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11 PHYSICS FIVE MARK AND PROBLEMS EM

The document discusses the nature of physical measurements, types of errors in measurements, and the principles of motion and forces. It covers systematic, instrumental, personal, and random errors, as well as the laws of motion, work-energy principles, and angular momentum. Additionally, it includes mathematical relationships and examples related to projectile motion and the conservation of momentum.

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sathiyamurthyss
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4 views32 pages

11 PHYSICS FIVE MARK AND PROBLEMS EM

The document discusses the nature of physical measurements, types of errors in measurements, and the principles of motion and forces. It covers systematic, instrumental, personal, and random errors, as well as the laws of motion, work-energy principles, and angular momentum. Additionally, it includes mathematical relationships and examples related to projectile motion and the conservation of momentum.

Uploaded by

sathiyamurthyss
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Nature of Physical World and Measurement ‘AB The eight ofthe tre tobe measured Let Che the point of abservation at distance from Band measure the ange of elevation, 2ACB = 6 > From rightangled angle ABC Tait ra deco gg treo ye ot Laney ne sca TA teeth pi ihe ts ot at fom eth an fo Samah ya css aa a” Velocity 2. HTheuncerainty n ameasurement called an eror. Three errors, ‘Systematic errors: ae reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in che same direction Iecan be classed ‘& Instrumental errors: When intrumeatis notealibrated propery atthe lime of manufacture. Example: worn out end meter scale, Correction: ‘hoosingistrument careully. Imperfections in experimental technique In the experimental arrangement. Example: 1 ‘alorineter expt, ‘Personal errors carelessnes ofthe indival making the observation and instrumental eting. Errors due to external causes: change inthe external conditions daringan ‘experiment, Beample: changes in temperature humidity oF pressure arses due tothe imitations proper insulation tn Least count error: is smallest vale that a be measure bythe measuring instrument, Random errors: We arises due to random and unpredicable variations in experimental conditions ike pressure, temperature, voltage supply et. and Error may be due to personal erors by the observer who performs the experiment [tis called “chance error” Minimimize: Ie reduced by averaging over a large number of observations. Teanga instrument witout sting properly Recording wronp observa Using wrong vate te observations in castins utminta hen an observer afl and mentale Sete cena Teme * Tom on formula ini weno ure wren Comparing te powers of Mand Apply dimen — instrument used for measuring accurately the simensions o objects up toa maximum of about principle: the magnifica {sing the cular mot > Least count ofthe screw gauges 001 mm ‘VERNIER CALIPER: ‘measuring. the dimensions of an object ‘namely diameter of abole or adepth of hoe Least count ofthe verner caliper 004 crm ener rere remem ers Saree reer on “Pe ‘Gea eine 610" LT emer eee rere reer ea SC en Eee eT ee eee Apply mension formula [rt] = wer 1 a Comparing the powers of, LandT “Additional Quesstion: 1) Explain Eror analysis (Page No:22) 2} Explain the propagation of erors in multiplication and division (Page No:25) 2) Convert 76 em of mercury pressure ito Nausing the method o Aimensions. (Page No:23) by the two ‘adjacent sides of triangle taken inthe same frder Then the resultant Is given by the ‘ir side ofthe triangle. ‘¢ The ead ofthe frst vector is connectedto ‘he il of the second vector 4 Theresultane vectors ‘Magnitude of resultant vector: From aan # For sony Ea (As eos? + (sino? tt) Direction of resultant vectors 1 Rmakesan angle awith 4, thonin SOBN, E-e(errm)) ——~@ Ae ces The product quantity A. is always a scalar. Bie acme rea este Tae SRST Ti ae aoc = teste pis eons TF > eves by citrueton. (84 = mangle berweenthe vectors 0 = cf] scalar product ftw ectormlcinun when vectors areparale\@= 07 Scalar product of wo vector minimum when vectors are ant-parallk 807 a _endislar (= 96°) to each other then thee |. twa vectors and B are scalar produc is2er0 (mutually orthogonal) J. The scalar product ofa vector with tel is termed ae slot product Ineaseota} =i. > the components of salar productare, J. The vector product o any two vectors aways another vector. whose Aipecton i perpendicular to - @ |S Theva product af two vector wil have smu when = 99 [act ae «ster pc ant case 1 a ee cs : crumieanaes ixj=k; jxR=i; + necnpen etirpanse ‘Area of paletgram » ft» Area wtangle = 1B] + Example: » Torque ree xP Angular Momentum TT Consider an object moving in a straight ne with unform or constant acceertion ‘Velocity time relation: ‘The acceleration i given by the rst derivative of velocity with respectto time. Incograting ‘Thevelocty of the body is given bythe Rist derivative of the dsplacement with espectto tine. ‘Velocity - displacement relation: e Prom ean (3) When the parle throw wth a tia velocity at am angle (0) tthe orzona is angular projection. Example Caoon fed ina bt round tutte) here as = eos “horzontal component, tig = usin@ vertical component of velocity [ter the time the volocty along horizontal mation v, =u, weos@ The horizontal distance =a ee on For the vertical motion, The path flowed by the projectile isan inverted parabola. Maximum height: The maximum vertical distance travelled by the projectile during ts journeys called maximum height. wai tas ln... 8] ae ‘Time of Might: The ttl time taken byte projectile from the pot af projection ‘Lt hits the horizontal pane elle time of Aight. Horizontal range: The maximum horizontal distance between the point ‘of projection and the point an the horizontal plane where the projectile hits the ground is called horizontal range (R). horizontal range = horizontal Velocity « Time of fight ucts 45 Then “The aceeeration is acing towards the centre of Ue ace in a uniform circular sttion is known ae centripetal scelertion \ > The direction of position and velocity vectors shift through the same angle @ in small tmedt > Faruniform ecule motion B irl = il ie eal % a > Prom figure : @ Here negative sign implies that AP points radily inwards “7 > Dividinghy Aton both side a 3. LAWS OF MOTION ee err ‘ere are no externa forces acing on the system, then the total linear momentum af the eystem le always a constant vector ‘© When two particles interact with eachother The particle 1 exerts force 7 ‘on particle? and particle 2 exerts an exactly equal and opposite force on paride 1, + Recording Newton's ted Law i tt) Nevston’s second tw sunstrute equation (2) in equation (1) aoe) Py +P; = constant vector (always) isi = Pi +P i total linear momentim ofthe sytem, therefore, total linear momentum of the system ls conserved in time Total momentum before fringthe guns zero, Fi +7: =0 When the guns fired: momentum ofthe bullet, Fe" From law of conservation of near momentum Fy’ + Ps" = a The momentum ofthe gun is exactly equal bat nthe opposite direction momentum of the bullet. tis called ‘eco momentum momentum ofthe gun 2 EME Jo 4 collection of forces is sald to be concurrent if the line of forces act ata common point }> they are the same plane they are concurrent as wells coplanar forces. LAMI's THEOREM The magnitude of cach force of the system is , proportional to sine of the angle hetween the ther two forces. 1 Lets consider thee coplanar and conurent * foreesh; ,Feand Fy which act at a.common point O 8 fF « sna = UF sing Il « sir 4 2 epee Taam The origin oF ieuon is electromagnetic interaction between the atoms ‘of wo surfaces which are touching each ater ‘The angle of repose isthe angle of inclined plane with the horizontal such that am object placed on it begins. ‘The gravitation force mg resolved two components to plane, ‘+ Parallel component mg sind + Perpendicular component (mg cs) is Balanced by the Normal force (). [= mg coxd] “The sai friction attains maxima valve fe = f2" = uN = amg cos ‘This fiction also satis the relation fen = mgsind sumotosd= mosind Every object continues to be inthe state of rest or of uniform metion (constant vlocty) unless there is external force ating 0 it ‘The force acting onan objects equal tothe ate of change ofits momentum. ‘© Mewton's Thin aw For every action there isan equal and opposite reaction. Fa=-Fa om Newton's awe are vector laws Bem FA +eyJ+ FR= mat +ma,)+ mak 1 The force acting slong y direction cannot alter the acceleration along x trecion. + Acceleration ofthe abject does not depend on th force. FQ = mae) ++ Example: The accleraton of the bal is independent of how the ball was ‘bowed (with alower ors higher speed). Direction ofa force indepent of direction of motion: "> Force and motion nthe same direction ‘When apple alls towards the Earth Both orc and motion are downs > Force and motion notin the same direction: Moon orbiting in elpial orbit around the Ear > Forceand motion in oppasite direction: Iran objets town vertically upwara (motion) but gravitational frees daweward +The acceleration the second derivative of postion vector. and Forces ne a- 5 Pome J+ ttn ore aes onthe body then Newtas send Iw i consistent with Newton's ist awe previous history ofthe J+ Newnon's second law is cis and effect relation, Conventional, the effect (acceleration) should be writen om the lef and cause (force) on the right and side ofthe equation ma ITE pe Tosvta Siting neve crear ron usu th tree ofthe oad is slighty rise compared to inner eg. This is ale banking of rads or tds. J+ Lettie sutac ofthe road make angle wit horizontal surface, When the Car take stir there are fore scngon theca. J+ Downward Gravtatonal force (a) > Normal orceN ‘rom Figure, Neos@ = na me By dividing theca 2 tet ‘rictional force Provides an adaonal fentripetal force © Har oa wae Speed prevent the outward skidding Teaser han yale | RSP a ward reduces centpetal orce ser to prevent inward on slidaing 4, WORK, ENERGY AND POWER ee When a constant force Fats on abody, the smal work done (2W) by the force in producing 2 small displacement dris aw (Feos0)dr “Total work for [leana | w. crews) [ar ‘The area under the graph shows the work done bythe constant ore. in producing a small displacement dis ‘dW = (Feosd) dr rawr w= [aw Work done bya variable force [comer ‘When the component ofa variable force Facts on a body, the small workedone (M0) by the force rho area under the graphs the work done by the variable force ‘Work and enengy are equivalents ‘© The work done by the fore onthe body changes the kinetic energy of the body. Thisis called workc-kinetc energy theorem. “The work (W) doneby the constant force (F) fora displacements) inthe same direction is =z —" from he Nero son lw —— ‘The third equation of motion. a) — soma ean (nen) _—) wedant fmt 8) ins ergy ke =3met ane~ dar Smt 46) Fromean().(0) w= a Sere eoor ie the by | Kaa? poe Tass eps decease aa ood ‘Consider twolasticbodiesofmasses mand ‘me moving in a straight on 2 frictionless horizontal surfacerom the law of conservation of linear momentum, eeron Total momentum bore collision - Total momentum ater olson —) Forelasccotison ‘Total kinetic energy before cliston =Total kinetic energy ater alison fmt Ema Fastin? mug) = moe — 4) rubs Pann male wie 9) Divitingcqation 9 €) Substituting ean (6) in ean 2) malas 21-1 — 1) mg + mt 2m a (ong + mts = m+ m5), +e ‘case 1: When bodies has the same mass m= ms, ewok doneby rs frac wa [Par Lathan ofthe egton (1) canbe wrt at we [awe [ae —— coment dF ts Right hand side ofthe equation (1) cam be writenas [re-[(pS)e- aoe —a [fa jone £ 009 ar=vee supsiatingege (2) ane Tavs tonoiteraumnform rd mass (M) and enh * “he moment nro s(n) sot ea am? ‘1 “The (dm) mass of the infinitesimally small length > 2 The moment of inertia (1 of the entre rod, fant [fe ‘> Lec us consider a cyclist negotating a creular level road (not banked) of radius r with a speed + The cyte andthe cylst are considered as one system with mass m. + C= centre ravity egoes ina circle of radius with centre at 0. Tho forces acting onthe system are, ‘+ grwvitationalforce(mg) normal free) + frictional free (7) For tational equllbrium r The tarque du tothe gravitational force = mgAB (dockwise) The torque due tothe centrifugal force = == BC (antclockwises yey ery or inertia rhe momento inertia a) Themsspersnitlengn A= 2 re mass fens sma enghis am = adr = Moar eseennee(2) can) eM ~ at = ae "When no external torque acts on the body, the net angular momentum negating te mone oerea then otarotamg sty reais constant, ings. fa Angular momentum L= to "The conservation Angular momentum, Inia angular momentum final angular momentum x hens Hyp = tt inerense a wil decrease and vice-versa to keep the angular momentum constant Example: 1) Ice dancer ‘@ when the hands are stretched eut, moment of inera() sen ode tet mae oe ae SU acne ea name Sec hin ce “etme hh det ny he one ag me tm a o ter ees a ‘9 Adlivr while air, curs the body cose to decrease the ‘moment of ners, which ncun helps to increase the number fof somersaults init EE Bample ai ‘olin squib 7] eens! ‘eur Asolo moment econaane 1 Nertorgie ero {Mea mementum and angular Linea momentum and angular + Net Tore ad nt torque are 2er0 | Uneae mementam and) anlar |. The body tes to come back 1 suit shy disturbed and |. Theatre fran ofthe body shite sigeiy higher and. Potential |. The ogy cannot come back to sputter tah tated and |. The conte af mass ofthe dy shite ‘psy lower an Peer energy decrees rbd J-The body remains at the sae ‘leased. =| Baie 7 fas ving with alorm ony & | srmie equlibim ‘equi ‘uli | "The moment of inertia of Body about any ais & equal to the sum of ts moment ofineria about a parallel aus through ts centre of mass andthe product Jor the mass oF the body and the square of te perpendicular distance between + The X and Y-aces le on the plane and Z-axis is +The momen of inertia ofthe entire lamina about 7- Proof 1 Let us considera rigid body of mass M. + Le~ moment of inertia of the body abou the centre of mass. ‘let us consider a point mass m onthe body at pestion x rom is centre of| mass. The momentof inert ofthe point mass about the axis Dis n The moment of neta ofa plane laminar bay about on as perpendicular to tts panei equal the sum of moments of mera abou two perpendicular axes ‘ying in the plone of the Body such that all the Choe axes are matully Perpendicularand havea cmon pane Proot J+ tet usconsidera plane laminar object of eile ‘thickness on whichlis the origin (0) perpendicular at y= mr nae ho Simatey Sto? Xmx* moment of inertia about Y ans fy Emy*- moment ofinertia about ans Ly SEEMS '@ Let usassume around objectof mass m and radius Ris roling down an inclined plane without sipping. 4 There are two forces acting on the objet. + gravitational force mg sin 4 1 Eat frctonal force () The other component af gravitation force (mgeos0) cancelled by the normal free (N) Prom the fee body diagram, ‘mg sin = f= ma —{1) rhe fiona force fea set torque of RE. 4 TE on 'Newon considered the orbits ofthe planets a circular. For creular orbit of di the centepetal acceleration towards the center susie [> te Tine peofrevauon fle 6 vel Pr Nena seodion EERE] | ‘The particle of mass m, situated at distance r, from the axis of rotation ‘From Keple's third law 5 Molen Ete pet 8,= mre 08 ore tntic eng he ne bey we“ mart) wt low aee] The moment of inertia of the whole body 1= Emm? errr « SEM MM seer (Consider a parce of mass m which sn depth d onthe Earth (Example coal ‘Consider the Earth and mass system, withthe dstance besween the mass m | mines in Neyvei TT andthe Earth centre Then ho gravttional pte eerzy ‘eveleraton experienced by the object a 0 8 ere Mis therast fhe Earth of radios (Red) Denso Barth p tobe constant, Using Binomial expansion Kea] —— ep Be.-0 @ = Me % sasoan (neem 6) Consiter anobjecofmatsmata eighth rom the surtaceofth Earth. | g’ < As depth increases, 9’ decreases. ‘Acceleration experienced by the object due to Earth is 5 ‘© Eamh spins about its own aus So, when an objec ison the surface of the 2, Earth, experiences a centrifugal fore that depends on thelatrude() af he abject on Earth # the Earth were not spinning the force onthe object would have Been ma 4 The object experiences an addtional centfugal force die to spinning ofthe Earth. «contig fore = mar ‘¢ Where = Roos? nek eReost a "The minimum speed required for a body to escape from the earth's lo’ Caner aie often an lea fcr sectnn is 5 Serko bythe ort Fis awerat we (ea From oungsmodae ast, rota work substewting ean 2) ean (2. w = (far i(CBein 2 w = Jere elaticpotemtal Ereny ‘The energy per unit volumes called energy density ‘pc Basicpntal aay _ BF volume ‘aL w =$EL= Lstress x strain) ¢ SENT ft ine petra Ue claged a» part on he tang ramiteto entre ita bg se ape raat race apo of Pac ote dre wchirwed oa hye wth sna foe ea rce mle Menten pes and bonne teachothr yarn bw aed waa ‘hare teh rene pos seston eas and > a force Fiapplonthesmlerpston he preset tend P= pwd recon ion Bi hoeks ae fe A '¢ Therefore by hanging the force onthe smaller piston A, the force on the pston B can be Increased bythe factor3s 37 "= The maximum constant velocity acquired by body while falling freely ‘through a viscous medium is called the terminal velocity». ‘© Graphis drawnvithveloctyalongy-axs andtime long-axis os + Consider a sphere of radius r which falls rely ‘through a highly viscous lguid of coefficient of viscosity Let the density ofthe material of the sphere be pan the density ofthe Mud bec. Gravitational force acting on the sphere, 4 Fe=ma=4er'og Dp thrust Uetarteg Tr viscous force F = 6mnrv, The net downward force = upward force BS U+E (9) Bue omar, rads sseand through the cxplar tube. Condens ae ‘The flow ofiqud through the tube streamlined { Thetubeis horizontal so that gravity does nt influence the How 4 The layer n contact wth the wall ofthe tube sat est Uniform pressure ‘he volume othe guid owing out por second through capillary tube ari seman wren cmpens @ Experimetally eT See EDUEIE Liquid Drop — [Soap bubble ‘Air bubble Poi Fpya Pore cent = 2eer |0—r0ne = seer PD = 2a Se Ky me Potential energy ofthe at ‘> Therisor allo ign a narrow tube call capllarty or caplary ve man > Inorder to arrive relation between the capillary rise (8) and surfaceension | TM* ‘ts! eneTav a8 Em Epgt KEg + PEQ Be Simiary, The total energy at B consider a caplay tube which s held vertically ina Deaker containing water, the water rises nthe capillary tube toa height du to surace tension ‘otal upward force= 2RrT cosd rhe volume oftiquidecolumn nthe vue ¥ = mh + ber upward force = weight ofthe liquid column ls. “The rate of las of heat ofan object x dicey proportional tothe sterence Inthe omperaarc betecer that oes and i ouraundings "Sum af restr eners, kinetic energy, and potential encty per 7 nit mas fan Incompresil notseous tld a stand! Haw peers remains constant for Fargas oman 1 = Temperature ofthe objec, 7, = Temperature ofthe suroundng b. Nepcve S none thatheat ln deci wth Proof tine = aes consder ow of gl rough pipe et us conser an objet of mass m and specie beat {> at Cipactysattnpertre? Ife tenpertucfalsbyat 2) = Letonmand abe theres rsssectinotthe 5” | ara — fibe seocyofteliudaad essurcewed | ee : bytclgud at respect ‘agemwr J. Lecthetorce exerted by theliqudat As Fy Distance traveled by the liquid intimetis d= wyt srk ng fg Pane rma (a() The pressure energy othe hguid a is The kinetic energy ofthe liquid at Dividing both sides by de, Integrating Taking exponential = 2 consane Ce IE chine. ee? scree PNET eat cottons no wiley ea —o ‘hes shee (Q) atconsa pe ee we Wado byte siti pr —e rome to hrm oo avew o sneeze cpa Rar __ oy emcee paul re Differentating, wr av var = anat ane rmrconta dP 8 o revs wnat sub eon (7) in ean 5) BaPerive the work done in an isothermal process] ‘This process temperature remainsconstantbut the pressureand volume ora thermodynamic syster will change deal gas equation, PV =, here T constant Consider an tal gas whichis alowed to expand quas-staieally at constant temaperature from intial tate Pt thefnal stated.) expansions postive Ey work done on the gas in an isothermal Compression i negative + nthe PY dlagram the work done during the Isothermal expansion i equal ‘the area under the 4 > Thisisa process in which no heat lows into or oof the system (QO) > Prescute volume and temperature ofthe system may change in an adabat process, Example: Tyre bursts Work done in an adiabati process: Let be the work dane when the sytem goes from the inital state (A.N.7) to the Anal state (AUT) adiabatically Wass ~ [rw van Wet constant ‘vrav oi [ras = etl + In adie expat work i done by the gas ‘nash compression, wort one onthe wasnt SINT peti 4 reesble ext engne opraag in rie = ess. (7) besneen two temperatures In a parila way is jen oe ted Carnot Brie Four parts 1souree 2) Sink rm S)insulating stand 4) Working substance in ARNOT cvUCLE, J+ <1 because 1 fastexract “Ol pate Prom the first law of thermodynamics, W = Qu — Qe Tatil tonne Sn we y= sergn(2) a 9, KINETIC THEORY OF GASES EW rite down the postulates of kinetic theory of gases ‘> Allthe molecules ofa gas are identical, elastic spheres. ‘© The molecules of different gases are different. ‘© The number of molecules in a gis is very large and the average separation between them is larger than size of the gas molectles. ‘© The molecules ofa gas are in a state of continuous random motion. * The molecules calide wilh one another and also with the walls of the ‘© These collisions ace perfectly elastic so that there is no loss of kinetic cenerzy during colisions. ‘9 Between two successive collisions, a molecule moves with uniform velocity + The molecules do not possess any potenti enerey and the energy is wholly kinetic. + The collisions ar instantaneous. + These molecules obey Newion"s laws oF motion SY TT consider 3 monoatomic ga of N molecules each ‘having amas m insides bia container of te J Thomooeues ofthe gasare in random motion. 3 {theres no los of line energy, but 3 change fn + The fore experienced per unit area ofthe wal of the container determines the presse exerted By tems, + Thechangein momentum of the molecule =-2mey change in moment ofthe wall ame, > tol momen ‘vnmat a > Tho force exerted by the molecules on the wall F ma? > Preswe amv ey) eer Monoatomic molecule ‘A monoatomic melecule by virtue of its nature has only three ‘translational degrees of freedom, Example: Helium, Neon, Argon Diatomic molecule ~ At Normal temperature ‘© Amolecule of diatomic as consist oe atoms bound to eachother by force ofattrution, ‘© Motion of the center of mass requires three translational degrees of freedom. {# ithasoniy wo rotational degrees freedom Therefore, ‘tally there are iv degrees of reedom,| At High Temperature ‘Ata vory high temperature (5000 K), the diatomic molecules possess additional two degrees of feedo du to vibrational motion ‘totally there are seven degrees of freedom, ‘© Examples: Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen Triatomic molecules near iriatomicmolecule, ' Thwe translational dogrees of frocdom. thas two rotational degrees of freedom ‘+ Atnormal temperature, linear tiaomse molecule will have five degrees of freedom. 4+ AThigh temperature has two additonal vibrational degrees of freedom. Sovalinear tatomle molecule ha seven degres of freedom, ‘© Example: Carbon dioxide [Non-linear riatomic molecule has thre translational degrees of freedom and three rotational degrees of Reedom about thee mutual ‘orthogonal aves. The total degrees of froedom Example: Wate, Sulphurdioside ° 2. ras ‘Meyer's relation Cp ~ Ce = R_, Equparttion law of energy s used to exteulate the value of Cy ~ Cyand the ratio between themy = ‘When s body is allowed to rotate reely about a given axis then te oscilation Monat mola: isknownsthe angular scilaon Average Kinetic enegy ofa molecle = 2kT Ifthe bodys displaced from the mean postion, then the resultant torque is proportional to the angular Aisplacement eT eon #=-K0 -sestoring torsion constant. Diatorne molcole: Lon epee Tigh emperatare Iisa simple harmon eiferenta equation, “Average kinetic energy =FkT | Average kinetic emery = Frequency ‘Time period 2 ‘@ Apendulum sa mechanical system which exhibits periodic mation ‘© [thas bob with mass msuspended by long stringof length (1) andthe other nd sfited ona stand. eS cope ‘ “+ Gravitational force vertically downwards F = mg a + Nato ag? ee d See i Fongont on ¥ + Tangential component Fy. =mgsind Fromm Newton's second aw Se mS - mg uw Arclongth «210 o es_ eo 2 From eqn (1) and ean (2) eo angular frequency Frequency of silaton Time period of scilation Exexplain the horizon TET Consider a system containing a bock of mass m attached toa massless Spring with orc cnstant (&) placed ona smooth horizontal surface > mas s displaced through a smal displacement x towards right and then released, will esilate back and forth about its mean position x». > Restoring force of spring. Feex (a) F=-ke > Prom Newtars second aw > iscaledas simple harmonic motion cquatan mm > Anata eqveny > prequeng [f= E/E an > Time period ey “ Mc cmteranastes spigot eng ‘oncaing «+ Hfnmane taco tothe tered of spring thn the spring elongates bya lent Fact ae Fi=—kt Went sytem ner eur faye ‘mg =A (08) and force constant kattached + [Sealed as simple harmonic motion equation. roan frou Consider 2 U-shaped glas tube Which consists of two open arms with uniform cross-sectional area A Let us pour anon viscous uniform incompressible iid of density pin the U-shaped tube toa helghth ‘he guid and tube are not disturbed then the guid surface will bein qulbrium position 0. itmeans the pressure as measured a any pont on the liquids the Same and also atthe surface onthe arm, which balances with the stmospheri pressure. ‘© Time period By biawingar one can provide sufficient force one arm and the guid ets disturbed from equllbetum position 0, which means, the pressure at Blown arm is higher ‘han the other arm. “This creates difference in pressure which wil «cause the quid esate WJ 4“ |. TT ke Expression for Potential Enerey For the simple harmonic motion, the force and the displacement are related by Hooke's aw her Recent = at 1) = Ema wo spss fr Kini ery: atau ot Jerk isgven atone end (et end) ofthe rope, the wave pulses nove towards right end with a velocity (of transverse wave produced on 3 sing Let and dm be the length and mass ofthe elemental string respectively wa — Then, centripetal forces Fey From eqns. rhe net radial orce du weston forces Fe = 27st) sncethe mpd ofthe wave evry smal sin (f) = 8 equating en (2) and egn (ve hve lls fe 2 ‘Newton assumed that when sound propagates in athe formation of compression and rarelaction takes place in a very slow manner so that the proces ie isothermal in nature. From deal gas equation, Diforeniting “The speed of sound in iris a [p= 20 me Laplace's correction when the sound propagates through a medium, the particles oseate very rapid such that he compression (het) and relation (colin) cer very fast So tabey adiabatic process. Prom poisson’ law, PUY = constant Diterentiting var o(wr-sav) =0 ‘The speed of sound in alr is Geib SiS anaes Cain exbsoitndt Hox -Two adjustable wooden kalves ae put over the boar, and thelr positions are adjusted to change the vibrating length ofthe steetched wire Working: Standing wave is produced and hence, atthe knife edges P and Q. nodes are farmed. In between the Jefe edges, ant-nodes are formed. The lngt ofthe vibrating elements Letpdensiy othe materia ofthe aringand d-diameter of the tring Prequency tml ‘To determine the following quanties thefrequency ofthe tuning rk orateratingcarent > tenslom nthe sting 2 nlnowa hanging mass > tis pipe with one end closed and the other end open. Example: larinet > Nodesare formed at the closed end and ani-nodes are formed a open end For the fundamental mode of vibration we have ss called second overtone. (or) 3*harmonle. Frequency of wharmontels. f= 8h, Frequencies of harmonics are the rate, fu f:fsifei~ ‘Whenever there isa relative motion between the source of sound ieee nen . andthe ltenr, he frequency ofthe sound ghserved bythe Iistener It rs dierent rom the requeny produced by the sours it is called fandamental frequency. — SNO ‘Situation lowing a guest ope end 1 | Simoves toward the stationary 1B eo Slew 18) _| Sinoveraway fom the watonaryL ¥ rs ise |? | moves toward thestationarys —] oe called: " a a y rer >} |e [inva avaysomtesatonays Sd : mt ™ ra 3 | San moves Toward each other = scala scond overtone (n S¥armoic o rr Fregueny ofa armante fa =n 1 [Sainte = Frequencies oharmonicare tert, ff ffe~ = 1367 7 ey [Uahases tes a See fe * tis pipe with both the ends open. Example: Fate > Arbathopen ends. ant-nodes are formed. > nfandamenta vibration, te wavelength of waveis Pen a - - itscalled fundamental frequency. Blowingait strongly e-z-pen] 2 \s called fst over tone (or Second harmon Ire a it consists ofa cylindrical lass tbe of one-meter length whose ane end is pena another end Bis connected tothe water reserva R throug rubber ube hen a vibrating tuning fk Is brought near the open end af the tube, longitudinal waves are formed inside the ar clumn, > Atrezonance the frequency of sound waves produced sequal tothe frequency ofthe runing fore Lethe ist resonance occurat length then Including end correction, the st resonance is 0) a he second resnancefEA= tare] ~ 2) - II} IML >dierence of eqn (1) anda (2), we get Pore speed ofthe sound —S end correction IMPORTANT PROBLEMS ex. 1.4:From a pont onthe ground, the top of tree seen to have an angle or elevation 60% The distance between the tree snd points 50m, Caleuste ne neigh a the tee? 2 -1.3.0 RADAR signal is beamed towardsa planet and ts echo received 7 nutes ater. ifthe distance between the planet and the Earths 63 * 10m, cleat tho spood ofthe signal? 263 x10" Ta eres. Whats their equivalent resistance? Bo RR me (io0s3)+ (1502) = (1004 150)4(8 +2) B= 505510 exes ‘The temperatures of two bodies measured ty a thermometer are (20 +05)" t= (50 # 0.59. Calculate the temperature eiference and the ror therein Ht 4-4 --mscasan LES Twovectors are givenas?=204+3)-+ Skand P= 31—2)+ 42 Find theresultnt vector #= 7 ere 4 5| 1412+ 10) —Na— 15) +49) He 22s 713k “An athlete covers rounds ona circular rack of radius 50m. (alelate the tea distance and displacement travelled by him total dance =3% Cicumference of track Displacement i: ero {BGP 2.24 Consider to masses of 10 gand 1 kg moving with thesame speed 10 ‘5 Calelate the magnitude ofthe momentum P= me Forthe mass of 10, Py =0.01 x 10 = 04 kgme Porthe mass of 1 Py #1 10= 10 kgms* PoP {BER Check the correctness ofthe equation v = w+ at using dimensional analysis method, ers =r} ery) unter) Aimensionally correct. xe 225: ree moves:tngthe romsn sucha way that ts cords x] AERA. Jeeta amar sccrdegta he egauen =? Ste" Wha te nal | Aqarc uincre etion wah an aeleaton «= 0.2rade? icnyalhcraie? (ants th anu doaement ney te pre ser a Gini i att $5 osane ent gtreoty ge faet 1 abt tx 25=2.5rad on 25xs727 = 13 face aan Consider two wns A and B moving along parle! wacke tthe some velty inthe sone dieeton ithe velo ofeach | BEE rin be SO bu east. alate the rlaveveloctes of the | Ba {BLP 2a; What are the resultant ofthe vector product of wa given vestre Ay+k B=sity—ae rains. Lyk Vaa= Ya-Ve ant-ly bt Var= SOkmn-!~ 50 km a ge al Van= Onna FaB = 16-9) -1-16-9)+ 42 +10) Daas aT nnn eS RE SPEDE! AaB sis 20 422 | s.282.20:How long wila boy siting near te window ofa trai traveling a 86 ken trace a tran passing by nthe apposite direction with speed of 18am be, | Te tength ofthe slow-moving train 90m BKEREIT 00 objects of masses 25 kg and 100 kg experince the same free S Vaan Use V 1 what & the acceleration experienced by each f them? For the object ofmass 25 hg, exe 2:36: tran was movingat the rate of 4 fe he when brakes were applied For the object ofmass 100 kg ame to rest within distance of 225 m, Calculate the retardation produced in bea tcsbetunt cious {BLP 3.9. The positon vctr ofa paride given by EB =~ 0, vse mnt = sexiest 622m, aa ‘he direction in which the particle experiences net aree? vat 2as a2 = 15° 2a(225) ‘ame det + se) +78) 18 [Notoree mst aso at along postive ydretion| ex 3.40: particle of mass 2g experiences two forces, = St 8) + 7 = 47+ 3. Whatis the acceleration ofthe particle? (UME 3. EXE 2A spider ofmass 50 gishangingon a Sei oa cob web as shown ithe igure. What isthe tension inthe string? fue ai sioo ofan 028 ig aed onsets norm car nton wah aapeedo 7m svrratis Sm, what ste magne sna ace acon one? st 02552" saa exp 3.28.Considera drcuar rad af dius 20 meter banked tan angle of 15 degree. With what speed ear has to move on the turn so that it wl have safe rane = SORTA ane = VED %98X 06 = 71s “The safe speed forthe caron tis road IS v =7.ams™! Jour EXE. LA force ol SONactantheabjecatmass20 7, kg shown im he figure Calculate the aceleration ofthe agro eta sox OB some? ‘BLP: A boxis piled with force of 25 Nvo produce a displacement of 15 m. the angle between the force and lsplacements 30% find the wore dane by the for a wesersecman-ascise women Bap aa a wiaic ee Fore aan sen Caleulate the workdone by theforce during the displacementof the particle rom m.(Aesume the constant k=1 Nm) ELPA. Two objects of masses Zand 4kgare moving with the same ‘momentum of20kgim =! gyi ter tee ameter one?) Wa hy have sae pes? ‘ke, 2 KE, kinetic energy ofboth massesis not same (b) P= mo Two objects wil not have same sped. jexeaa7. water ina bucket ted with rope is whirl around ina vertical ice of radius 0. m.Caleulate the minimum velocity atthe lowestpoin so thatthe water does sa pl rom fn the couse of mation. (= 10 ms") ‘Speed atthe highest point » = /F@=VOSRIO=\Smet ‘Speed atthe lowest paint w= (SFG = VEXU STO = 5 me-* ex 4:40 Calclate the energy consumed in electrical units when a 75 W fan used for Bhours dally for one month (30 days). BEY clecrscaltnergy Pt BE =78x8%30~= 180008, 4 EXC Calculate the work done by aforce of 30 inlifngaload of 2g oa height of 10m (g= 10m) 001 exe s.2the positon vectors of Gwo point masses 10 kg and 5 kg are (aU 2) + 4B) mana (31+ 6)+ SE) m respectively. Locate the postion of contre of mass. so(30 2p +a) + S(at +6) + Sk) (cast s0y+ 6s) is f Fa (Bye Bem XPS: A force of (41— 3) +5E) Nis applied at 2 point whose position vector Fah 17- 20m Pt et tc tt gn 4 al (20-6 ass stat 16 aoe ‘Royclt while negotiating circular path with speed 205" {bend an angle by 20° with vertical, What isthe radius of the leur path? (Given.y= 1053) = 2 Fant 208 _ 400.5 ioxens"" 10 1 =69.2m EXP .20Find the rotational kinetic energy of rng of mass 9 kg and radius 3 im rotaing with 240 rpm about an sxe pacing through ifs centre and perpendicular to its plane (7pm isa unit of speed of rotation which means evolutions per minut). Bat 1 MRE = 93 = Athan?

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