US after undergoing irradiation.
• This agreement marked the end of a 20-year ban, demonstrating the effectiveness of irradiation in
meeting stringent international food safety standards.

Investment Opportunities and Government Support

• The Indian food processing sector is expected to reach $535 billion by 2025-26.
• With rising domestic and international demand for safe, long-lasting food products, food irradiation
facilities are a promising investment.
• The Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) offers up to Rs 10 crore per project to establish food
irradiation units, particularly to treat perishable produce and enhance shelf life.
• MoFPI has invited entrepreneurs to set up irradiation units under the Integrated Cold Chain and Value
Addition Infrastructure Scheme.

Challenges in Food Irradiation Facility Commissioning

• Establishing a food irradiation facility involves multiple stages, including proposal approval, site clearance,
safety assessments, and ongoing maintenance.
• Key institutions like the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
(AERB) oversee these processes.

Way Forward
• India must expand its food irradiation infrastructure to meet the growing demands of the agrifood supply
chain and export sector.
• Entrepreneurs and investors should seize the opportunity to contribute to the sustainable development
of India’s food industry by establishing irradiation facilities.
• The expansion of food irradiation facilities plays a vital role in transforming the agrifood industry and
contributing to India's long-term economic growth.

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6. Youth Lifestyle and Mental Well-being
Introduction
• India is poised for rapid economic growth driven by its young population.
• The youth contribute significantly to both production and demand, positioning India to be a future
economic powerhouse.

Lifestyle Changes Affecting Youth

• The rapid changes in lifestyle, spurred by economic growth, have negatively impacted the mental well-
being of Indian youth.
• India reports the highest growth in ultra-processed food consumption among youth, contributing to
poor physical and mental health outcomes.
• Research suggests these foods may be as addictive as smoking.
• Low levels of exercise and inadequate sleep are becoming common, contributing to health concerns.
• The early introduction and widespread use of smartphones among teenagers have adverse effects on
cognition, emotional regulation, and overall mental well-being.

Mental Health Challenges

• India is experiencing a silent mental health epidemic, particularly among adolescents.
• Recent findings from a database of over 1,50,000 individuals highlight this growing issue.
• Shifts in cultural practices, such as weakened family relationships, are contributing to declining mental
health, especially among youth.

Socioeconomic Factors and Mental Well-being

• Data indicates that youth from lower-income families who exercise regularly, have strong family
relationships, and avoid ultra-processed foods show better mental well-being than their wealthier
counterparts with sedentary lifestyles and weakened family bonds.
• There is growing evidence that returning to traditional values, such as strong family connections, healthy
diets, and physical exercise, contributes to improved mental health.

Long-term Consequences
• If the current trends of poor mental health continue, India's demographic dividend may be undermined.
• A shortage of qualified, capable, and productive workers could affect the economy as a whole.

Paths to Transformation in Mental Health

• Step up funding and human resources in mental health services across health and other sectors.
• Reduce stigma and discrimination by including individuals with mental health conditions in all aspects of
society and decision-making.
• Address social and structural determinants of mental health by intervening in homes, schools,
workplaces, and communities.
• Implement actions such as protecting children from abuse, supporting early childhood development,
addressing bullying, and enhancing green spaces.
• Regulate harmful substances, such as ultra-processed foods and hazardous pesticides, which are linked
to poor mental health outcomes.
• Build networks of community-based mental health services.
• Scale up care options for common mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety.
• Ensure that mental health services are accessible and affordable, particularly for vulnerable and
underserved populations.

Conclusion:
• To protect the demographic dividend and ensure sustainable economic growth, India must intervene now
to improve the mental well-being of its youth.
• This requires a coordinated effort from government, the private sector, and civil society to reshape
environments, strengthen care systems, and promote mental health as a national priority.
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Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues
arising out of their design and implementation.
7. National Critical Minerals Mission (NCMM)
Introduction
• The Union Cabinet’s approval of the National Critical Minerals Mission (NCMM) is a crucial step toward
self-reliance in critical minerals.

Significance of Critical Minerals for India

• Essential for manufacturing solar panels, wind turbines, and battery storage systems.
• Plays a key role in achieving India's net-zero carbon emission targets by 2070.
• Lithium, cobalt, and nickel are key components of EV batteries.
• India currently imports 60-70% of EV battery materials from China, making self-reliance crucial.
• Rare earth elements (REEs) are vital for chip manufacturing, smartphones, and other electronic devices.
• Reducing import dependence will boost India’s semiconductor manufacturing initiatives.
• Critical minerals are used in fighter jets, missiles, satellites, and radar systems.
• Strategic minerals like beryllium and titanium are essential for defense-grade materials.
• Boosting domestic mining and refining will create employment opportunities.
• Strengthening India’s export potential in mineral-rich global markets.

Objectives and Key Features of NCMM

• The mission aims to conduct 1,200 domestic critical mineral exploration projects by 2030-31.
• Over 100 mineral blocks will be auctioned for private and public sector mining.
• Expanding geo-mapping and aerial surveys for mineral discovery.
• The mission aims to build a technological, regulatory, and financial ecosystem to ensure steady supply.
• Development of refining and processing infrastructure to reduce dependence on imports.
• Investments in R&D for new extraction and refining techniques.
• India has already signed agreements with Argentina, Zambia, and the United States for mineral
cooperation.
• Special focus on reducing deforestation, preventing groundwater depletion, and rehabilitating
displaced communities.
• Regulatory frameworks for sustainable mineral extraction and refining.

Strategic International Partnerships

• Ongoing discussions with Australia, Chile, and Bolivia, known for lithium and other critical mineral
reserves.
• Collaborations to secure long-term mineral supplies and access to advanced mining technologies.
• Responsible mining practices will be promoted to minimize ecological degradation.

Challenges in Implementing NCMM

• Exploration to production cycle can take 10-15 years due to regulatory and geological complexities.
• Need for continuous research and updating of mining technologies.
• Large lithium reserves in Reasi (Jammu & Kashmir) raise concerns over deforestation, groundwater
depletion, and local displacement.
• Complex land acquisition laws and slow environmental clearances can delay projects.
• Ensuring a balance between environmental protection and industrial growth.
• Developing efficient transportation and storage systems for critical minerals.
• Mining and refining require highly skilled professionals, which India currently lacks.

Way Forward
• Simplify mining laws to accelerate exploration and production.
• Establish fast-track clearance mechanisms for critical mineral projects.
• Investment in advanced refining and processing infrastructure.

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• Encouraging technology transfer from global partners to improve refining efficiency.
• Implement strict environmental safeguards to minimize damage to ecosystems.
• Promote circular economy models by investing in recycling and urban mining (extraction of minerals
from e-waste).
• Setting up dedicated research institutions for mineral exploration and refining.
• Encouraging innovation in battery technology to reduce dependency on scarce minerals.
• Creating a national stockpile of critical minerals to mitigate supply disruptions.
• Establishing a Critical Minerals Fund to ensure financial stability in the sector.

Conclusion
• With the right execution, NCMM has the potential to drive India’s self-reliance in critical minerals and
support its journey toward a green and technology-driven future.

8. Role of National Sample Survey (NSS) in Policy Formulation

Introduction
• The National Sample Survey (NSS) has played a pivotal role in shaping India’s social and economic
policies.
• As India celebrates the diamond jubilee of NSS, it is crucial to acknowledge its contribution to labour
markets, poverty reduction, education, health, migration, and financial inclusion.
• NSS remains critical in ensuring data-driven governance, aligning with the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047.

Understanding Female Labour Force Participation (FLFPR) Trends

• Challenges Identified:
o Gender discrimination in hiring.
o Lack of childcare facilities.
o Low wages in informal sectors.
• Interventions Based on NSS Data:
o Access to credit: Expansion of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and microfinance for women.
o Entrepreneurship promotion: PM Mudra Yojana supporting women-led businesses.
o Skill development initiatives: Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) to improve
employability.

NSS and Social Sector Development

• Education Sector Insights
o Preference for private vs government schools.
o Regional disparities in education spending.
o Impact of mid-day meal schemes and scholarships.
• Policy Takeaways:
o Expansion of Right to Education (RTE) Act implementation.
o Growth of digital learning platforms post-pandemic.
o Focus on girls' education through Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana.
• Health Sector Insights
o High out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) for healthcare.
o Low insurance coverage, especially in rural areas.
o Need for better public healthcare infrastructure.
• Policy Impacts:
o Launch of Ayushman Bharat (PMJAY) for health coverage.
o Expansion of primary health centers and telemedicine.
o Increased focus on maternal and child healthcare.

NSS and Migration

• Key Findings:
o Women migrate not just for marriage but also for work and economic opportunities.

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o Migrant women play a significant role in informal urban employment.
o Seasonal migration trends impact rural labour availability and remittances.
• Policy Implications:
o Strengthening urban employment opportunities.
o Expanding migrant worker protections.
o Designing inclusive housing and transport policies.

NSS and Financial Inclusion

• Jan Dhan Yojana and Digital Transactions
o 95% of individuals aged 18+ have a bank account under PM Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY).
o However, only 51% of men and 29% of women aged 15-29 know how to perform online banking
transactions.
• Challenges Identified:
o Lack of digital banking awareness, especially among women.
o Limited use of UPI and mobile banking despite high penetration of accounts.
• Policy Recommendations:
o Financial literacy campaigns targeting youth and rural populations.
o Expanding digital training programs under Digital India Mission.
o Encouraging women’s participation in fintech and digital economy.

Challenges Facing NSS and Way Forward

• Non-sampling errors due to:
o Households refusing to answer survey questions.
o Fatigue affecting response accuracy.
• Global Trend: Even in developed economies, response rates to household surveys are declining.
• The way forward is to combine NSS survey data with administrative data for a holistic approach:
o Administrative data (such as tax filings and social security data) provides macro-level insights.
o NSS surveys help assess access, availability, and affordability of services.
• A hybrid model where NSS estimates complement government databases, enabling better economic
planning.

Conclusion
• In an era of big data and AI-driven analytics, NSS must adapt by:
o Improving survey methodologies.
o Increasing data integration with real-time administrative records.
o Ensuring periodic, transparent reporting on the well-being of Indian households.
• The goal should be to ensure "Data for Development", where evidence-based policymaking helps India
progress toward Viksit Bharat 2047.

9. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)

Introduction
• India has achieved over 80% financial inclusion in just six years, which has garnered international praise.
• This achievement sets a benchmark for other developing nations, especially in the Global South.
• India’s success demonstrates the country’s ability to create scalable, inclusive, and efficient digital and
financial infrastructures for over a billion people.

What is Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)

• Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) refers to the foundational technology that enable a wide range of
digital services for citizens, governments, and businesses.
• The implementation of DPI aims to achieve broader goals like digital inclusion, financial inclusion, and
efficient governance.
• India's success with the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) and UPI highlights the power of DPI in
bridging financial gaps.
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• DPI is closely aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those
related to reduced inequalities, economic growth, and strong institutions.

Focus of the G20 Summit 2023:

• The G20 summit in New Delhi highlighted the significance of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI).
• India’s G20 task force released a comprehensive report emphasizing a global strategy for developing DPI,
showing India’s leadership in this domain.
• The comprehensive global strategy aims to assist countries worldwide in creating reliable DPIs that
support their unique needs.

Stakeholders in the DPI Landscape:

• The digital landscape involves various stakeholders, including private enterprises, government bodies,
non-profit organizations, and think tanks.
• This multi-sector involvement aims to develop authentic and reliable DPI solutions to address societal
needs.
• The challenge lies in identifying trustworthy DPIs and ensuring they align with core values like security,
inclusivity, and scalability.

The Role of Citizen Stack:

• Citizen Stack emerges as a trusted ecosystem inspired by the success of the India Stack, a comprehensive
digital infrastructure serving over a billion citizens.
• Citizen Stack serves as a regulatory body or auditor, authenticating and certifying DPI solutions.
• It guarantees stringent standards of quality and security, thus providing a reliable benchmark for
evaluating DPIs.
• India’s commitment to high standards of DPI through the Citizen Stack represents its dedication to global
excellence in digital infrastructure.

Five Sutras for a Good DPI:

• Uphold the citizens’ relationship with the market and the state, ensuring the DPI is free from adverse
influences.
• Safeguard citizen empowerment and privacy through consent-based data sharing.
• Prevent monopolistic lock-ins by ensuring interoperability.
• Promote techno-legal regulation, combining technology with law to ensure ethical use and protection of
societal rights.
• Encourage public and private sector collaboration for innovation without the domination of corporate
interests.

Concerns / Challenges
• There is often a gap in access, especially in rural areas or among marginalized groups lacking digital
literacy or infrastructure.
• The more expansive and connected DPI becomes, the higher the risk of data breaches and misuse of
personal information.
• Without proper regulation, DPIs may lead to the monopolization of digital services by a few large players.

Future of Digital Public Infrastructure:

• As the digital landscape evolves, the principles and models set by India’s Citizen Stack will play a vital role
in shaping the future of DPIs worldwide.
• India’s focus on authenticity, quality, and reliability ensures that its DPI framework serves as a global
standard, driving trust and adoption across borders.
• Advances in artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and machine learning will further enhance DPI’s
capability.
• Governments must continue to foster innovation through public-private partnerships, ensuring that the
public good is prioritized over corporate profits.
• Need for global standards to ensure interoperability, security, and privacy across borders.
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Conclusion
• India’s remarkable progress in financial inclusion and its leadership in digital public infrastructure
highlight its commitment to empowering the global community.
• With Citizen Stack as a model for excellence and security in DPIs, India continues to set the stage for a
more inclusive and digitally sovereign world.

Topic: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests,
Indian diaspora.
10. China-Africa Relations and Implications for India
Introduction
• Over the past 24 years, the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) has become a key platform for
dialogue and planning between the two sides.
• The latest summit in Beijing reaffirms China’s commitment to Africa, solidifying political, economic, and
strategic ties.

Key Takeaways from the 9th FOCAC Summit

• Beijing Declaration Highlights
o Focuses on creating a "China-Africa Community with a Shared Future."
o Promotes synergy between China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the African Union’s Agenda
2063, and the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development.
o Emphasizes China’s Global Development Initiative (GDI), Global Security Initiative (GSI), and
Global Civilization Initiative (GCI).
o Calls for expanding exchanges on governance, modernization, and poverty reduction.
• Economic Cooperation and Debt Relief
o Synergy between African and Chinese economic goals, including support for the African
Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).
o China calls on international financial institutions to assist in debt relief for African countries.
o China pledged $51 billion in financial support to Africa, focusing on loans, grants, and investment
promotion.
• Focus on Security and Development
o China supports increased UN funding for African peace operations and maritime security.
o The summit stresses joint efforts to foster dialogue among civilizations.

Strategic Perspectives on China-Africa Relations

• China’s Perspective
o China sees a natural partnership with Africa, given that both are regions of the developing world.
o Beijing positions itself as an alternative model of modernization, distinct from Westernization,
which resonates with many African nations.
• African Perspective
o While Africa benefits from Chinese investments, many African nations are concerned about
becoming overly dependent on China, as seen in the donor-recipient dynamic.
• Western and American Perspectives
o Some American analysts see China's deepening relations with Africa as part of Xi Jinping’s anti-
American strategy, positioning the Global South as a counterweight to U.S. global influence.

Way Forward for India

• India needs to resume high-level diplomatic engagement with Africa, akin to the three India-Africa Forum
Summits (2008-2015).
• A decade-long gap in Africa-centered conference diplomacy has hindered India’s strategic influence.
• While India enjoys historical and cultural ties with Africa, it must allocate more resources to match
China’s financial engagement.

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• Without substantial investments, India risks falling behind in influencing Africa’s developmental
landscape.
• Africa’s role in India’s foreign policy needs reassessment.
• Political and financial commitments should reflect the continent’s importance to India’s strategic goals,
especially in areas such as energy, food security, and technology.
• India should leverage multilateral platforms such as the African Union and G20 to expand cooperation
with African nations in fields like renewable energy, counterterrorism, and capacity building.

Conclusion
• China’s deepening ties with Africa through the FOCAC platform demonstrate Beijing’s long-term strategy
for gaining influence on the continent.
• India must adopt a more proactive and sustained engagement to ensure that it remains a key player in
Africa’s development.

General Studies - 3
Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth,
development and employment
11. Migrant Workers in the Agricultural Fields of the Cauvery
Delta
Introduction
• The Cauvery delta is witnessing a gradual influx of migrant workers from other parts of India into its
agricultural sector.

Major Factors Contributing to the Trend

• Labor Shortage in the Delta:
o The younger generation is moving away from agriculture, seeking jobs in urban areas.
o This has led to a reliance on older workers, many of whom struggle to meet the demands of
modern agricultural practices.
• Socio-Economic Changes:
o Socio-economic changes, including higher educational aspirations have contributed to the
declining agricultural workforce.
o The introduction of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
has also influenced labour availability, though its impact is debated.
• Mechanization and Farm Operations:
o The rise of mechanization in farming has reduced the demand for manual labour to some extent.
o There remains a need for manual labour, particularly for tasks like paddy transplantation, where
migrant workers have proven to be effective.

Implications of the Influx of Migrant Workers

• Economic Impact:
o Migrant workers provide a cost-effective solution for farmers, as they tend to work for lower
wages compared to local labourers.
o The influx of migrant workers helps sustain agricultural productivity in the delta region.
• Social and Cultural Dynamics:
o The presence of migrant workers in the Cauvery delta has not yet led to significant tensions with
local labourers, partly because the numbers are still relatively small.
o However, there is a potential for future conflicts over wages and job opportunities if the trend
continues to grow.
• Impact on Local Laborers:

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o The decline in local agricultural labour has left many older workers, particularly women,
struggling to find consistent employment.
o The shift towards migrant labour may further marginalize local labourers, exacerbating their
economic challenges.
• Caste and Labor Relations:
o The relationship between landowners and agricultural workers in Tamil Nadu is often influenced
by caste dynamics, which could be affected by the introduction of migrant labour.

Debates and Discussions

• Merits and Drawbacks of Migrant Labour:
o Proponents argue that migrant labour is necessary to address the acute labour shortage and keep
the agricultural sector viable.
o Critics worry that reliance on migrant labour may weaken local communities and disrupt
traditional labour practices.
• Role of MGNREGA:
o The impact of MGNREGA on labour availability in agriculture is contested, with some farmers
blaming the scheme for rising wages and labour shortages.
o A potential solution could be to confine MGNREGA work to non-cultivation seasons, reducing
competition between the scheme and agricultural labour demands.

Way Forward
• Ensuring Fair Wages:
o It is crucial to ensure that migrant and local labourers receive equal pay for equal work. This could
help maintain harmony and fairness in the labour market.
• Strengthening Local Labor:
o Initiatives to make agricultural work more attractive to the local population.
o Offering better wages, benefits, and training, could help mitigate the labour shortage without
over-relying on migrant workers.
• Balancing Mechanization and Labor Needs:
o While mechanization can reduce dependence on manual labour, it is important to strike a balance
to ensure that those who rely on agricultural work for their livelihood are not left behind.
• Monitoring Socio-Economic Impact:
o The government and local authorities should monitor the socio-economic impact of the influx of
migrant workers.

Conclusion
• The gradual influx of migrant workers into the agricultural fields of the Cauvery delta reflects broader
socio-economic changes in Tamil Nadu.
• Balancing the needs of farmers, local labourers, and migrant workers will be key to ensuring sustainable
agricultural development in the region.

12. Agriculture as an Engine for Growth

Introduction
• Historically, economists like Arthur Lewis argued that development comes from moving labor from
agriculture to manufacturing and services.
• However, modern agriculture in developed countries has become high-tech and highly productive,
suggesting that Indian agriculture can follow suit.
• Despite a five-year average growth rate of 4%, Indian agriculture contributes only 18% to GDP but
employs 46% of all workers.

Challenges in Agriculture
• India’s water resources are depleting, and soil health is declining.
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• Farming remains low-tech in much of India, with limited access to high-yield, climate-resilient
technologies.
• Fragmented land holdings, poor credit access, and a lack of cooperative farming models hinder growth.

Ecological Solutions
• Half of India’s gross cropped area is irrigated, but overuse of groundwater due to free electricity has led
to declining water tables.
• A balanced combination of groundwater regulation, rainwater harvesting, and micro-irrigation is crucial.
• Example: Gujarat’s rainwater harvesting led to 9.6% annual agricultural growth between 1999-2009.
• Shifting from monocultures to crop diversity and agro-ecological farming can revive soils and increase
yields.
• India must focus on building irrigation infrastructure, soil health, and credit facilities for smallholders.

Technological Advancements
• Government studies show micro-irrigation boosts yields by 48-52% and incomes by 48%.
• Technologies like heat-resistant crops and the use of drones for pest control and crop monitoring can
increase productivity and climate resilience.
• Agricultural advice provided via mobile phones increased yields by 4% and improved input adoption by
22%.

Institutional Innovation
• One solution to fragmented land holdings is group farming.
• Although earlier attempts failed, new models such as Kerala's Kudumbashree initiative show promise.
• Research showed group farms produce 1.8 times the output/hectare of small individual farms.
• Group farming enables the pooling of resources, reducing costs, and improving market leverage.
• Attracting youth to farming through advanced technologies and organized group farming can help tackle
the rural-urban job divide.

Role of Allied Sectors

• Livestock, Fisheries, and Forests offer growth potential.
• Fisheries, for example, grew at 10% in 2022-23, employing 28 million people, with 44% of those jobs held
by women.

Synergizing Agriculture with the Non-Farm Sector

• 61% of rural incomes come from non-farm sectors like agro-processing, machine tools, and eco-tourism.
• Strengthening these linkages can boost both job creation and incomes.

Conclusion
• By overcoming ecological, technological, and institutional challenges, agriculture can emerge as an engine
of growth, contributing significantly to job creation and economic development in India.
• With innovative approaches and focused reforms, farming can become a highly productive and desirable
sector.

Topic: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

13. Solar Energy as a Transformative Force
Introduction
• From natural processes to powering homes, solar energy is now a decentralized, democratized source of
electricity.
• Unlike coal, oil, gas, nuclear, and hydropower, solar can be harnessed directly at the point of use without
extensive infrastructure.

Impact of Decentralized Solar Power

• Lowers carbon emissions and reduces reliance on polluting fossil fuels.
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• Provides energy independence, empowers marginalized groups, particularly women.
• Gujarat’s salt farmers moved to solar pumps, boosting income by 94% and reducing emissions.
• Organizations like Barefoot College, Grameen Shakti, and Solar Sister train women as solar engineers,
directly impacting community health and safety.
• The solar industry is a large employer of women, with 40% female workforce participation in the solar
photovoltaic sector.
• Aids development in rural and remote areas through clean energy access.
• Avoids the ‘resource curse’ seen in coal-rich districts suffering poverty and poor health.

Solar’s Role in Building Climate Resilience

• Off-Grid Solar and Mini-Grids offers clean energy to unconnected regions, supporting rural economic
activities.
• Rooftop solar installations and community mini-grids are eco-friendly, creating jobs without the
environmental toll of large-scale projects.

Role of Community Engagement

• Community institutions like self-help groups and panchayati raj bodies ensure inclusive planning and
project ownership.
• In regions without formal structures, Rural Energy Committees oversee mini-grids, from planning and
installation to tariff management.

Challenges in the Solar Sector

• Majority of solar investments are in developed nations, while regions like Africa lack infrastructure and
funding.
• Funding favors large solar farms, overlooking smaller applications like solar pumps and cold storage
critical for rural livelihoods.
• Concentration of solar manufacturing in two countries disrupts supply chains, inflates prices, and impacts
accessibility.
• Ensuring easy, affordable access to solar power at the household level requires government and market
support.
• Need for robust recycling processes for solar materials to manage waste.
• Requires producer responsibility frameworks, end-of-life collaboration, and possibly mobile recycling
plants for enhanced sustainability.

Policies and Gender-Inclusive Energy Transition

• Solar must not only displace fossil fuels but also empower communities, especially marginalized ones.
• Policies must place women as central agents of change, not just beneficiaries.
• Current national policies often lack gender inclusivity, impacting women’s full participation in the energy
sector.
• Integration with sectors like agriculture and rural development can break systemic barriers and create a
holistic approach to inclusive energy access.

Way Forward
• Increase financial incentives for residential and community solar installations, particularly in underserved
rural areas and marginalized communities.
• Encourage Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) to expand off-grid and rooftop solar solutions in remote
areas.
• Encourage domestic manufacturing of solar components through schemes like “Make in India”.
• Promote policies that actively involve women across the solar value chain, from users to entrepreneurs.
• Develop a circular economy model by encouraging recycling of solar panels and other equipment.

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Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation
14. Supreme Court’s Role in Tackling Delhi’s Air Pollution
Introduction
• Delhi’s air pollution crisis has been a pressing issue for decades, exacerbated by multiple environmental
and administrative failures.
• Since 1984, the Supreme Court of India has played a proactive role in mitigating air pollution through
judicial interventions, particularly in M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India.
• Despite continuous efforts, the Air Quality Index (AQI) in Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR)
remains at hazardous levels.

The Supreme Court’s Proactive Role in Addressing Air Pollution

• The Supreme Court has been actively intervening in Delhi’s air pollution crisis for nearly four decades,
primarily through Public Interest Litigations (PILs).
• In M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India, the Court pushed for the implementation of pollution-control measures.
• The Supreme Court has consistently monitored vehicular emissions, industrial pollution, and waste
management in Delhi.
• Most recently, in 2023-24, a bench led by Justice Abhay Shreeniwas Oka issued directives for controlling
pollution.

Root Causes of Delhi’s Air Pollution Crisis

• Delhi has seen an explosive growth in vehicles, rising from 3 million in 1998 to over 12 million in 2019.
• Vehicular emissions contribute 40% of Delhi’s air pollution, with older vehicles, diesel trucks, and
congestion being primary culprits.
• Road dust and particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) significantly worsen air quality.
• Farmers in Punjab and Haryana burn millions of tonnes of crop residue every October-November.
• Sustainable alternatives like Happy Seeder machines and Pusa Decomposer are yet to be widely adopted
due to high costs and poor policy implementation.
• Industries in NCR release sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter into the
air.
• Several power plants around Delhi operate with outdated pollution-control mechanisms.
• Delhi generates 9,500 tonnes of waste daily, but landfills at Ghazipur, Okhla, and Bhalswa are
overburdened.
• Uncontrolled burning of waste releases toxic gases like methane, dioxins, and sulphur dioxide.
• Waste-to-energy plants remain underutilized due to inefficient waste segregation.
• Delhi’s location in the Indo-Gangetic plain worsens its air quality due to:
o Low wind speeds and temperature inversion trapping pollutants.
o Lack of rainfall in winter, preventing natural dispersion.
o Surrounding urbanization intensifying the heat-island effect.

Judicial Limitations
• The Court can direct action but cannot enforce implementation.
• The state and central governments engage in blame games, delaying effective policies.
• The judiciary has limited technical expertise in environmental governance.
• Court orders are often ignored or diluted at the ground level.
• Lack of awareness and enforcement makes policies ineffective.

Global Models
• Beijing, China
o Mass adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) – 99% of the world’s e-buses are in China.
o Coal power replaced with clean energy – Resulted in a 35% drop in PM2.5 levels by 2017.
• Paris, France
o Heavy investment in public transport and car-free zones in city centers.
o Strict emission norms for diesel vehicles.
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• Bogota, Colombia
o Ciclovía Program: Encouraging bicycle use by closing major roads every Sunday.
• New York City, USA
o Stringent emissions norms for industries and a shift towards clean energy.

Way Forward
• Enforce polluter-pay policies for industries and vehicular emissions.
• Provide financial incentives for clean technologies.
• Expand Metro connectivity and promote electric vehicles (EVs).
• Implement congestion pricing to reduce private car usage.
• Strict penalties for illegal waste burning.
• Investment in waste-to-energy plants.
• Large-scale adoption of Happy Seeders and bio-decomposers.
• Subsidies for alternative crop disposal methods.
• Mass awareness campaigns on pollution’s health effects.
• Encouraging citizen-led initiatives like carpooling and cycling.

Conclusion
• The Supreme Court’s interventions are necessary, but they cannot substitute for government action.
• A political consensus, free from blame games, must drive the agenda for a clean and sustainable future.
• Without strong executive leadership, citizen participation, and a science-backed policy framework,
judicial activism alone cannot resolve Delhi’s pollution crisis.

15. Nature Restoration Law for India

Introduction
• With nearly 30% of India’s geographical area facing land degradation, there is an urgent need for a robust
Nature Restoration Law (NRL).

EU's Nature Restoration Law

• Enacted by the EU on June 17, 2024, as a landmark legislation aimed at restoring ecosystems.
• Goals:
o Restore 20% of land and sea areas by 2030.
o Fully restore all ecosystems in need by 2050.
• Integration with Other Policies: Part of the EU’s Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and the European Green
Deal.

India's Environmental Challenges

• Current State: Approximately 97.85 million hectares of land degraded (29.7% of total area) as per ISRO’s
Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas.
• Key States Affected: Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan with significant desertification.
• Desertification Concerns: Highlighted with 83.69 million hectares affected.

India's Existing Initiatives

• Government Programs:
o Green India Mission.
o Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana.
o Integrated Watershed Management Programme.
o National Afforestation Programme.
• Need for Comprehensive Approach: Current efforts insufficient to tackle the scale of degradation.

Proposed Features of a Nature Restoration Law in India

• Restoration Targets:
o 20% of degraded land to be restored by 2030.
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o All ecosystems to be restored by 2050.
• Wetland Restoration: Targeting critical wetlands like the Sundarbans and Chilika Lake.
• Biodiversity in Agriculture: Promote agroforestry and sustainable practices.
• River Restoration: Focus on major rivers, addressing pollution and obstructions.
• Urban Green Spaces: Ensure no net loss of green spaces; promote urban forestry in cities.

Economic and Social Benefits of Restoration

• Economic Returns: Potential global returns of up to $10 trillion by 2030 from nature restoration.
• Enhanced Agricultural Productivity: Improving water security and job creation, particularly in rural areas.
• Alignment with SDGs: Contributing to Goal 15 (sustainable management of forests and combating
desertification).

Mitigating Climate Change

• Carbon Sequestration: Restoring ecosystems to enhance carbon sinks.
• Commitments Under the Paris Agreement: Addressing global warming through local actions.

Global Implications and Precedent

• Setting a Precedent: The EU's NRL as a model for other nations facing similar challenges.
• Importance for India: Given high levels of land degradation and biodiversity loss, implementing an NRL
would significantly contribute to ecological and socio-economic resilience.

Concerns / Challenges
• Developing a comprehensive regulatory framework that can effectively enforce the provisions of the
NRL across diverse geographical and ecological contexts.
• Significant funding will be required to implement restoration initiatives, which may strain existing
budgets and resources.
• Balancing the interests of various stakeholders, including farmers, industrialists, and environmentalists.
• Climate change and changing weather patterns can alter ecosystem dynamics and restoration outcomes.
• Lack of public awareness regarding the importance of ecosystem restoration and the potential benefits
of the NRL.

Way Forward
• Urgency of Legislative Action: Immediate steps required to formulate and implement a Nature
Restoration Law.
• Engagement of Stakeholders: Involvement of local communities, policymakers, and environmental
organizations in restoration efforts.
• Long-term Vision: Establish a sustainable framework that ensures the protection and restoration of
India’s diverse ecosystems.
• Explore public-private partnerships, green bonds, and international funding opportunities to diversify
funding sources.
• Leverage technology such as remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to monitor
ecosystems, assess land degradation, and evaluate restoration progress.
• Launch nationwide campaigns to educate the public about the importance of ecosystem restoration and
the role of the NRL.

Conclusion
• By adopting such legislation, India can work towards restoring its natural ecosystems, enhancing
biodiversity, and promoting sustainable development.
• The 75th anniversary of the Constitution serves as a timely reminder of the need for a holistic approach
to environmental governance, ensuring that future generations inherit a healthier and more resilient
planet.

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Topic: Disaster and disaster management.
16. Teesta Dam Project
Introduction
• The approval of a 118-meter-high dam on the Teesta River in Sikkim has sparked concerns among
environmentalists, geologists, and local communities due to its location in an ecologically fragile and
disaster-prone region.
• The project comes as a revival of the Teesta III hydel power project, which was devastated by a Glacial
Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in 2023.

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) and Risks to the Project

• GLOFs occur when glacial lakes overflow suddenly due to ice or rockfalls, earthquakes, or rising
temperatures.
• These floods release huge volumes of water, causing catastrophic downstream impacts.
• Why is the region prone to GLOFs?
o Rapid glacier retreats due to climate change.
o Seismic activity in the Himalayan belt, increasing the risk of landslides and dam breaches.
o Unpredictable weather events, including cloudbursts and extreme rainfall.
• Key scientific concerns:
o No credible study has been made public regarding glacial lake hazards upstream.
o Previous predictions of flood risks have been proven wrong—even the National Hydropower
Corporation (NHPC) had claimed Teesta III was safe.
o The Himalayas are the world’s youngest and most unstable mountains, making them unsuitable
for large hydropower infrastructure.

Environmental and Ecological Concerns

• The Teesta River basin supports diverse biodiversity, including rare and endangered species.
• The region falls under the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot, one of the world’s most ecologically
sensitive areas.
• Construction of a high dam will disrupt river flow, sediment transport, and aquatic ecosystems.
• Himalayan geology is naturally unstable, prone to landslides, earthquakes, and soil erosion.
• Large-scale construction will increase deforestation, making the region more vulnerable to natural
disasters.
• China is also planning to construct a dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) in Tibet, which could
affect downstream water flow in India.
• India’s push for hydropower in the Himalayas could trigger regional tensions over transboundary water
governance.

The Debate on Hydropower in the Himalayas

• Hydropower is considered a renewable energy source and is critical for India’s energy security.
• India aims to generate 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy by 2030, and hydropower is part of this
strategy.
• Large dams like Teesta III are seen as solutions for reducing coal dependency.
• The Himalayan hydropower boom has led to massive ecological destruction.
• Recent disasters in Uttarakhand (Chamoli flash floods, Kedarnath floods) and Himachal Pradesh
highlight the dangers of large dams in seismically active zones.
• Decentralized renewable alternatives are safer and more sustainable than large hydropower projects in
sensitive areas.

Way Forward
• Conduct a comprehensive climate vulnerability study before approving large infrastructure projects in
the Himalayas.
• Improve early warning systems for GLOFs, cloudbursts, and extreme weather events.

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• The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process must be strengthened, ensuring greater scientific
transparency and public participation.
• The approval process should involve independent hydrologists, geologists, and climate scientists rather
than relying solely on project proponents.
• Promote small and micro-hydropower projects, which have lower environmental risks.
• Expand solar and wind energy projects in non-ecologically sensitive zones.
• Strengthen India’s water diplomacy with China, ensuring collaborative river management in the
Brahmaputra basin.
• Establish a permanent GLOF monitoring mechanism with upstream and downstream data-sharing
agreements.

Conclusion
• The Teesta dam project highlights a critical dilemma—balancing energy security with environmental
sustainability in fragile ecosystems.
• A holistic energy approach focusing on smaller hydropower, solar, and wind alternatives could provide
sustainable solutions without endangering Himalayan ecology.

Topic: Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social
networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security.
17. Cybersecurity in Public Transportation Systems
Introduction
• IRCTC had addressed a critical vulnerability on its insurance portal
• The vulnerability allowed unauthorized access to passengers' travel details
• It also enabled changes to nominee information in travel insurance policies

Background
• Cybersecurity vulnerabilities in public transportation systems have been a growing concern
• IRCTC, as a major online ticketing platform, handles sensitive passenger data
• Travel insurance is often bundled with ticket bookings, involving third-party insurers
• Increasing digitization of travel services has led to new cybersecurity challenges

Major Debates
• Balance between user convenience and data security in online services
• Responsibility of data protection in multi-party digital ecosystems
• Need for regular security audits and vulnerability assessments in public sector digital platforms
• Role of ethical hacking and bug bounty programs in improving cybersecurity

Supporting Arguments
• Quick response by IRCTC to address the vulnerability shows commitment to data security
• Involvement of CERT-In demonstrates the government's active role in cybersecurity
• The discovery highlights the importance of independent security researchers in identifying vulnerabilities
• Fixing the issue protects millions of passengers from potential data breaches and fraud
• The incident underscores the need for robust security measures in public-facing digital services

Opposing Arguments
• The vulnerability existed for an unknown period, potentially exposing passenger data
• IRCTC's reliance on third-party services for critical functions like insurance may introduce security risks
• The ease of accessing data with random PNRs suggests inadequate security measures
• Lack of proactive detection of the vulnerability by IRCTC or the insurance provider
• The incident may erode public trust in digital government services

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Government Schemes
• National Cyber Security Strategy
• Digital India Initiative
• Cyber Swachhta Kendra (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre)

International Best Practise

• Implementation of multi-factor authentication for accessing sensitive information
• Regular third-party security audits and penetration testing
• Adoption of data encryption and tokenization for storing personal information

Way Forward
• Implement stricter access controls and data validation mechanisms
• Conduct regular security assessments of all IRCTC digital platforms and partner services
• Enhance collaboration between government agencies, private sector, and cybersecurity experts
• Develop a comprehensive incident response plan for data breaches in public services

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