GLOBAL

GLOBAL
MIGRATION
MIGRATION
G r o u p 3
LEARNING 1
Analyze the political, economic,
cultural, and social factors underlying

OBJECTIVES the global movements of people

Display first-hand knowledge of the

2 experiences of the OFW’s
TYPES OF GLOBAL
MIGRATION AND ITS
DEFINITION
GLOBAL MIGRATION
means people moving to live in other
countries, usually to find work. People
move for many reasons, and these
moves cause many changes.
 means moving from one place to another to live, either
MIGRATION for a short time or forever.

is when people move to a different area within the same

INTERNAL country, like from one city or province to another.
MIGRATION

is when people move from one country to another,

INTERNATIONAL crossing borders between countries.
MIGRATION
THEORIES OF
MIGRATION
 THEORIES OF MIGRATION
NEO-CLASSICAL PUSH-PULL NEW ECONOMICS OF
LABOR MIGRATION
THEORY FRAMEWORK (NELM)
People move between Part of neo-classical This theory looks at
countries because there theory; people leave their migration not just as
are more jobs in some home country because of individual decisions but
bad reasons (push factors)
places and fewer in also how families and
and go to another country
others (labor supply and households decide to
because of good reasons
demand imbalance). (pull factors).
send members abroad.
 THEORIES OF MIGRATION
DUAL LABOR NETWORK MIGRATION
MARKET THEORY THEORY SYSTEMS THEORY
This theory says Migration continues Migration affects both
migration happens because of the countries people
because rich, industrial connections and leave and where they go,
countries need workers, changing their
networks among
not just because people economies, societies,
migrants that help
want to move. cultures, and institutions.
others move.
THEORIES OF MIGRATION
CUMULATIVE
CAUSATION THEORY
Migration keeps going on
its own because once it
starts, it creates
conditions that make
more people move.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
REFUGEE, ASYLUM
SEEKER, AND MIGRANT
 REFUGEE MIGRANT

Has fled their country due Chooses to move, often for

to serious threats like war,
persecution, or human
ASYLUM SEEKER work, education, or to
reunite with family
rights violations Not necessarily fleeing
Cannot be protected by danger or persecution
their home government Has left their country and is Does not have the same
asking for protection in
Has legal protection under legal protections as refugees
another country
international law or asylum seekers
Not yet legally recognized as
a refugee, still waiting on a
decision
Has the right to seek asylum
under international law
TYPES OF MIGRANTS
AND ITS DEFINITION
 TEMPORARY LABOR HIGHLY-SKILLED AND
MIGRANTS BUSINESS MIGRANTS

IRREGULAR MIGRANTS FORCED MIGRANTS

FAMILY MEMBERS RETURN MIGRANTS

WHY DO PEOPLE
MIGRATE?
ECONOMIC REASONS:
People move because there are not
enough jobs or good wages in their
home country. Many want to find
better-paying work in richer
countries. Also, some countries
don’t have enough schools, which
makes people move to study.
 POLITICAL REASONS:
People leave because farming is
hard, disasters happen, and their
country lacks basic things like
roads, electricity, clean water,
and good healthcare. These
problems push people to move.
SOCIAL FACTORS:
These are things that
affect how people live, like
money, religion,
education, family size, and
how crowded a place is.
 CULTURAL FACTORS:
Culture includes
language, religion, beliefs,
art, and traditions. These
things can influence why
people move or how they
adjust in a new place.
MIGRATION EFFECTS
Environmental effects: Moving people can cause
overcrowding, resource use, and pollution in new
areas.
Economic effects: The place people leave may lose
workers who help the economy.
Health and social effects: New places may have
limited facilities, and too many newcomers can
make these resources not enough for everyone.
IMPACTS OF MIGRATION
ON DESTINATION AND
ORIGIN COUNTRY
Positive Impacts: Negative Impacts:
Fills labor shortages: Migrants often Pressure on services: More people can
take low-paid or hard-to-fill jobs that strain schools, hospitals, housing, and
locals may avoid. transport.
Cultural diversity: New cultures, foods, Overcrowding: High numbers of
languages, and traditions can enrich newcomers can lead to crowded cities
local communities. or neighborhoods.
Boosts the economy: More workers and Language and culture barriers:
consumers help grow local businesses Differences can lead to
and increase tax income. misunderstanding and communication
Supports public services: Qualified problems.
migrants, like doctors and nurses, help Environmental impact: More people
improve healthcare and other services. may lead to more waste, traffic, and
Fills skills gaps: Migrants can bring pollution.
valuable skills and knowledge that are Job competition: Some locals may feel
needed in the country. they lose out on jobs to migrants.
Positive Impacts: Negative Impacts:
Less competition for jobs: Fewer Loss of taxpayers: Fewer working
people means more job people means less money for public
opportunities for those who stay services.
Reduced pressure on resources: Brain drain: Educated and skilled
Fewer people use water, food, and people often leave, weakening the
energy. local workforce.
Less pressure on services: Fewer Slower economic growth: Losing
people using schools and hospitals skilled workers can hurt industries
can improve service quality. and development.
Remittances: Migrants send money
home, helping support families and
boosting the local economy.
COUNTRIES THAT
RECEIVE MOST
MIGRANTS
 1. United States
• Top migrant destination since 1970
• Foreign-born population grew from <12M (1970) to >50M (2020)
Largest groups came from:
• Mexico: 10.8M
• India: 2.7M
• China: 2.2M
• Philippines: 2.0M
• El Salvador: 1.4M
Main pull factors: Work, School, Family, Safety, and Diversity.
 2. Germany
• 2nd highest number of international migrants
→
• Foreign-born population nearly doubled: 8.9M (2000) 16M
(2020)
Largest groups came from:
• Poland: 2.1M
• Turkey: 1.8M
• Russia: 1.2M
• Kazakhstan: 1.1M
• Syria: 707K
Main pull factors: Strong economic and welfare system
 3. Saudi Arabia
• 3rd in global migrant ranking
• Migrants increased: 5.3M (2000)→ 13.5M (2020)
Largest groups came from:
• India: 2.5M
• Indonesia: 1.7M
• Pakistan: 1.5M
Main pull factors: Jobs and higher wages
 OFW (OVERSEAS
FILIPINO WORKER)
OFW (Overseas Filipino Worker)
An OFW is a Filipino who works or lives in another country.

Philippine Labor Export Policy (LEP)

The government supports sending workers abroad to reduce
unemployment and social problems. But this policy also has
some problems like:
• Neglect of local industries like farming and manufacturing
• Poor investment in infrastructure and social services
• Economic challenges like more imports than exports
Why Filipinos leave the country (push factors):
• No jobs or unemployment
• Social problems or conflicts
• Political issues
• Poverty
• Low wages
• Poor living conditions
• Government corruption

Why they choose other countries (pull factors):

• Better jobs and working conditions
• Higher salaries
• Better quality of life
• More job opportunities
Problems OFWs face abroad:
• Low salaries and fewer benefits
• Discrimination and unfair treatment
• Physical abuse and danger
• Some get involved in illegal activities unknowingly
• Many OFWs work in jobs below their skills (like teachers working as domestic
helpers)
• Shortage of health workers back home because many go abroad

Social problems for OFW families:

• Broken marriages
• Drug abuse
• School dropouts
• Suicide and mental health issues
REFERENCES
Amnesty International. (2024, July 22). Refugees, asylum seekers and migrants – Amnesty International.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/refugees-asylum-seekers-and-migrants/
Ancheta, J. R., Loquellano, M. F. C., Ramos, G. D., & Agdalpen, R. T. (2019). Globalisasyon sa kasalukuyang daigdig
(pp. 155–162). Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
Fleck, A. (2023, September 13). The countries that attract the most migrants. Statista Daily Data.
https://www.statista.com/chart/30815/top-destination-countries-for-international-migrants/
Global Migration. (2021). Human Migration; Migrant Worker. Retrieved May 19, 2025, from
https://www.scribd.com/document/502436077/GLOBAL-MIGR I'mATION
Internet Geography. (n.d.). What are the impacts of migration? Internet Geography.
https://www.internetgeography.net/igcse-geography/population-and-settlement-igcse-geography/what-
are-the-impacts-of-migration/
Module on Global Migration (Studocu). (2021). In Contemporary World: Module 12 – Global Migration.
Retrieved May 19, 2025, from https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/saintferdinand-
college/contemporary-world/module-12-global-migration/21583266
USAFacts. (2024, August 1). Why do immigrants come to the US? USAFacts.
https://usafacts.org/articles/why-do-people-immigrate-us/
Why do people move to Germany? (n.d.). RTTAX. https://rttax.com/articles/people-move-germany/
THANK YOU
Group 3 - Global Migration