Scribd
Upload
4 views7 pages

Ch6 Life Processs Resperation

Chapter 6 discusses respiration as a life process, detailing cellular respiration's steps, types (aerobic and anaerobic), and their significance in energy production. It explains the human respiratory system's structure, including nostrils, trachea, and alveoli, and describes the breathing mechanism controlled by the diaphragm. Additionally, it covers gas exchange in the alveoli and the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport.

Uploaded by

17552
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views7 pages

Ch6 Life Processs Resperation

Chapter 6 discusses respiration as a life process, detailing cellular respiration's steps, types (aerobic and anaerobic), and their significance in energy production. It explains the human respiratory system's structure, including nostrils, trachea, and alveoli, and describes the breathing mechanism controlled by the diaphragm. Additionally, it covers gas exchange in the alveoli and the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport.

Uploaded by

17552
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

CHAPTER -6 LIFE PROCESSES

REFERENCE MATERIAL
LIFE PROCESSES- PART 2- RESPIRATION
❖ Respiration: The process of breaking down glucose to produce energy.
❖ The process takes place in every cell and so it is called cellular
respiration. Mitochondria is the site of respiration and energy released
stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).
❖ Steps of respiration:
❖ Breaking down of glucose into pyruvate: This step happens in the
cytoplasm.
❖ Glucose molecules are composed of 6 carbon atoms, while pyruvic acid
is composed of 3 carbon atoms.
❖ Further breaking down of pyruvic acid takes place in mitochondria and
the molecules formed depend on the type of respiration in a particular
organism.
Respiration is of two types- aerobic respiration and anaerobic
respiration.
1. Aerobic respiration: This type of respiration happens in the presence of
oxygen.
❖ Step-1 –
Glucose (6 carbon molecule) → Pyruvate (3 carbon molecules) + Energy (in
cytoplasm)
❖ Step-2 –
Pyruvate → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (in mitochondria)
2. Anaerobic respiration: This type of respiration happens in the absence of
oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration in the Yeast and bacteria
Yeast is a unicellular fungus.
❖ Step-1
Glucose → Pyruvate + Energy (in cytoplasm)
❖ Step-2
Pyruvate → Ethyl alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy (in cytoplasm)
Anaerobic respiration in human muscle cells
❖ Step-1
Glucose → Pyruvate + Energy (in cytoplasm)
❖ Step-2
Pyruvate → Lactic Acid + Energy (in cytoplasm)

FLOW CHART- TYPES OF RESPIRATION


Pain in leg muscles while running:
❖ When someone runs too fast, he may experience throbbing pain in the leg
muscles.
❖ This happens because of anaerobic respiration taking place in the muscles.
❖ During running, the energy demand from the muscle cells increases.
❖ Due to insufficient supply of Oxygen, pyruvate breaks down to lactic acid
and produces very less energy.
❖ The deposition of lactic acid causes pain in the leg muscles.
❖ The pain subsides after taking rest for some time or after a massage or hot
water bath when lactic acid completely breaks down to Carbon dioxide and
water.
Absorption of Oxygen
❖ Different organisms use different methods for the intake of oxygen and
expulsion of carbon dioxide.
❖ Diffusion is a method which is utilized by unicellular and some simple
organisms for this purpose.
❖ In plants also, diffusion is utilized for exchange of gases.
❖ In complex animals, respiratory systems do the job of exchanging gases.
❖ Gills are the respiratory organs for fishes.

❖ Fishes take in oxygen which is dissolved in water through gills.


❖ Since, availability of oxygen is less in the aquatic environment, the
breathing rate of aquatic organisms is faster.

❖ Insects have a system of spiracles and tracheal tubes which are used for
taking in oxygen.
❖ Terrestrial organisms have developed lungs for exchange of gases.
❖ Availability of oxygen is not a problem in the terrestrial environment, so
breathing rate is slower as compared to what it is in fishes.
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of lungs.
These are attached to a system of tubes which open on the outside through
the nostrils.
The following are the main structures in the human respiratory system:
1. Nostrils: There are two nostrils which converge to form a nasal passage. The
inner lining of the nostrils is lined by hair and remains wet due to mucus
secretion. The mucus and the hair help in filtering the dust particles out from
inhaled air. Further, air is warmed up when it enters the nasal passage.
2. Pharynx: It is a tube-like structure which continues after the nasal passage.
3. Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx. This is also called voice box.
4. Trachea: This is composed of incomplete rings of cartilage. Cartilaginous
rings prevent the collapse of trachea in the absence of air.
5. Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea, with one bronchus
going to each lung.
6. Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches inside the
lung.
7. Alveoli: These are air sacs at the end of bronchioles. The alveolus is
composed of a very thin membrane and is the place where blood capillaries
open. This is where the oxygen mixes with the blood and carbon dioxide exits
from the blood. Alveoli increase the surface area for the exchange of gases. It
has capillaries for the
exchange of O2 and CO2.
Breathing Mechanism (inspiration and expiration)
❖ The breathing mechanism of lungs is controlled by diaphragm and muscles.
❖ The diaphragm is a dome shaped muscle which separates the chest cavity
from the abdominal cavity.
❖ When the diaphragm moves down, the lungs expand, and the air is inhaled.
❖ When the diaphragm moves up, the lungs contract and air are exhaled.

RESIDUAL VOLUME
The amount of air remains in the lungs is forceful exhalation is called residual
volume.
Advantages- There is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the
carbon dioxide to be released.
This also helps the lungs from collapsing.
EXCHANGE OF GASES
❖ When air reaches the alveoli, gaseous exchange takes place through the
network of blood vessels present in it.
❖ Carbon dioxide from the rest of the body is released into the alveoli and
oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by the blood and is transported to all
the cells in the body.
❖ Diffusion pressure alone cannot take care of oxygen delivery to all the
parts of the body.
❖ Respiratory pigments like Haemoglobin which is present in the RBC has
very high affinity for oxygen. Hemoglobin takes up oxygen from the lungs to
form oxyhaemoglobin and carry it to the tissues.
❖ Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water and is transported in dissolved
form through plasma.

*******************

You might also like