17

MATHEMATICS

A relation R from a set A to a set B is sina + sin (a + b) + sin (a +2b) +........ to n terms
a subset of the cartesian product A × B
é æ n - 1 ö ù é æ nb ö ù
RELATIONS obtained by describing a relationship sin êa + ç b sin
AND between the first element x and the second ë è 2 ÷ø úû êë çè 2 ÷ø úû
= ; b¹2np
FUNCTIONS element y of the ordered pairs in A × B. sin (b / 2)
Function : A function f from a set A to cosa + cos (a + b) + cos (a +2b) +........ to n terms
a set B is a specific type of relation for
é æ n -1 ö ù é æ nb ö ù
which every element x of set A has one cos êa + ç b sin
and only one image y in set B. We write ë è 2 ÷ø úû êë çè ÷ø ú
2 û
= ; b ¹ 2np
f : A ® B, where f (x) = y. æbö
sin ç ÷
A function f : X ® Y is one-one (or injective) if è2ø
f (x1) = f (x2) Þ x1 = x2 " x1, x2 Î X.
æB-Cö æb-cö æAö
A function f : X ® Y is onto (or surjective) if given any tan ç = cot ç ÷
è 2 ÷ø çè b + c ÷ø è2ø
y Î Y, $ x Î X such that f (x) = y.
Many-One Function : æ Aö (s - b)(s - c)
sin çè ÷ø =
A function f : A ® B is called many- one, if two or more 2 bc
different elements of A have the same f- image in B.
æAö (s - b)(s - c)
Into function : tan çè ÷ø =
A function f : A ® B is into if there exist at least one element 2 s (s - a)
in B which is not the f - image of any element in A. a b c
Many One -Onto function : R= = =
2sin A 2sin B 2sin C
A function f : A ® R is said to be many one- onto if f is onto
abc
but not one-one. R=
Many One -Into function : 4D
A function is said to be many one-into if it is neither one-one æAö æBö æCö
r = 4R sin çè ÷ø . sin çè ÷ø . sin çè ÷ø
nor onto. 2 2 2
A function f : X ® Y is invertible if and only if f is one-one a = c cos B + b cos C
and onto.
Maximum value of a sin q + b cos q = a 2 + b2 and minimum
General Solution of the equation
sinq = 0: value of a sin q + b cos q = - a 2 + b 2
TRIGONOMET- when sinq = 0
RIC FUNCTIONS q = np : n Î I i.e. n = 0, ± 1, ±2........... Properties of inverse trigonometric
AND General solution of the equation function
EQUATIONS INVERSE • tan–1 x + tan–1 y =
cosq = 0 :
TRIGONOMETRIC
when cosq = 0 ì
q = (2n + 1)p/2, n Î I. i.e. n = 0, ±1, +2....... FUNCTIONS -1 æ x + y ö
ï tan ç ÷ , if x,y < 1
General solution of the equation tanq = 0: ï è 1 - xy ø
ï if x > 0, y > 0
General solution of tanq = 0 is q = np; n Î I ï -1 æ x + y ö
í p + tan ç ÷ ,
General solution of the equation ï è 1 - xy ø and xy > 1
(a) sinq = sina : q = np + (–1)na ; n Î I ï æ ö if x < 0, y < 0
ï -p + tan -1 ç x + y ÷ ,
(b) sinq = k, where –1 < k < 1. ïî è 1 - xy ø and xy > 1
q = np + (–1)na, where n Î I and a = sin –1k
(c) cosq = cosa : q = 2np ± a, n Î I • tan–1 x – tan–1y =
(d) cosq = k, where –1 < k < 1. ì -1 æ x - y ö
ï tan ç , if xy > -1
q = 2np ± a, where n Î I and a = cos–1 k ï è 1 + xy ø÷
(e) tanq = tana : q = np + a ; n Î I ï -1 æ x - y ö
í p + tan ç , if x > 0, y < 0 and xy < -1
(f) tanq = k, q = np + a, where n Î I and a = tan–1k ï è 1 + xy ÷ø
(g) sin2q = sin2a : q = np ± a; n Î I ï -1 æ x - y ö
ï-p + tan èç 1 + xy ø÷ , if x < 0, y > 0 and xy < -1
(h) cos2q = cos2a : q = np ± a ; n Î I î
(i) tan2q = tan2a : q = np ± a ; n Î I

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18
• sin–1 x + sin–1 y = Exponential Form: If z = x + iy is a
ì
complex number then its exponential form
if - 1 £ x , y £ 1 and x 2 + y 2 £ 1
ï sin - 1{x 1 - y 2 + y 1 - x 2 },
ï or if xy < 0 and x 2 + y 2 > 1
is z = reiq where r is modulus and q is
ï
COMPLEX amplitude of complex number.
í if 0 < x, y £ 1
-1 2
ï p - sin {x 1 - y + y 1 - x },
2 NUMBERS
ï
and x 2 + y 2 > 1 (i) | z1 | + | z 2 | ³ | z1 + z 2 | ; here
ï -1 2
î - p - sin {x 1 - y + y 1 - x },
2
if - 1 £ x , y < 0 and x 2 + y2 > 1 equality holds when arg(z1/z2) = 0 i.e. z1 and
• cos–1 x + cos–1 y = z2 are parallel.
ìï cos -1{xy - 1 - x 2 1 - y 2 }
(ii) || z1 | - | z 2 || £ | z1 - z 2 | ; here equality holds when
, if - 1 £ x, y £ 1 and x + y ³ 0
í -1 2 2 arg(z1/z2) = 0 i.e. z1 and z2 are parallel.
ïî2p - cos {xy - 1 - x 1 - y }, if - 1 £ x, y £ 1and x + y £ 0
(iii) | z1 + z2 |2 + | z1 – z2 |2 = 2( | z1 |2 + | z2 | 2 )
ì 1 1 arg(z1z 2 ) = q1 + q2 = arg(z1 ) + arg(z 2 )
-1 2
ï sin (2x 1 - x ) , if - £x£
ïï 2 2 æz ö
-1 2 1 arg ç 1 ÷ = q1 - q 2 = arg(z1 ) - arg(z 2 )
2 sin x = í p - sin (2x 1 - x ) , if
–1 £ x £1 è z2 ø
ï 2
ï -p - sin -1 (2x 1 - x 2 ) , if - 1 £ x £ - 1 For any integer k, i4k = 1, i4k + 1 = i, i4k + 2 = – 1, i4k + 3 = – i
ïî 2 | z - z1 | + | z - z 2 | = l , represents an ellipse if
| z1 – z2 | < l, having the points z1 and z2 as its foci. And if
ì -1 æ 2x ö | z1 - z 2 | = l , then z lies on a line segment connecting z1
ï tan çè ÷ , if - 1 < x < 1
1 - x2 ø and z2.
ï Properties of Cube Roots of Unity
ï æ 2x ö
2 tan–1 x = í p + tan -1 ç , if x > 1
ï è 1 - x 2 ÷ø (i) 1 + w + w 2 = 0 (ii) w3 = 1
ï -1 æ 2x ö (iii) 1 + w n + w 2n = 3 (if n is multiple of 3)
ï -p + tan ç , if x < -1
î è 1 - x 2 ÷ø
(iv) 1 + w n + w 2n = 0 (if n is not a multiple of 3).

Roots of a Quadratic Equation : The The number of permutations of n

QUADRATIC
roots of the quadratic equation are given by different things, taken r at a time, where
PERMUTA-
repetition is allowed, is nr.
EQUATIONS - b ± b 2 - 4ac TIONS AND
AND x= Selection of Objects with Repetition :
2a COMBINA- The total number of selections of r
INEQUALITIES
Nature of roots : In Quadratic equation TIONS things from n different things when each
ax2 + bx + c = 0. The term b2 – 4ac is called thing may be repeated any number of times
discriminant of the equation. It is denoted is n+r+1Cr
by D or D. Selection from distinct objects :
(A) Suppose a, b, c Î R and a ¹ 0 The number of ways (or combinations) of n different things
(i) If D > 0 Þ Roots are Real and unequal selecting at least one of them is
(ii) If D = 0 Þ Roots are Real and equal and each equal to nC + nC + nC + .....+ nC = 2n – 1. This can also be stated as
1 2 3 n
– b/2a the total number of combination of n different things.
(iii) If D < 0 Þ Roots are imaginary and unequal or Selection from identical objects :
complex conjugate. The number of ways to select some or all out
(B) Suppose a, b, c Î Q and a ¹ 0 of (p + q + r) things where p are alike of first kind, q are alike
(i) If D > 0 and D is perfect square Þ Roots are unequal and of second kind and r are alike of third kind is
Rational (p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) – 1
(ii) If D > 0 and D is not perfect square Þ Roots are irrational Selection when both identical and distinct objects are
and unequal. present:
Condition for Common Root(s) If out of (p + q + r + t) things, p are alike one kind, q are alike
Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 and dx2 + ex + f = 0 have a common root of second kind, r are alike of third kind and t are different,
a (say). then the total number of combinations is
a b c (p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1) 2t – 1
Condition for both the roots to be common is = = Circular permutations:
d e f
If p + iq (p and q being real) is a root of the quadratic equation, (a) Arrangements round a circular table :
The number of circular permutations of n different things
where i = - 1 , then p –iq is also a root of the quadratic n
Pn
equation. taken all at a time is = (n – 1) !, if clockwise and
n
Every equation of n th degree (n ³ 1) has exactly n roots and
anticlockwise orders are taken as different.
if the equation has more than n roots, it is an identity.
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 19
(b) Arrangements of beads or flowers (all different) around (vi) Sum of n AM's inserted between a and b is equal to n
a circular necklace or garland: n
The number of circular permutations of ‘n’ different things times the single AM between a and b i.e. å Ar = nA
1 r =1
taken all at a time is (n – 1)!, if clockwise and anticlockwise
2 a+b
orders are taken to be some. where A =
2
Sum of numbers :
The geometric mean (G.M.) of any two positive numbers a
(a) For given n different digits a1, a2, a3 ......an the sum of the
digits in the unit place of all numbers formed (if numbers are and b is given by ab i.e., the sequence a, G, b is G.P..
not repeated) is (a1 + a2 + a3 + .....+ an) (n – 1) ! n GM's between two given numbers: If in between two
(b) Sum of the total numbers which can be formed with given numbers 'a' and 'b', we have to insert n GM G1,G2,.......... Gn
n different digits a1, a2, .........an is then a1, G1,G2,........Gn , b will be in G.P.
(a1 + a2 + a3 + .........+ an) (n – 1)! . (111 ........n times) The series consist of (n +2) terms and the last term is b and
first term is a.
Greatest binomial coefficients : In a 1
binomial expansion binomial coefficients of æ b ö n +1
Þ arn + 2 –1 =b Þr= ç ÷
the middle terms are called as greatest è aø
BINOMIAL
THEOREM binomial coefficients. G1 = ar, G2 = ar2 ........Gn = arn or Gn = b/r
n Use of inequalities in progression :
(a) If n is even : When r = i.e. nCn/2 takes (a) Arithmetic Mean ³ Geometric Mean
2
maximum value. (b) Geometric Mean ³ Harmonic Mean :
A³G³H
n -1 n +1
(b) If n is odd : r = or
2 2
An acute angle (say q) between lines
n n
C n -1 = C n +1 L1 and L2 with slopes m1 and m2 is given by
i.e. and take maximum value.
2 2 STRAIGHT m2 - m2
Important Expansions : LINES tan q = , 1 + m1m 2 ¹ 0
1 + m1m 2
If | x | < 1 and n Î Q but n Ï N, then
Three points A, B and C are collinear,
n(n - 1) 2 if and only if slope of AB = slope of BC.
(a) (1+ x)n = 1 + nx + x
2! The equation of the line having normal distance from origin
n(n - 1).....(n - r + 1) r is p and angle between normal and the positive x-axis is w, is
+ ......+ x + ....... given by x cos w + y sin w = p.
r!
Co-ordinate of some particular points :
n(n - 1) 2 n(n - 1)(n - 2) 3 Let A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) are vertices of any
(b) (1 – x)n = 1 – nx + x– x
2! 3! triangle ABC, then
Incentre : Co-ordinates of incentre
n(n - 1).....(n - r + 1)
+ ......+ (–x)r + .......
r! æ ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy3 ö
çè ,
a+b+c a + b + c ÷ø
Properties related to A.P. : where a, b, c are the sides of triangle ABC
(i)
Common difference of AP is given by Area of a triangle : Let (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3)
d = S2 – 2S1 where S2 is sum of first respectively be the coordinates of the vertices A, B, C of a
SEQUENCE two terms and S1 is sum of first term. triangle ABC. Then the area of triangle ABC, is
AND SERIES (ii) If for an AP sum of p terms is q, sum of
q terms is p, then sum of (p + q) term is 1
[x (y – y )+ x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)]
(p + q). 2 1 2 3
(iii) In an A.P. the sum of terms Or
equidistant from the beginning and end is constant and
equal to sum of first and last terms. x1 y1 1
(iv) If terms a1, a2, ..., an, an+1, ..., a2n+1 are in A.P., then sum of 1 x y2 1
= 2
these terms will be equal to (2n + 1)an+1. 2 x y3 1
3
(v) If for an A.P. sum of p terms is equal to sum of q terms
then sum of (p + q) terms is zero

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20
Condition of Tangency : Circle Slope Form : The equation of normal to
x2 + y2 =a2 will touch the line.
x 2 y2
CONIC
THREE the hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1 in terms of slope
y = mx + c if c = ± a 1 + m 2 DIMENSIONAL a b
SECTIONS Pair of Tangents : From a given point 'm' is
GEOMETRY
P( x1,y1) two tangents PQ and PR can be
m(a 2 + b 2 )
drawn to the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + y = mx ±
c = 0. Their combined equation is SS1 = T2. a 2 - b2 m 2
Condition of Orthogonality : If the angle of intersection of Conditions of Parallelism and Perpendicularity of Two
the two circle is a right angle (q = 90°) then such circle are Lines:
called Orthogonal circle and conditions for their orthogonality Case-I : When dc's of two lines AB and CD, say l1 , m1, n1
is 2g1g2 + 2f1f2 =c1 +c2 and l2 , m2, n2 are known.
Tangent to the parabola : AB | | CD Û l1 = l2 , m1 = m2, n1 = n2
Condition of Tangency : If the line y = mx + c touches a AB ^ CD Û l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
parabola y2 = 4ax then c = a/m Case-II : When dr's of two lines AB and CD, say a1, b1 c1 and
Tangent to the Ellipse: a2, b2, c2 are known
Condition of tangency and point of contact : a1 b1 c1
The condition for the line y = mx + c to be a tangent to the AB | | CD Û a = b = c
2 2 2
x2 y2 AB ^ CD Û a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
ellipse + = 1 is that c2 = a2m2 + b2 and the coordinates
a 2
b 2
If l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of two
lines; and q is the acute angle between the two lines; then
æ a 2m b2 ö
of the points of contact are ç ± ,m ÷ cos q = | l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 |.
è a 2 m 2 + b2 a 2 m 2 + b2 ø Equation of a line through a point (x1, y1, z1) and having
Normal to the ellipse x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
(i) Point Form : The equation of the normal to the ellipse direction cosines l, m, n is = =
l m n
x2 y2 a 2 x b2 y r r r r r r
+ - = a2 – b2
= 1 at the point (x1, y1) is Shortest distance between r = a1 + lb1 and r = a 2 + mb2
a 2 b2 x1 y1
r r r r
(ii) Parametric Form : The equation of the normal to the (b1 ´ b 2 ).(a 2 - a1 )
is r r
x2 y2 | b1 ´ b 2 |
ellipse +
= 1 at the point (a cosq, b sinq) is
a 2 b2 Let the two lines be
ax secq – by cosecq = a2 – b2
x - a1 y - b1 z - g 1
Tangent to the hyperbola : = = ..........(1)
Condition for tangency and points of contact : The condition l1 m1 n1
for the line y = mx + c to be a tangent to the hyperbola
x - a2 y - b2 z - g 2
x2 y2 and = =
- = 1 is that c2 = a2m2 – b2 and the coordinates of the l2 m2 n 2 ..........(2)
a2 b2
These lines will coplanar if
æ a2m b2 ö
a 2 - a1 b2 - b1 g 2 - g1
points of contact are ç ± 2 2 ,± ÷
è a m - b2 a 2 m 2 - b2 ø l1 m1 n1
=0
Chord of contact : l2 m2 n2
The equation of chord of contact of tangent drawn from a
The plane containing the two lines is
x2 y2
point P (x1, y1) to the hyperbola - = 1 is T = 0
a2 b2 x - a1 y - b1 z - g1
xx1 yy1 l1 m1 n1
=0
where T º - –1 l2 m2 n2
a2 b2
Equation of normal in different forms : The equation of a plane through a point whose position
r
vector is ar and perpendicular to the vector N is
Point Form : The equation of the normal to the hyperbola
x2 y2 a 2 x b2 y r r r
- = 1 at the point (x1, y1) is + = a2 + b2 (r - a).N = 0
a2 b2 x1 y1

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 21
Vector equation of a plane that passes through the Differentiation of infinite series:
rr rr
intersection of planes r.n1 = d1 and r.n 2 = d 2 is
r r r (i) If y = f (x) + f (x) + f (x) + ........¥
r.(n1 + ln 2 ) = d1 + ld 2 , where l is any nonzero constant.
r r r r r r Þ y = f (x) + y Þ y2 = f (x) + y
Two planes r = a1 + lb1 and r = a 2 + mb2 are coplanar if
r r r r
(a 2 - a1 ) + (b1 ´ b2 ) = 0 dy dy dy f '(x)
2y = f ' (x) + \ =
LIMIT dx dx dx 2y - 1

Existence Of Limit : f (x)....¥

(ii) If y = f (x)f (x) then y = f (x)y.
DIFFERENTIAL lim f (x) exists Þ lim- f (x) = lim+ f (x) = l \ log y = y log [f(x)]
x®a x ®a x ®a
CALCULUS
Where l is called the limit of the function 1 dy y '.f '(x) æ dy ö
= + log f (x). ç ÷
(i) If f(x) £ g(x) for every x in the deleted y dx f (x) è dx ø
nbd of a, then lim f(x) £ lim g(x) dy y 2 f '(x)
x ®a x ®a
\ =
(ii) If f(x) £ g(x) £ h (x) for every x in the deleted nbd of a dx f (x)[1 - y log f (x)]

and xlim
®a
f(x) = l = xlim
®a
h (x) then xlim
®a
g(x) = l 1
(iii) If y = f (x) + ........ then
f (x) + 1
+
1

(iii) lim fog (x) = f æ lim g (x) ö = f (m) where lim g (x) = m f (x) f (x)
x ®a è x®a ø x ®a
dy y f '(x)
1 =
(iv) If xlim
®a
f(x) = + ¥ or – ¥ , then xlim
=0 ®a
dx 2y - f (x)
f (x)
CONTINUITYAND DIFFERENTIABILITY OFFUNCTIONS Interpretation of the Derivative : If
y = f (x) then, m= f ¢ (a) is the slope of the
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point x = a if DIFFERENTIA- tangent line to y = f (x) at x = a
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f(a)
TION AND Increasing/Decreasing :
x ®a + -
x ®a APPLICATION (i) If f ¢ (x) > 0 for all x in an interval I then
Discontinuous Functions : f (x) is increasing on the interval I.
(a) Removable Discontinuity: (ii) If f ¢ (x) < 0 for all x in an
A function f is said to have removable discontinuity at x = a interval I then f (x) is decreasing on the interval I.
(iii) If f ¢ (x) = 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is constant on
if lim- f (x) = lim+ f (x) but their common value is not the interval I.
x ®a x ®a
equal to f (a). Test of Local Maxima and Minima –
First Derivative Test – Let f be a differentiable function defined
(b) Discontinuity of the first kind: A function f is said to
on an open interval I and c Î I be any point. f has a local maxima
have a discontinuity of the first kind at x = a if lim- f(x) and or a local minima at x = c, f ¢ (c) = 0.
x ®a
dy
lim f (x) both exist but are not equal. Put = 0 and solve this equation for x. Let c1, c2........cn
x ®a + dx
(c) Discontinuity of second kind: A function f is said to be the roots of this.
have a discontinuity of the second kind at x = a if neither
If dy changes sign from +ve to –ve as x increases
lim f (x) nor lim f (x) exists. dx
x ®a - +
x ®a
through c1 then the function attains a local max at x = c1
Similarly, if xlim
®a +
f (x) does not exist, then f is said to have dy
If changes its sign from –ve to +ve as x increases
discontinuity of the second kind from the right at x = a. dx
For a function f : through c1 then the function attains a local minimum at x = c1
Differentiability Þ Continuity; dy
If does not changes sign as increases through c1
Continuity Þ
/ derivability dx
Not derivibaility Þ
/ discontinuous ; then x = c1 is neither a point of local maxm nor a point of local
But discontinuity Þ Non derivability minm. In this case x is a point of inflexion.

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22
Rate of change of variable : g(x)
d
The value of
dy
at x = x0 i.e.
æ dy ö
represents the rate Leibnitz rule : dx ò F(t) dt = g ¢ (x)F(g(x)) - f ¢(x)F(f (x))
dx çè dx ÷ø f (x)
x=x 0
of change of y with respect to x at x = x0 If a series can be put in the form

dy dy / dt dx 1 r = n -1 æ r ö 1 r =n æ r ö
If x = f(t) and y = y (t), then = , provided that ¹0 å ç ÷ f åf ç ÷
n r =0 è n ø or n r =1 è n ø , then its limit as n ® ¥
dx dx / dt dt
Thus, the rate of change of y with respect to x can be
1
calculated by using the rate of change of y and that of x each
with respect to t. is ò f (x) dx
0
dx dy Area between curves :
Length of Sub–tangent = y ; Sub–normal = y ;
dy dx b
y = f (x) Þ A = ò [upper function] - [lower function] dx
ìï æ dx ö 2 üï a
y í1 + ç ÷ ý
Length of tangent = è dy ø ï
îï
d
þ
and x = f (y) Þ A = ò [right function] - [left function] dy
c
ïì æ dy ö ïü
2

Length of normal = y í 1 + çè ÷ø ý If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be
îï dx ï
þ found individually.
Equations of tangent and normal : The equation of the Symmetrical area : If the curve is symmetrical about a
tangent at P (x1, y1) to the curve y = f(x) is coordinate axis (or a line or origin), then we find the area of
æ dy ö one symmetrical portion and multiply it by the number of
y – y1 = ç ÷ (x – x1)
è dx ø P symmetrical portion to get the required area.
The equation of the normal at Probability of an event: For a finite
P (x1, y1) to the curve y = f (x) is sample space with equally likely outcomes
Probability of an event is
1
y – y1 = - (x – x1) PROBABILITY
æ ö
dy n(A)
çè ÷ø P(A) = , where n (A) = number of
dx P n(S)
elements in the set A, n (S) = number of
Two standard forms of integral : elements in the set S.

òe Theorem of total probability : Let {E1, E2, ...,En} be a partition

x
[f (x) + f ' (x) dx = ex f (x) + c
INTEGRAL of a sample space and suppose that each of E1, E2, ..., En has
CALCULUS Þ ò e x [f (x) + f '(x)] dx = ò e x f (x)dx + nonzero probability. Let A be any event associated with S,
then P(A) = P(E1) P (A | E1) + P (E2) P (A | E2) + ... + P (En)
òe
x
f ' (x) dx P(A | En)
Bayes' theorem: If E1, E2, ..., En are events which constitute
= ex f (x) – ò e x f '(x) dx + ò e x f' (x) a partition of sample space S, i.e. E1, E2, ..., En are pairwise
(on integrating by parts) = ex f (x) + c disjoint and E1 È E2 È... È En = S and A be any event with
Table shows the partial fractions corresponding to different nonzero probability, then
type of rational functions :
S. Form of rational Form of partial P(E i ) P (A | E i )
P (E i | A) = n
No. function fraction
å P(E j ) P(A | E j )
px + q A B j=1
1. +
(x - a) (x - b) (x - a) (x - b)
Let X be a random variable whose possible values x 1, x2, x3,
2
px + qx + r A B C ..., xn occur with probabilities p1, p2, p3, ... pn respectively.
2. + +
2 (x - a) (x - a) 2 (x - b)
(x - a) (x - b) n
The mean of X, denoted by µ, is the number å x i pi
px 2 + qx + r A Bx + C i =1
3. 2
+ 2
(x - a) (x + bx + c) (x - a) x + bx + C The mean of a random variable X is also called the
expectation of X, denoted by E (X).
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 23
Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if Using Crammer's rule of determinant
they satisfy the following conditions : we get
(a) There should be a finite number of trials. (b) The trials x y z 1 D1 D2
DETERMI- = = =
should be independent. (c) Each trial has exactly two
NANTS D1 D 2 D 3 D i. e. x = D , y = D ,
outcomes : success or failure. (d) The probability of success
remains the same in each trial. D3
z=
For Binomial distribution B (n, p), D
Case-I : If D ¹ 0
P (X = x) = nCx qn–x px, x = 0, 1,..., n (q = 1 – p)
D1 D2 D3
Properties of adjoint matrix : If A, B Then x = , y= ,z=
are square matrices of order n and In is D D D
corresponding unit matrix, then \ The system is consistent and has unique solutions.
(i) A (adj. A) = | A | In = (adj A) A Case-II if D = 0 and
MATRICES
(ii) | adj A | = | A |n–1 (Thus A (adj A) is (i) If at least one of D1, D2, D3 is not zero then the system
of equations a inconsistent i.e. has no solution.
always a scalar matrix)
(ii) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0 or D1, D2, D3 are all zero then the
(iii) adj (adj A) = | A |n–2 A system of equations has infinitely many solutions.
2
(iv) | adj (adj A) | = | A |(n -1) r r r
(v) adj (AT) = (adj A)T Given vectors x1 a + y1 b + z1 c ,
r r r r r r
(vi) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) VECTOR x 2 a + y2 b + z 2 c , x 3 a + y3 b + z3 c , where
(vii) adj (Am) = (adj A)m, m Î N ALGEBRA r r r
(viii) adj (kA) = kn–1 (adj. A), k Î R a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors, will be
(ix) adj (In) = In x1 y1 z1
Properties of Inverse Matrix : Let A and B are two invertible
x2 y2 z2
matrices of the same order, then coplanar if and only if =0
x3 y3 z3
(i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
(ii) (AB)–1 = B–1A–1 Scalar triple product :
(iii) (Ak)–1 = (A–1)k, k Î N r r
(a) If a = a1ˆi + a 2 ˆj + a 3kˆ , b = b1ˆi + b 2 ˆj + b3 kˆ and
(iv) adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1
r
(v) (A–1)–1 = A c = c1ˆi + c 2 ˆj + c3 kˆ then
1 a1 a 2 a3
(vi) | A–1 | = = | A |–1 r r r r rr
|A| (a ´ b).c = [a b c] = b1 b 2 b3
(vii) If A = diag (a1,a2.....,an), then c1 c2 c3
A–1 = diag (a1–1, a2–1, .........an–1) (b) [a b c] = volume of the parallelopiped whose
(viii) A is symmetric matrix Þ A–1 is symmetric matrix. r r r
coterminous edges are formed by a, b, c
é f (x) g(x)ù r r r rrr
Differentiation of a matrix : If A = ê ú then (c) a, b, c are coplanar if and only if [a b c] = 0
ë h(x) l(x) û r r r r
(d) Four points A, B, C, D with position vectors a, b, c, d
dA é f '(x) g '(x)ù respectively are coplanar if and only if
= uuur uuur uuur
dx êë h '(x) l '(x) úû
is a differentiation of Matrix A.
[AB AC AD] = 0 i.e. if and only if
Properties of Transpose r r r r r r
[b - a c - a d - a] = 0
(i) (AT)T = A (ii) (A ± B)T = AT ± BT
T T
(iii)(AB) = B A T (iv) (kA)T = k(A)T (e) Volume of a tetrahedron with three coterminous edges
T
(v) I = I (vi) tr (A) = tr (A)T r r r 1 r r r
a , b, c = [ a b c]
(vii) (A1A2A3.....An–1 An) = AnT An–1T.....A3TA2TA1T
T
6
Rank of a Matrix : A number r is said to be the rank of a (f) Volume of prism on a triangular base with three
m × n matrix A if r r r 1 r r r
(a) Every square sub matrix of order (r + 1) or more is singular coterminous edges a , b, c = [ a b c]
2
and (b) There exists at least one square submatrix of order r
Lagrange's identity :
which is non-singular. r r urr
Thus, the rank of matrix is the order of the highest order r r r r a.c a.d rr rr rr rr
non-singular sub matrix. (a ´ b).( c ´ d) = r r r r = (a.c)(b.d) - (a.d)(b.c)
b.c b.d

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24
r r r Integrating both sides we obtain
Reciprocal system of vectors : If a, b, c be any three non
coplanar vectors so that
rrr r r r ò dy = ò f (x) dx + c or y = ò f (x) dx + c
[a b c] ¹ 0 then the three vectors a ' b 'c ' defined by the
r r dy
r r r r r (b) Differential equation of the form = f (x) g(y)
b´c r c´a r a´b dx
equations a ' = r r r , b ' = r r r , c ' = r r r are called
[a b c] [a b c] [a b c]
ò ò
dy dy
r r r dx
= f (x) g(y) Þ
g (y)
= f (x) dx + c
the reciprocal system of vectors to the given vectors a, b, c .
Relation between A.M., G.M. and H.M.
A.M. ³ G.M. ³ H.M. dy
(c) Differential equation of the form of = f (ax + by + c) :
Equality sign holds only when all the dx
observations in the series are same. To solve this type of differential equations, we put
STATISTICS Relationship between mean, mode and
median : dy 1 æ dv ö
ax + by + c = v and dx = b çè dx - a ÷ø
(i) In symmetrical distribution
Mean = Mode = Median
dv
(ii) In skew (moderately symmetrical) distribution \ = dx
Mode = 3 median – 2 mean a + b f (v)
Mean deviation for ungrouped data
ò a + b f (v) = ò dx
dv
So solution is by integrating
M.D.(x) =
å | xi - x | , M.D.(M) =
å | xi - M |
n n (d) Differential Equation of homogeneous type :
Mean deviation for grouped data An equation in x and y is said to be homogeneous if it

M.D.(x) =
å fi | x i - x | , M.D.(M) =
å fi | xi - M | , dy f (x, y)
can be put in the form dx = g (x, y) where f (x ,y) and g
N N
(x ,y) are both homogeneous functions of the same
where N = å fi degree in x & y .
So to solve the homogeneous differential equation
Variance and standard deviation for ungrouped data
dy f (x, y) dy dV
= =v+x
1 1 dx g (x, y) , substitute y = vx and so dx
s 2 = å (xi - x)2 , s = å (xi - x)2 dx
n n
dv dx dv
Thus v+x = f (v) Þ =
Variance and standard deviation of a discrete frequency dx x f (v) - v
distribution

ò ò
dx dv
1 1 Therefore solution is = +c
s = å fi (x i - x) 2 , s =
2
å fi (xi - x)2 x f (v) - v
n N
Linear differential equations :
Variance and standard deviation of a continuous frequency dy
distribution + Py = Q ....... (1)
dx
1 1 Where P and Q are either constants or functions of x.
s2 =
n
å fi (xi - x)2 , s = N
å fi x i2 - (å fi xi )2 Multiplying both sides of (1) by e ò P dx , we get

s æ dy ö
eò ò P dx
P dx
Coefficient of variation (C.V.) = ´ 100, x ¹ 0 ç + Py ÷ = Q e
x è dx ø
For series with equal means, the series with lesser standard
On integrating both sides with respect to x we get
deviation is more consistent or less scattered.
Methods of solving a first order first y eò = ò Q eò
P dx P dx
+c
degree differential equation :
(a) Differential equation of the form which is the required solution, where c is the constant and

DIFFERENTIAL dy = f (x) eò
P dx
is called the integration factor..
EQUATIONS dx
y eò = ò Q eò
P dx P dx
dy +c
= f (x) Þ dy = f (x) dx
dx

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