UNIT | Review TEST- The Constitution

Questions 1-3 refer to the passage below.

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator
with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure
these rights, Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the
governed,”
--Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776

1. On which of the following enlightenment ideas does the Declaration of Independence rely?
a. separation of powers b. equality for all
c. man’s fallibility d. natural rights

2. Which idea in the Declaration expresses John Locke’s belief that government derives its authority from the
people?
a. the consent of the governed b. the right to revolt
c. the divine right of kings d. natural rights

3. For which of the following reasons was the Declaration of Independence an important tool in the
Revolutionary War?
a. It informed King George that the colonists intended to go to war
b. It appealed to Loyalists in the colonies to support the Patriots’ cause.
c. It promised freedom to all people living in America.
d, It outlined King George’s violations and appealed to nations around the world.

Questions 4-5 refer to the following image.

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4. Based on thisi finape, what was one result of the foreclosures imposed by Massachusetts state courts?
a. The Committee of Correspondence. co a
b. The nation moved away from agriculture an beadede more industrial.
c. Farmers moved westward to enjoy the:available land'there.
d. A violent farmer uprising under the’ direction of Daniel Shays. |

5; Shays’s Rebellion contributed to calls for a stronger national government because

a. the Massachusetts state militia was stronger than the United States army.
b. farmers i in other states assisted those affected by the foreclosures
G, foreigners supported Shays’s Rebellion and sent supplies to help the farmers.
d. it indicated that the state and: national sgovernments wete weak.

Questions 6 and 7 refer to the following graph.

¢ Three Northern States
2 70 T

23 60 tH
& 50 H
© 40
Ve Maine +]
§ 307
New Hampshire S 2074
e
New York 8 10 5
& 07 ‘
prs eueetts ad Wealthy Welltodo Moderate ; Merchants Farmers
oA dapat ees income tand lawyers
( : Pennsytvania Wealth i Occupation
\ New Jersey (i Prewar Postwar |
Delaware
Maryland ’ Three Southern States
4 g 70
"in 2 60
3 50 |
7 40 ——__ T
Le 2 North Carolina 5 i ‘ i
— »-! a 30 TT i i
. ;
South Carolina
3a 204— {
HH =
c 10-+— T sae
fa 6 | i
+— Georgia T T T : T
Vo & Wealthy Welltodo Moderate | Merchants Farmers
income H and lawyers
t

Wealth
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'
Occupation

[[) Prewor (Postwar

6. Based on the graph, what shift in power took place after the Revolutionary War?
a. southern states were more powerful than northern states
b. the wealthy took power away from the lower classes.
c. people with moderate income held more seats in state legislatures than the wealthy
d. lawyers had more political power than farmers oe °
oe

7. Which of the following effects of the Revolutionary ‘¥/er likely led to the changes indicated in the graph?
a. rising egalitarian tendencies b. increase in American industry
c. rising dominance of the South d. adoption of modern ideas and lifestyles
Questions 8-10 refer to the passage below.
“Tt is equally evident, that the members of each department should be as little dependent as possible on those of
the others... Were the executive magistrate, or the judges; not independent of the legislature in this particular,
their independence in evety other would be merely nominal. But the great security against a gradual
concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each
department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others.... It
may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of
government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature?... In framing a
government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable
the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.”
--James Madison, Federalist No. 57, 1788

8. What constitutional principle did Madison defend in Federalist No. 51?

a. majority rule b. consent of the governed
c. separation of powers d. federalism

9, According to Madison, which of the following is a reason for government to “control itself’?
a. to ensure the power of the executive b. to promote the general welfare
c. to prevent any one branch overpowering others d. to prevent gridlock in government

10. Which of the following was most Madison’s reason for writing Federalist No. 51?
a. He believed his analysis would start the process of changing human nature.
b. He wanted to address people’s concerns about the new government’s power.
c. He knew that all of the states needed to ratify the Censtitution.
d. He feared that the people could not handle their responsibilities under the Constitution

Questions 11-13 refer to the passage below.

“ The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts, and Excises, to pay the Debts and
provide for the common Defence and general welfare of the United States;... To regulate Commerce with
foreign nations.... To coin money... To declare war... And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and
proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the
Government of the United States...”
--Article I, United States Constitution, 1787

11. Based on this passage, which of the following powers is outlined in Article I, section 8 of the Constitution?
a. legislative powers b. executive powers
c. judicial power d. states’ rights

12. Which of the Framer’s concerns did the provisions in /.tticle I, Section 8 address?
a. individual rights b. the strength of the federal government
c. slavery d. the state cf America’s finances

13. In which of the following ways was the economy different under the Constitution than the Articles of
Confederation?

a.The Constitution gave Congress powers that it could never have enforced under the Articles.
b. The Constitution allowed the states to control the national government’s ability to tax.
c. The Constitution stripped the states of all monetary power after Shays’s Rebellion.
d. The Constitution left the power to coin money to the states
Questions 14 and 15 refer to the image.

Nike lickoich
Gre Dicagyne

14. Which of the Constitution’s characteristics does the cartoon address?

a. structure and detail b. attention ‘to civil liberties
c. national supremacy d. adaptability

15. Which of the following provides for the Constitution’s flexibility?

‘a. Article] * b. Article HI c. Article V d. Article VI

Questions 16 and 17 refer to the following image.

16. Which of the following rights did the women pictured demand?
a. suffrage ~ b. workplace equality c. abortion _d. equal 1 pay
17. How did the ptotesters’ success lead, to change?
a. States gained greater power over voter eligibility.
b. The Constitution offered more specific mandates on, voter elgiiy:
c. The Equal Rights Amendment was ratified.
d. The people gained direct access to the lawmaking *‘otocess.

18. The meaning of the Constitution can change through

a. judicial interpretation b. national referendum
c. congressional inaction d. natural law

19. What number of slaves did the delegates agree would be counted for determining population for representation
in the House of Representatives?
a. one-third b. three-fifths c. two-thirds d. four-fifths

20. Which of the following are rights that are inherent in all human beings and not dependent on government?
a. natural righis. b. positive rights c. intrinsic laws d. Constitutional law

21. How many pen EsdetE ot governing documents have the United States had in its history?
a. one b. two c. three d. four

22. The U.S. Constitution was adopted in response to the weaknesses of which document?
a. Declaration of the Rights of Man b. Magna Carta
c. the Declaration of Independence d. the Articles of Confederation

23, Against which of the following impositions by the Bzitish government did the colonists rebel?
a. taxes b. a military draft c. curfews d. religious laws

24, Which of the following debated and drafted the Declaration of Independence?
a. the First Continental Congress b. the Second Continental Congress
c. the Committees of Correspondence d. the Constitutional Convention

25. While working on the Constitution, what aspect of the new government most concerned James Madison?
a. foreign affairs b. slavery c. elitist control d. tyranny of the majority

26. Which of the following generally favored a stronger national government and supported the proposed U.S.
Constitution?
a. Daniel Shays b. Federalists c. Anti-Federalists d. Constitutionalists

21. Which of the following is a form of government in which the people select representatives to govern and make
laws?
a. republic b. monarchy c. theocracy d. oligarchy

28. Which branch of government is responsible for passing laws?

a. bureaucratic b. judicial c. executive d. legislative

29, Burning the flag is constitutionally protected because it is an act of

a. political speech b. privacy c. due process d. commercial expression

30. In Federalist 10, who wrote, “The most common and durable source of factions has been the various and
unequal distribution of property”?
a. Alexander Hamilton —_b. Thomas Jefferson c. Jokn Jay d. James Madison
31. The Constitution limits the government's ability to suspend writs of habeas corpus. What does this protect
individuals againstr
a. free speech infringement b. taxation of private property
c. unlawful detention d. infringement of religious freedom

52. What did the Connecticut Compromise help to establish?

a. the Senate and the House of Representatives b. the federalist system
c. an independent judiciary d. universal male suffrage

aos From how many states did the Articles of Confederation require consent for ratification?
a. ma jority b three-fifths c. two-thirds d. unanimous

34. What type of legislature did the United States have under the Articles of Confederation?
a. a single chamber with membership based on a state’s population
b. a single chamber with each state receiving equal powe
c. a single chamber whose members were appointed by the president
d. two chambers

35. Under the Constitution, the president is elected by which of the following?
a. King Caucus __ b. People’s Plebiscite c. electoral college d. direct popular election

36. What is the feature of the Constitution that allows each branch of government to limit the power of the other
branches?
a. weights and measures b. checks and balances
c. oversight and influence d. privileges and immunities

37. Which of the fcllowing concepts most directly legitimizes the American government?
a. the right to bear arms b. the divine right
c. consent of the governed d. executive privilege

38. Which of the following most directly protects individuais’ civil liberties?
a. Second Treatise of Civil Government b. The Federalist Papers
c. the Bill of Rights d. the Declaration of Independence

39. Which constitutional plan called for representation i Congress to be based on state population?
a. Republican Plan b. Democratic Plan c. Virginia Plan d. New Jersey Plan

40. Which of the following urged the colonies to become independent from Britain?
a. Common Sense b. Revolution c. Federalist 10 da. Our American Cousin

41. Which of the following was a problem under the Articles of Confederation?
a. The national government was too strong compared to the states.
b. Amendments were too easy to ratify.
c. Congress imposed excessive taxes.
d. Congress lacked the authority to regulate commerce. ‘

42. Which of the following accurately describes the Constitutional Convention?

a. The delegates spent more of their time trying to figure out how to revise the Articles of Confederation.
b. Many of the delegates were economic elites. |
c. The Convention was free of significant disagreement.
d. The Convention lasted only one week.
43, Which of the following was part of both the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution?
a. a congress b. the presidency
c. the federal judiciary d. the right of taxation by the federal government

+4, Which of the following did the Federalists prefer more than the Anti-Federalists?
a. stronger state governments .
b. a stronger national government
c. stronger protections of individual liberties
d, shorter terms of office

45, How is a constitutional amendment ratified?

a. either by a majority of state legislatures or by special state conventions in a majority of the states
b, either by three-fourths of state legislatures or by special state conventions in three-fourths of the states
c. either by a majority of state governors or by a majority of the U.S. Senate
d. either by three-fourths of state governors or by three-fourths of the U.S. Senate

46. Which of the following were most likely to oppose the proposed Constitution?
a. lawyers b. merchants c. small farmers d. large landowners

47. Which of the following was written to encourage passage of the Constitution and remains a compelling source
for determining the intent of the Framers?
a. the Declaration of Independence b. The Federalist Papers
c. Common Sense d. Two Treatises on Government

48. What was a fear of the Anti-Federalists during the Constitutional Convention and subsequent debate?
a. that a weak national government would undermine the survival of the United States
b. that a strong national government would infringe on the rights of the states
c. that a powerful judiciary would restrict freedom of religion
d. that powerful state governments would infringe on individual liberties

49. Which of the following is a method for proposing constitutional amendments?

a. by a majority of voting-age citizens
b. by a majority of state governors
c. by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress
d. by a two-thirds vote in a special election called for the purpose of voting on the amendment
Questions 50-52 refer to the passage below.

| “If the States may tax one instrument, employed by the government in the execution of its powers, they may tax
any and every other instrument. They may tax the mail; they may tax the mint; they may tax patent rights; they
may tax the papers of the custom-house; they may tax judicial process; they may tax all the means employed by
the government, to an excess which would defeat all the ends of government. This was not intended by the
American people. ...

The Court has bestowed on this subject its most deliberate consideration. The result is a conviction that the
States have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede, burden, or in any manner control, the
operations of the constitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into execution the powers vested in the
general government. This is, we think, the unavoidable consequence of that supremacy which the constitution
has declared.”

—Chief Justice John Marshall, MceCu/och v. Maryland, 1819

50. Which clause of the U.S. Constitution did the Supreme Court interpret as preventing Maryland from taxing the
national bank in McCulloch v. Marylana?
a. commerce b. supremacy c. due process d. equal protection

51. Which clause of the U.S. Constitution did the Supreme Court interpret in McCulloch v. Maryland as allowing
Congress to create a national bank?
a. commerce b. necessary and proper c. due process d. equal protection

52. Why was McCulloch v. Maryland a landmark federalism case?

a. It gave the federal government power over the nation’s financial institutions.
b. It ruled that taxation was an enumerated, rather than a concurrent power
c. It reinforced the idea of national supremacy, altering the relationship between federal and state governments.
d. It made Congress the most powerful political entity in the nation.

Questions 53 and 54 refer to the following graph.

4 ESTIMATE
sai Other
$750-
Transportation 8%
$700-+
$650-
Education, training
Billions of dollars (current dollars)

$600 4 and soclal services

$550- Health
$500 +
Income security j Health
$450-
$4004
$3504
Other
$300-
Education,
$250
| training
$200 and soclal
$1 50- services

Transportation — Income
security
$50
ed
BO a I

53. Based on the graph, which of the following saw the iargest increase in federal grants between 2007 and 2017?
a. transportation b. education c. health d. income security
54, Which type of system does this graph illustrate?
a. dual federalism b. national supremacy c. fiscal federalism d. Reserved powers

vuestions 55 and 56 refer to the image.

“The Pwo Words, Yes Ase No?

gs “\

ES RIGHTS”

A 1949 Herblock Cartoori, © The Herb Block Foundation

55. According to the cartoon, what

do states want from the federal government?
a. federal authority over state matters b. federal financial assistance
c. complete separation between the two entities d. cooperation on all governmental matters

56. Based on the cartoon, what is the relationship between federal funds and state autonomy?
a. State autonomy is completely lost when federal funds are involved.
b. The federal government assumes all states’ debts to ensure its international credit rating
c. Federal involvement accompanies federal funds.
d. States can use federal grant money in any way they choose.
Questions 57 and 58 refer to the following map.

WA
sa.672 $10,625 See: ae. vT 815.721 ag
$11,089 $16,377 ~~ | SME
8D Wi set BI2,147
GR 4 maeeat sy .
$9,543 eee | $11.07 Mi NY / ?
ne 1A $10,948 1 7$19,818-> _— MA $14,515
4 aptecetinn se. Pm
See $10,313 ms ie on PA nits s— RI Si4,415
$n, $12,288 iN DS gs nea. “~ CT $16.63)
NV ee : SO BGR aE ~ NJ $17,572
$8,339 ees 4 KS MO ™ : NAA ad eshington, O.C
peedes $9,828 $9,597 ~~ _ Sz
CA KY $9,318 “WA $10,960
$9,220 AR TN $6,208 = NC $8,390
$9,304 AL SC
Ms $3,755 GA $9,514

™ LA $8,130 $9,090
$8,299 $10,490

FL
4 Wn $8,433
Roath Hi
me 4 Ds $11,823

BB < 33.000 |_ $8,000-8,999 $8,999-9,999

$9,999-10,999 |) $10,990-12,999 fi - $12,999

57. Based on the map, which region of the U.S. spends the most on public education?
a. the West _ b. the Rockies c. the Northeast d. the South

58. Which of the following statements about federalism does the map illustrate?
a. Diversity in policy creates stark differences between states and regions of the U.S.
b. Under federalism people in different states have equal access to services
c. States take advantage of the power to make decisions independently.
d. The federal government ensures that people in every state are treated equally.

Questions 59-61 refer to the passage below.

“To uphold the Government's contentions here, we would have to pile inference upon inference in a manner
that would bid fair to convert congressional authority under the Commerce Clause to a genetal police power of
the sort retained by the States. Admittedly, some of our prior cases have taken long steps down that road, giving
great deference to congressional action.... The broad language in these opinions has suggested the possibility of
additional expansion, but we decline here to proceed any further. To do so would require us to conclude that the
Constitution's enumeration of powers does not presuppose something not enumerated... and that there never
will be a distinction between what is truly national and what is truly local... This we are unwilling to do.”
--Chief Justice William Rehnquist, United States v. Lopex, 1995

59. In United States v. Lopex, the U.S. Supreme Court scrutinized the use of which of the following powers as related
to the possession of firearms in public schools?
a. educational b. national defense c. taxing d. commerce
60. Which of the following statements about United States v. Lopex is most accurate?
a. The Supreme Court invoked the Supremacy Clause in a conflict between federal and state governments.
b. The Court limited the federal government’s power over states.
c. The federal government’s power over interstate commetce was restricted
d. States were forced to make their own laws about guns in schools.

61. Which of the following cases involved the same constitutional principle as United States v. Lopez?
a. Gibbons v. Ogden b. Roe v. Wade c. Brown v. Board of Education — 4. Marbury v. Madison

Questions 62-63 refer to the following graph.

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~» Total Government Expanditures - Federal Government Expenditures -«- Local Governmant Expenditures

62. Based on the graph, how do federal and state government spending differ?
a. federal spending has decreased since World War II while state spending has not
b. federal spending increases during national crises more so than state spending
c. federal spending represents a lower portion of total government spending
d. federal spending has increased sharply and state spending has not

63. Which of the following statements about federalism is true based on the graph?
a. The federal government’s power has grown significantly relative to the states.
b. State governments are at the mercy of the federal government to secure funds.
c. Federal and state governments catty out their own function and responsibilities.
d. State power has supplanted federal power as dominant in the United States.
Questions 64-65 refer to the following image.

64. Under which system does the federal government make policy in areas that are primarily state responsibilities,
like that in the photo?
a. cooperative federalism b. constitutional government
c. a federal government system d. unified government

65. Which of the following is a benefit of this system? ~

a. shared administration. - b. state autonomy
c. unrestricted federal funds d. increased congressional power

66. How.does federalism contribute to democracy?

a. It increases citizens’ access to government. -; b, It increases the gross domestic product.
c. It lowers voter turnout. ~~ d. It lowers overall tax rates.

67.In which system do local and regional governments. detive authority from the national government?
“a.a unitary . ~ b. bicameral’ c. confederate
a d. federal

68. What are the two types of federal powers derived from Article I, section 8 of the U.S. Constitution?
a. enumerated; implied b. enumerated; suggested
c. disguised; explicit d. suggested; explicit

69. According to Article VI of the U.S. Constitution, in ccnflicts between federal and state law federal law is

a. illustrative b. dissuasive c. secondary d. supreme

70. Which amendment says that those powers not given to the federal government and not prohibited to the states
by the Constitution are reserved for the states and the people?
a. Fighth b. Tenth c. Eleventh d. Fourteenth

71. In which of the following are powers shared by the federal and state governments in a marble-cake fashion?
a. cooperative federalism b. constitutional government
c. a federal.government system _ d. unified gcvernment
72. Which clause in the Constitution ensures that judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding
and enforceable in another?
a. commetce b. full faith and credit
c. due process d. equal protection

73. Which grant is given to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines?
a. block b. business c. commerce d. credit

74. What change to the relationship between national government authority and state governments did the
Republican Party advocate for in the 1994 elections?
a. excavation b. devolution c. evolution d. redevelopment

75. In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court held that Congress has broad authority to regulate
a. interstate commerce b. education c. interest rates d. religion

76. The Constitution says that states are required to return a person charged with a crime in another state to that
state for trial or imprisonment, a practice called ;
a. voir dire b. sequestration c. change of venue d. extradition

77. Which amendment prohibits federal and state courts and federal administrative agencies from heating cases in
which a private party names a state as a defendant without the state’s consent?
a. Third b. Sixth c. Eleventh d. Twelfth

78. Which of the following is a reason why the Framers created a federal system?
a. The Framers wanted to ensure that there was a centralized policymaking system.
b. The Framers believed that federalism best ensured economic equality.
c. The Framers could not conceive of the federal government providing most of the services to states and
localities.
d. The Framers wanted to re-create the successes they experienced under the Articles of Confederation.

79. Which grants typically allocate federal dollars based on population?

a. Block b. Formula c. Commerce d. Diversified

80. What helped establish the preeminence of the federal government over the states?
a. The Revolutionary War b. The Civil War c. World War I d. The Vietnam Wat

81. Which type of federalism is characterized by a system of state and national governments with separate but
distinct authority?
a. combined b. cooperative c. dual d. progressive

82. What is a mandate?

a. an order from the federal government requiring the states to take a certain action
b. an order from a state government requiring a federal action
c. an order from the federal government prohibiting the states to take a certain action
d. an order from a state government prohibiting a federal action

83. Of the following, which is a power denied to states by the Constitution?

a. establishment of criminal laws b. the power to enter into treaties
c. imposing taxes d. supervision of contracts between individuals

84. Which of the following is an example of a formula grant?

a. Medicaid b. the Clean Air Act c. military funding d. congressional salaries
85. Which of the following grants minimizes the paperwork that must be filled out and the strings attached to using
the grant?
a. block grants b. business grants c. categorical grants d. programmatic requests

06. Which of the following best exemplifies devolution?

a. New Deal legislation b. No Child Left Behind Act
c. welfare policy d. Troubled Asset Recovery Program

87. Many local school districts complained that the No Child Left Behind Act did not provide enough funding to
implement the law. If this is the case, the law is was a(n)
a. block grant b. unfunded mandate c. categorical grant d. programmatic request

88. Which of the following is a confederation?

a. the United States b. the United Nations c. Great Britain d. China

89. Which of the following is a shared power between states and the federal government?
a. controlling money supply b. raising and maintaining an army
c. establishing a post office d. the power to tax

90. Which of the following is the power of both the state and federal governments to influence education policy?
a. layer-cake federalism b. marble-cake federalism
c, pineapple-upside-down-cake federalism d. cupcake federalism

91. Which of the following is an implied power of the federal government?

a. admitting new states b. establishing a national bank
c. declaring war d. establishing federal courts

92. Which of the following is the best definition of federalism?

a. A constitutional arrangement by which two or more levels of government share formal authority over the
same area and people.
b. A constitutional arrangement concentrating power in a central government.
c. A loose association of states constitutionally created by a strong central government.
d. A loose association of states with mutually recognized compacts but no centtal government.

93. Which is an example of a federal mandate?

a. The Supreme Court upholds a federal law requiring all citizens to wear a seatbelt while operating a motor
vehicle.
b. Congress passes a law requiring all states to adopt a sex offender registry system.
c. The Environmental Protection Agency sends money to Louisiana to help with cleanup from the gulf oil spill.
d. The Nevada legislature passes a law requiring all public school teachers to spend 20 hours per week preparing
students for the state achievement test.

94. Which of the following would proponents of devolution argue?

a. the military’s power should be expanded b. the authority of state government should be expanded
c. the federal government’s role should be expanded d. Congress should have more power over state laws

95. Which of the following is an example of a categorical grant?

a. Funds provided by Congress to the states for education in general.
b. Funds provided by Congress to the states for substance abuse prevention.
c. Funds provided by Congtess to the states for transportation infrastructure.
d. Funds provided by Congtess to the states to enhance science instruction in a low-income area.
96. The goal of the privileges and immunities clause is to keep states from discriminating against which of the
following?
a. the poor b, the federal government c. minority citizens d. citizens of other states

7/, An advantage of federalism is that it allows states to ;

a. restrict civil rights for members of disliked groups b. be policy innovators
c. have uniform policies d. be supreme over the national government

98. Which of the following is a disadvantage of federalism?

a. the quality of policies can vary from state to state.
b. states can figure out which policies work best for them
c. citizens can choose to live in those areas that have the policies they prefer
d. the state governments can nullify laws passed by Congress

99. Which of the following best describes the death penalty in the United States?
a. All death penalty cases are handled by the federal government.
b. Some states allow the death penalty and others do not.
c. All states allow the death penalty.
d. In 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that all death penalty statutes are unconstitutional.

100. Federalism generally allows citizens significantly more opportunities to

a. invest in the stock market b. become a civil engineer
c. find gainful employment d. participate in politics