FUNDAMENTALS OF

INTERNET OF THINGS
(III-CSE, SEMESTER-II, R-22)
PREPARED BY-MAGANTI APPARAO
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
ST. MARY’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UNIT –V
CLOUD COMPUTING
 Sensor-Cloud
 Smart Cities and Smart Homes
 Connected Vehicles
 Smart Grid
 Industrial IoT
CASE STUDY
 Agriculture
 Healthcare
 Activity Monitoring
INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING
The Internet of Things (IoT) involves the internet-
services that support our way of life. Another component
set to help IoT succeed is cloud computing, which acts as
a sort of front end.
Cloud computing is an increasingly popular service that
offers several advantages to IOT, and is based on the
concept of allowing users to perform normal computing
tasks using services delivered entirely over the internet.
A worker may need to finish a major project that must be
submitted to a manager, but perhaps they encounter
problems with memory or space constraints on their
computing device.
Memory and space constraints can be minimized if an
application is instead hosted on the internet. The worker
can use a cloud computing service to finish their work
because the data is managed remotely by a server.
Another example: you have a problem with your mobile
device and you need to reformat it or reinstall the operating
system. You can use Google Photos to upload your photos
to internet based storage.
After the reformat or reinstall, you can then either move the
photos back to your device or you can view the photos on
your device from the internet when you want.
CONCEPT
Cloud computing as a paradigm for big data storage and
analytics. While IoT is exciting on its own, the real
innovation will come from combining it with cloud
computing.
The combination of cloud computing and IoT will enable
new monitoring services and powerful processing of
sensory data streams.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
First, the cloud computing of IoT is an on-demand self-
service, meaning it’s there when you need it. Cloud
computing is a web-based service that can be accessed
without any special assistance or permission from other
people.
Second, the cloud computing of IoT involves broad network
access, meaning it offers several connectivity options.
Cloud computing resources can be accessed through a wide
variety of internet-connected devices such as tablets, mobile
devices and laptops.
Third, cloud computing allows for resource pooling,
meaning information can be shared with those who know
where and how (have permission) to access the resource,
anytime and anywhere.
Fourth You can easily and quickly edit your software
setup, add or remove users, increase storage space, etc.
This pay per use (PPU) model means your costs scale with
your usage.
CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE
Architecture of cloud computing is the combination of both SOA
(Service Oriented Architecture) and EDA (Event Driven
Architecture). Client infrastructure, application, service, runtime
cloud, storage, infrastructure, management and security all these
are the components of cloud computing architecture.
The cloud architecture is divided into 2 parts, i.e.
Frontend
Backend
The below figure represents an internal architectural view of cloud
computing.

1. FRONTEND
Frontend of the cloud architecture refers to the client side of cloud
computing system. Means it contains all the user interfaces and
applications which are used by the client to access the cloud
computing services/resources. For example, use of a web browser
to access the cloud platform.
2. BACKEND
Backend refers to the cloud itself which is used by the service
provider. It contains the resources as well as manages the
resources and provides security mechanisms. Along with this, it
includes huge storage, virtual applications, virtual machines,
traffic control mechanisms, deployment models, etc.
Client Infrastructure: Client Infrastructure is a part of the
frontend component. It contains the applications and user
interfaces which are required to access the cloud platform. In other
words, it provides a GUI (Graphical User Interface) to interact
with the cloud.
Application: Application is a part of backend component that
refers to a software or platform to which client accesses. Means it
provides the service in backend as per the client requirement.
Service: Service in backend refers to the major three types of
cloud based services like SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. Also manages
which type of service the user accesses.
Runtime Cloud: Runtime cloud in backend provides the
execution and Runtime platform/environment to the Virtual
machine.
Storage: Storage in backend provides flexible and scalable
storage service and management of stored data.
Infrastructure: Cloud Infrastructure in backend refers to the
hardware and software components of cloud like it includes
servers, storage, network devices, virtualization software etc.
Management: Management in backend refers to management of
backend components like application, service, runtime cloud,
storage, infrastructure, and other security mechanisms etc.
Security: Security in backend refers to implementation of
different security mechanisms in the backend for secure cloud
resources, systems, files, and infrastructure to end-users.
Internet: Internet connection acts as the medium or a bridge
between frontend and backend and establishes the interaction and
communication between frontend and backend.
SERVICE MODELS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Service delivery in cloud computing comprises three
different service models: software as a service (SaaS),
platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a
service (IaaS).
Software as a service (SaaS) provides applications to the
cloud ‘s end user that are mainly accessed via a web portal
or service-oriented architecture-based web service
technology.
These services can be seen as ASP (application service
provider) on the application layer.
Platform as a service (PaaS) consists of the actual
environment for developing and provisioning cloud
applications. The main users of this layer are developers
that want to develop and run a cloud application for a
particular purpose.
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) provides the necessary
hardware and software upon which a customer can build a
customized computing environment.
DEPLOYMENT MODELS CLOUD COMPUTING:
Deployment in cloud computing comprises four
deployment models: private cloud, public cloud,
community cloud and hybrid cloud.
A private cloud has infrastructure that’s provisioned for
exclusive use by a single organization comprising
multiple consumers such as business units. It may be
owned, managed and operated by the organization, a third
party or some combination of them, and it may exist on or
off premises.
A public cloud is created for open use by the general
public. Public cloud sells services to anyone on the
internet. (Amazon Web Services is an example of a large
public cloud provider.)
A community cloud is managed and used by a particular
group or organizations that have shared interests, such as
specific security requirements or a common mission.
Finally, a hybrid cloud combines two or more distinct
private, community or public cloud infrastructures such
that they remain unique entities but are bound together by
standardized or proprietary technology that enables data
and application portability.

SENSOR-CLOUD
It is not more integration of sensors and cloud computing
It is not only “dumping the sensor data into cloud”
Not only the more integration of cloud computing and sensor
networks, but sensor‐cloud is more than that Concept of
virtualization of sensor node
Pay‐per‐use
One sensor node/network appears as many
A stratum between sensor nodes and end‐users
In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), a sensor cloud refers
to the infrastructure that enables the collection, storage,
processing, and analysis of data from various sensors and devices,
leveraging cloud computing principles. This involves connecting
sensor networks to cloud platforms for real-time monitoring,
decision-making, and data-driven applications.
Key aspects of sensor cloud in IoT:
Sensor Data Collection:
Sensors and IoT devices collect data from the physical world,
such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and other environmental
parameters.
Data Transmission:
This data is then transmitted to a central cloud platform via
various communication protocols (e.g., Wi-Fi, cellular
networks).
Cloud Storage and Processing:
The cloud platform provides scalable storage and computational
resources to store and process the collected data.
Data Analysis and Interpretation:
The data can be analyzed using various algorithms and techniques
to extract meaningful insights and patterns.
Application Examples:
This framework enables a wide range of IoT applications,
including smart grids, environmental monitoring, healthcare, and
industrial automation.
Benefits of Sensor Cloud in IoT:
Scalability:
The cloud infrastructure can handle a large number of sensors and
devices, allowing for easy scaling as the IoT ecosystem grows.
Real-time Monitoring:
Data can be processed and analyzed in real-time, enabling
immediate responses to changes in the environment or system.
Data Accessibility:
Multiple users and devices can access and share data stored in the
cloud, facilitating collaboration and information sharing.
Cost-Effectiveness:
Cloud solutions can be more cost-effective than traditional
infrastructure, reducing infrastructure costs and energy
consumption.
Automation:
Sensor cloud facilitates automated processes and decision-
making based on real-time data analysis.
Flexibility and Agility:
The cloud infrastructure is flexible and can be adapted to new
requirements and applications.
Data Storage and Processing:
The cloud provides ample storage space and processing power for
large volumes of IoT data.
Collaboration and Sharing:
The cloud facilitates collaboration and data sharing among
different stakeholders.
10 Advantages of Sensor-to-Cloud Systems - Radio Bridge
Because the cloud has an extensive routing infrastructure, sensor-
to-cloud grows earlier sensor networks on a much larger scale. A...
SENSOR-CLOUD ARCHITECTURE
End‐users: Registered themselves, selects templates, and request
for application(s)
Sensor‐owner: Deploy heterogeneous/ homogeneous physical
sensor nodes over different geographical location
SCSP: Plays managerial role
IOT IN SMART CITIES AND SMART HOMES
SMART CITIES
IoT in smart cities offers numerous applications, enhancing
various aspects of urban life. It optimizes traffic management,
improves waste collection, monitors environmental conditions,
enhances public safety, and enables smart grids for energy
efficiency, leading to more sustainable and liveable urban
environments.
Key Applications of IoT in Smart Cities:
Smart Traffic Management:
IoT sensors on traffic lights, roadways, and vehicles collect data
on traffic patterns, congestion, and accidents, enabling real-time
optimization and improved traffic flow.
Smart Parking:
IoT sensors in parking lots provide real-time data on availability,
guiding drivers to open spaces and reducing congestion.
Waste Management:
IoT sensors in bins monitor fill levels, optimizing collection
routes and schedules, reducing costs and environmental impact.
Environmental Monitoring:
IoT devices track air and water quality, noise pollution, and other
environmental factors, enabling proactive measures and informed
decision-making.
Public Safety:
IoT-powered surveillance systems, emergency response systems,
and sensors in infrastructure detect dangers and improve
communication for faster response and evacuation.
Smart Grids:
IoT devices enable real-time monitoring and optimization of
energy consumption, distribution, and generation, improving
energy efficiency and reliability.
Public Transportation:
IoT sensors on buses, trains, and other public transport vehicles
collect data on passenger flow, routes, and delays, enabling real-
time optimization and improved service.
Smart Buildings:
IoT-enabled buildings optimize energy usage, lighting,
temperature, and other systems, reducing costs and increasing
comfort.
Healthcare: IoT devices monitor patient health, track medication
adherence, and enable remote monitoring, improving healthcare
outcomes and reducing costs.
SMART HOMES
IoT (Internet of Things) applications in smart homes allow for
automation and remote control of various home functions, leading
to increased convenience, energy efficiency, and security. These
applications range from controlling lighting and temperature to
managing security systems and appliances.
1. Lighting:
Automatic Adjustments:
Smart lighting systems can automatically adjust based on
personal preferences and needs.
Energy Efficiency:
Smart lights can be programmed to turn off automatically or dim
when not in use, saving energy.
Mood Creation:
Lighting can be adjusted to create different moods and
atmospheres in the home.
2. Temperature Control:
Smart Thermostats:
Smart thermostats can learn user preferences and automatically
adjust temperature settings.
Remote Control:
Users can control the thermostat remotely through mobile apps or
voice commands.
Energy Savings:
Smart thermostats can optimize energy consumption by adjusting
to different schedules and occupancy.
3. Security Systems:
Smart Door Locks:
Smart door locks can be controlled remotely and integrated with
security systems.
Motion Sensors:
Motion sensors can trigger alerts when someone is detected in a
specific area.
Smart Cameras:
Smart cameras can provide real-time video feeds and allow users
to remotely view their home.
4. Appliances:
Remote Control:
Users can remotely control appliances like ovens, refrigerators,
and washing machines.
Automatic Operation: Appliances can be programmed to
operate automatically based on schedules or user preferences.
Energy Monitoring:
Smart appliances can provide data on energy consumption,
helping users optimize energy usage.
5. Other Applications:
Smart Gardens:
IoT sensors can monitor soil moisture and sunlight exposure,
allowing for automated watering and lighting.
Home Routines:
IoT devices can be programmed to perform specific actions at
certain times or triggered by events, creating personalized home
routines.
Safety Sensors:
IoT sensors can detect smoke, carbon monoxide, and water leaks,
providing alerts and preventing potential hazards.

CONNECTED VEHICLES IN IOT

Connected vehicles leverage the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable
various features and functionalities. This involves equipping
vehicles with sensors, communication devices, and internet
connectivity to interact with the environment and other
systems. These connections allow for data exchange, real-time
information, and enhanced safety and convenience for drivers.
Key aspects of connected vehicles in IoT:
Data Collection:
Connected vehicles collect a wide range of data, including
location, speed, driving patterns, and vehicle health, through
sensors and telematics systems.
Communication:
This data is transmitted to various systems, including other
vehicles, traffic infrastructure, and online services, through
wireless communication technologies like cellular networks and
DSRC.
Functionality:
Connected vehicles offer features like GPS navigation,
entertainment systems, remote diagnostics, and software
updates.
Safety and Security:
Connected vehicles enhance safety by providing real-time traffic
information, warning drivers of potential hazards, and enabling
emergency assistance.
Remote Operations:
Connected vehicles allow for remote operation of certain
functions, such as unlocking doors or starting the engine.
Examples of IoT applications in connected vehicles:
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication:
This involves connecting vehicles with other vehicles,
infrastructure, and pedestrians to improve traffic flow, safety, and
efficiency.
Predictive maintenance:
Connected vehicles can monitor their systems in real-time and
provide early warnings about potential issues, allowing for
proactive maintenance.
Telematics and fleet management:
Connected vehicles enable fleet managers to track vehicle
location, monitor driving behaviour and optimize routes,
reducing costs and improving efficiency.
In-car entertainment and infotainment:
Connected vehicles offer access to a range of entertainment and
infotainment services, including music streaming, navigation,
and mobile device integration.
Autonomous driving:
Connected vehicles play a crucial role in the development of
autonomous driving technologies, enabling them to interact with
the environment and other vehicles.
IOT IN SMART GRID
A smart grid, also known as an IoT-enabled energy grid, enhances
traditional power systems with communication technology and
connectivity to improve energy efficiency, resource management,
and reduce carbon footprint.
It relies heavily on the Internet of Things (IoT) to monitor and
manage energy distribution and consumption in real-time.
Here's how IoT plays a key role in smart grids:
Real-time Monitoring:
IoT devices, like sensors and smart meters, collect real-time data
on electricity generation, consumption, and grid conditions. This
data helps optimize energy use and distribution.
Automation and Control:
IoT enables automated processes for tasks like load balancing,
outage detection, and grid management, leading to more efficient
and reliable power delivery.
Energy Efficiency:
IoT technologies can help identify energy waste and implement
strategies for reducing consumption, such as smart load control
and optimized energy distribution.
Renewable Energy Integration: IoT facilitates the integration of
renewable energy sources like solar and wind power by enabling
real-time monitoring and management of their output.
Demand Response:
IoT allows utilities to engage with consumers in real-time,
encouraging them to adjust their energy usage during peak hours
and reduce overall strain on the grid.
Predictive Maintenance:
IoT sensors can monitor the condition of grid components,
enabling utilities to perform predictive maintenance and prevent
potential outages.
Enhanced Security: IoT-enabled smart grids can detect and
respond to potential security threats, ensuring a more reliable and
secure energy supply.
Reduced Energy Waste:
Real-time monitoring and control allow for optimized energy
usage, minimizing waste and lowering energy costs.
Improved Reliability
Sustainability
Cost Reduction
INDUSTRIAL IOT
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) refers to the use of connected
smart devices, sensors, and systems in industrial environments to
collect and analyze data in real-time, ultimately aiming to improve
efficiency, safety, and productivity. It is a key enabler of Industry
4.0 and digital transformation in various industrial sectors.
Key aspects of IIoT:
Connected Devices:
IIoT leverages smart sensors, actuators, and other devices to
monitor and control industrial processes.
Data Collection and Analysis:
These devices collect and transmit data, which is then analyzed
to identify patterns, trends, and potential issues.
Real-time Insights:
The collected and analyzed data provides real-time insights into
industrial operations, enabling faster decision-making and
improved response times.
Improved Efficiency:
By optimizing processes and identifying areas for improvement,
IIoT helps businesses achieve greater efficiency and
productivity.
Enhanced Safety:
IIoT enables remote monitoring and predictive maintenance,
reducing the risk of accidents and downtime.
Automation:
IIoT facilitates automation of tasks and processes, freeing up
human resources and improving overall efficiency.
Benefits of IIoT:
Increased Productivity:
IIoT enables businesses to optimize their processes, leading to
increased output and reduced waste.
Reduced Costs:
By improving efficiency and preventing downtime, IIoT can lead
to significant cost savings.
Enhanced Decision-Making:
Real-time data and analytics empower businesses to make more
informed decisions about their operations.
Improved Safety:
IIoT can help identify and address potential safety hazards,
reducing the risk of accidents and injuries.
New Business Models:
IIoT enables businesses to create new products and services, as
well as new ways of interacting with customers.
Applications of IIoT:
IIoT is used in a wide range of industrial sectors, including:
Manufacturing: Predictive maintenance, automation, and real-
time monitoring of production processes.
Energy: Smart grids, energy management, and remote monitoring
of energy consumption.
Oil and Gas: Real-time monitoring of pipelines, wells, and other
equipment.
Transportation: Real-time tracking of vehicles, optimization of
logistics, and remote diagnostics.
Healthcare: Remote patient monitoring, diagnostics, and
treatment planning.
Agriculture: Precision farming, smart irrigation, and remote
monitoring of crops.

CASE STUDY IOT IN AGRICULTURE

A case study demonstrating the transformative power of IoT in
agriculture involves a smart greenhouse project using a sensor
network to optimize growing conditions.
This network allows for real-time monitoring of soil moisture,
humidity, temperature, and light levels, enabling automated
adjustments to climate control and irrigation. By eliminating
manual intervention, the process becomes more cost-effective and
accurate, leading to increased crop yields and reduced water
consumption.
A greenhouse farmer wants to optimize growing conditions for
tomatoes and other crops, while reducing water waste and labour
costs.
Sensor Network:
A network of IoT sensors (soil moisture, humidity, temperature,
light) is deployed throughout the greenhouse.
Wireless Communication:
These sensors transmit data wirelessly to a central gateway or
cloud platform.
Data Analysis:
The collected data is analyzed to monitor greenhouse conditions
and identify areas for optimization.
Automated Control:
Based on the data analysis, automated irrigation systems and
climate control systems are adjusted.
Outcomes:
Reduced Water Consumption:
By optimizing irrigation based on real-time soil moisture data, the
farm reduces water waste by 30%.
Increased Crop Yield:
Precision farming techniques, such as targeted water and fertilizer
application, lead to a 20% increase in crop yields.
Cost Efficiency:
Automation reduces labour costs, while optimized resource usage
lowers fertilizer and pesticide expenses.
Sustainability:
The overall environmental footprint is reduced by optimizing
energy, water, and chemical usage.
Real-time Monitoring:
IoT allows for real-time monitoring of greenhouse conditions,
enabling quick decision-making and early intervention when
problems arise.
Automation and Control:
Smart systems enable automation in areas like irrigation,
temperature control, and pest management.
Data-Driven Insights:
Analytics help farmers make data-driven decisions, optimizing
resource utilization and improving crop yield.
Sustainability:
By reducing the use of water, fertilizers, pesticides, and energy,
IoT in agriculture contributes to more sustainable farming
practices.
CASE STUDY IOT IN HEALTHCARE
A compelling case study of IoT in healthcare is the remote patient
monitoring system used by Advance for pain medication
management.
This system, called Medication On Demand (MOD®), allows
patients to self-administer oral pain medication using a patient-
controlled analgesic (PCA) device.
This system is connected to a network, allowing for remote
monitoring and clinical control, preventing security breaches and
overdoses.
Key aspects of this case study:
Problem:
Traditional pain medication administration often required
constant care and monitoring, potentially leading to inefficiencies
and risks.
Solution:
Advance developed a smart, connected PCA device that allows
patients to self-administer their prescribed pain medication.
Benefits:
Improved patient autonomy and control over pain management.
Enhanced patient satisfaction.
Reduced healthcare worker workload.
Improved accuracy of medication dispensing.
Reduced risk of overdoses.
IoT Technologies Used:
RFID wristband for patient identification and access control.
Pre-programmed device for dispensing the correct dose of
medication.
Network connectivity for remote monitoring and clinical control.
This case study demonstrates how IoT can be leveraged to improve
patient care, enhance efficiency, and empower patients in their
own healthcare journey.
The connected PCA device not only simplifies medication
administration but also provides a valuable layer of security and
clinical oversight, ensuring patient safety and medication
adherence.
CASE STUDY IOT IN ACTIVITY MONITORING
A case study of activity monitoring using the Internet of Things
(IoT) demonstrates how sensors, often integrated into wearables
or smartphones, can collect data on human activity and transmit it
for analysis.
This data can be used for various applications, including fall
detection, rehabilitation tracking, and monitoring the activity
patterns of elderly individuals living alone.
Case Study 1: Activity Monitoring for Elderly Care
Scenario:
An elderly person living alone in a home uses an IoT-assisted
living space equipped with contactless activity sensors.
Sensors:
These sensors, placed throughout the home, continuously monitor
various activities like walking, sitting, and sleeping.
Data Collection:
An emergency gateway collects data from the sensors and
communicates with a central server.
Analysis:
The server analyzes the data to detect changes in activity patterns
or potential emergency situations.
Applications:
This system can be used to track daily activity, monitor for
unusual inactivity (which could indicate a fall or other issue), and
provide early warnings to caregivers.
Case Study 2: Activity Tracking for Rehabilitation
Scenario:
A patient recovering from a hip fracture uses an IoT-based
activity tracker to monitor their rehabilitation progress.
Sensors:
A triaxial accelerometer, built into the tracker, monitors real-time
human movement.
Data Collection:
The tracker collects data on activities like walking, lying on the
stomach, and lifting the thigh.
Analysis:
The collected data is analyzed to assess the patient's progress and
identify areas where adjustments to their rehabilitation program
might be needed.
Applications:
This system can help healthcare professionals monitor the
patient's recovery, track their progress, and provide personalized
feedback.
Case Study 3: Monitoring Crop Health in Agriculture
Scenario:
An agricultural company uses drones and sensors to monitor the
health of crops.
Drones:
Drones equipped with cameras and sensors collect high-
resolution images and environmental data.
Sensors:
Ground-based sensors measure soil moisture and weather
conditions.
Data Analytics:
Machine learning algorithms analyze the collected data to detect
early signs of diseases or pest infestations.
Applications:
This system allows for early detection of problems, enabling
timely interventions and reducing crop losses.
Key Components of Activity Monitoring Systems:
Sensors: Accelerometers, gyroscopes, cameras, pressure sensors,
and other devices that capture data on activity.
Data Transmission: Wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
or ZigBee to transmit data to a central server.
Data Analysis: Algorithms and software to analyze data and
identify patterns or trends.
Cloud Storage: Secure cloud-based servers to store and manage
data.
User Interface: Applications or dashboards to visualize data and
provide insights.