1.

Introduction

The client has commissioned the design and construction of a pedestrian bridge
spanning over a dual carriage way and has approached us to prepare a detailed
design of the prestressed concrete bridge. After the first engineering meeting the
following information was made available to be included in the design process:

 The bridge is to be used for pedestrian crossing.

 The bridge is to be made continuous over 2 spans
 The bridge is to be prestressed using a suitable post-tensioning system
 The walkway width of the bridge is to be 2000mm
 The loading of the bridge is as follows:
 Live loading is 7 kN/m² (5 kN/m² in reality)
 permanent dead load is 0,2 kN/m²
 Handrail load is 1 kN/m on each side

The client has further requested that a design report be submitted which outlines the
structural requirements for the bridge, the report must emphasize the following
parameters:

 Section size selection

 Determining Cable profile and prestressing force
 Prestressing Losses
 Design of the beam
 Deflections
 Anchorage zone design
 Shear
 Drawings

1|Page
 2. Results

In order to facilitate a design the following information was assumed:

 The strength of the concrete will be 40MPa

 The concrete compressive strength at transfer will be 27MPa
 The beam is a class 2 member
 Initial prestressing losses were estimated to be 0.833
 The strength of the reinforcement bars will be 450MPa in both flexure and
shear.
 The bridge has suitable lateral restraint.

The length of the bridge was selected to be 25m with each span being 12.5m

The above dimensions were selected because of the following reasons:

 The design is to be in line with SANRAL standards

 The cross section layout of the dual carriageway is to be as per figure 1
below.

Figure 1 Dual carriageway Cross Section

From the information noted above a detailed design was carried out and the results
have been summarized in the tables below for the long and short span.

2.1. Selection of Section

Selecting of a suitable section involved determining minimum requirements for Ztop

and Zbot, a detailed calculation of these may be found in section 1 of the design
calculations in appendix A. Once the minimum Ztop and Zbot were found a variety of
sections were investigated and the most suitable one selected thereafter.

Ztopmin -28.3x10⁶ mm³

Zbotmin 40.29x10⁶ mm³

2|Page
The selected section may be seen in figure 2 below and the corresponding section
properties can be seen in table 2

Figure 2 Suitable Section

Moment Location Value

A 350x10³ mm²
Ytop -393.81 mm
Ybot 606.189 mm
Ixx 28.3x10⁶ mm³
Ztop -240.75x10⁶ mm³
Zbot 156.4x10⁶ mm³
Table 1: Section Properties

3|Page
 2.2. Cable profile and prestressing force

The section properties in table 1 were used to determine the magnitude of the
prestressing force and suitable eccentricity. Due to the effects if continuity the beam
consisted of negative and positive bending moments and a suitable prestressing
force an eccentricity were determine for both locations. The continuity also resulted
in the formation of secondary moments which were also taken into account in the
determination of a suitable prestressing force and eccentricity distance.

With the use of the four inequality equations and Magnel diagrams a suitable
prestressing force and eccentricity was selected for both the positive and bending
moments. The overall cable profile was selected using common tendon layout
profiles.

Description Internal Support Midspan

Prestressing force 1500 kN 892kN
Eccentricity -320mm 530mm
Table 3 Magnel Diagram results

From the above results it a single prestressing force for the entire beam was
selected to be 1535.04kN. From standard cable layouts the cable profile in figure 3
was selected

Figure 3 Cable Profile

4|Page
 2.3. Prestressing losses

The prestressing losses were determined at critical points and at 1m intervals. The
results are in table summarized in tables 4, 5 and 6 below.

Moment Elastic Friction

X e (Fc,cgs)Pj' Anchorage Fpt Pt
Pj (kN) Selfweight Shortening Loss
(m) (mm) (MPa) loss (MPa) (MPa) (kN)
@SLS (kN.m) (MPa) (MPa)
0 0 -1151 0 0 0 0 0 -959 -1151
1 202 -1151 35 0 0 -2 -7 -952 -1142
2 356 -1151 62 0 0 -5 -14 -944 -1133
3 461 -1151 80 0 0 -7 -21 -936 -1124
4 518 -1151 90 0 0 -9 -28 -929 -1114
5 530 -1151 92 0 0 -11 -32 -923 -1108
5 528 -1151 92 0 0 0 -31 -933 -1120
6 497 -1151 85 0 0 0 -33 -932 -1118
7 428 -1151 70 0 0 0 -36 -930 -1116
8 321 -1151 46 0 0 0 -38 -928 -1113
9 176 -1151 14 0 0 0 -40 -926 -1111
10 1 -1151 -24 0 0 0 -43 -924 -1109
10 -7 -1151 -26 0 0 0 -43 -924 -1109
11 -141 -1151 -56 0 0 0 -40 -926 -1111
11 -228 -1151 -75 0 0 0 -41 -925 -1110
12 -487 -1151 -132 0 0 0 -45 -922 -1106
13 -320 -1151 -164 0 0 0 -47 -921 -1105
13 -306 -1151 -132 0 0 0 -45 -922 -1106
14 -194 -1151 -75 0 0 0 -41 -925 -1110
14 -123 -1151 -56 0 0 0 -40 -926 -1111
15 -7 -1151 -26 0 0 0 -43 -924 -1109
15 1 -1151 -24 0 0 0 -40 -926 -1111
16 176 -1151 14 0 0 0 -38 -928 -1113
17 321 -1151 46 0 0 0 -36 -930 -1116
18 428 -1151 70 0 0 0 -36 -930 -1116
19 497 -1151 85 0 0 0 -33 -932 -1118
20 528 -1151 92 0 0 0 -31 -933 -1120
20 530 -1151 92 0 0 -11 -32 -923 -1108
21 518 -1151 90 0 0 -9 -28 -929 -1114
22 461 -1151 80 0 0 -7 -21 -936 -1124
23 356 -1151 62 0 0 -5 -14 -944 -1133
24 202 -1151 35 0 0 -2 -7 -952 -1142
25 0 -1151 0 0 0 0 0 -959 -1151
Table 4 Presstressing losses before transfer

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 Creep
X e Mp(kN. Fc,cgs Fc,max
Pt (kN) Fc,max/Fci εc Loss
(m) (mm) m) (MPa) (MPa)
(MPa)
0.
0.0 0.0 -1151.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 -0.03
0.
1.0 201.9 -1142.1 139.9 0.3 0.8 -0.03 0 2.87
0.
2.0 355.6 -1132.8 246.3 0.9 1.4 -0.05 0 8.98
0.
3.0 461.1 -1123.6 319.4 1.5 1.8 -0.07 0 15.13
0.
4.0 518.4 -1114.4 359.1 1.8 2.0 -0.07 0 19.14
0.
4.7 530.0 -1108.1 366.9 1.9 2.1 -0.08 0 20.01
0.
5.0 527.5 -1120.2 365.3 1.9 2.1 -0.08 0 19.81
0.
6.0 496.6 -1117.9 338.2 1.7 1.9 -0.07 0 17.24
0.
7.0 427.6 -1115.6 277.6 1.2 1.7 -0.06 0 12.14
0.
8.0 320.6 -1113.3 183.7 0.6 1.3 -0.05 0 5.95
0.
9.0 175.6 -1111.0 56.4 0.1 0.7 -0.03 0 0.91
0.
10.0 0.7 -1108.8 -97.2 0.0 0.1 0.00 0 -0.04
0.
10.0 -7.4 -1108.7 -104.4 0.0 0.1 0.00 0 0.05
0.
10.6 -141.1 -1111.1 -221.8 0.3 -0.4 0.02 0 3.31
0.
11.0 -228.4 -1109.8 -298.5 0.7 -0.7 0.03 0 7.21
0.
12.0 -487.4 -1106.4 -526.1 2.6 -1.7 0.06 0 27.00
0.
12.5 -320.0 -1104.6 -652.3 2.2 -0.8 0.03 0 22.40
0.
13.0 -306.0 -1106.4 -526.1 1.7 -0.9 0.03 0 17.19
0.
14.0 -194.0 -1109.8 -298.5 0.6 -0.6 0.02 0 6.15
0.
14.4 -123.1 -1111.1 -221.8 0.3 -0.3 0.01 0 2.89
0.
15.0 -7.4 -1108.8 -104.4 0.0 0.1 0.00 0 0.05
0.
15.0 0.7 -1111.0 -97.2 0.0 0.1 0.00 0 -0.04
0.
16.0 175.6 -1113.3 56.4 0.1 0.7 -0.03 0 0.91
17.0 320.6 -1115.6 183.7 0.6 1.3 -0.05 0. 5.95

6|Page
 0
0.
18.0 427.6 -1115.6 277.6 1.2 1.7 -0.06 0 12.14
0.
19.0 496.6 -1117.9 338.2 1.7 1.9 -0.07 0 17.24
0.
20.0 527.5 -1120.2 365.3 1.9 2.1 -0.08 0 19.81
0.
20.3 530.0 -1108.1 366.9 1.9 2.1 -0.08 0 20.01
0.
21.0 518.4 -1114.4 359.1 1.8 2.0 -0.07 0 19.14
0.
22.0 461.1 -1123.6 319.4 1.5 1.8 -0.07 0 15.13
0.
23.0 355.6 -1132.8 246.3 0.9 1.4 -0.05 0 8.98
0.
24.0 201.9 -1142.1 139.9 0.3 0.8 -0.03 0 2.87
0.
25.0 0.0 -1151.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0 -0.03
Table 5 losses due to creep of the concrete

e Creep Relaxation
X Shrinkage of
(mm Loss of steel Fpt (MPa) Fse (MPa) n
(m) concrete (MPa)
) (MPa) (MPa)
0 0 0 -44 -49 -959 -1052 0.83
1 202 3 -43 -49 -952 -1041 0.83
2 356 9 -43 -49 -944 -1027 0.83
3 461 15 -43 -49 -936 -1013 0.83
4 518 19 -42 -49 -929 -1001 0.83
5 530 20 -42 -49 -923 -994 0.83
5 528 20 -42 -49 -933 -1005 0.83
6 497 17 -42 -49 -932 -1005 0.83
7 428 12 -42 -49 -930 -1009 0.83
8 321 6 -42 -49 -928 -1013 0.83
9 176 1 -42 -49 -926 -1016 0.83
10 1 0 -42 -49 -924 -1015 0.83
10 -7 0 -42 -49 -924 -1015 0.83
11 -141 3 -42 -49 -926 -1014 0.83
11 -228 7 -42 -49 -925 -1008 0.83
12 -487 27 -42 -49 -922 -986 0.83

7|Page
 13 -320 22 -42 -49 -921 -989 0.83
13 -306 17 -42 -49 -922 -995 0.83
14 -194 6 -42 -49 -925 -1010 0.83
14 -123 3 -42 -49 -926 -1014 0.83
15 -7 0 -42 -49 -924 -1015 0.83
15 1 0 -42 -49 -926 -1017 0.83
16 176 1 -42 -49 -928 -1018 0.83
17 321 6 -42 -49 -930 -1015 0.83
18 428 12 -42 -49 -930 -1009 0.83
19 497 17 -42 -49 -932 -1005 0.83
20 528 20 -42 -49 -933 -1005 0.83
20 530 20 -42 -49 -923 -994 0.83
21 518 19 -42 -49 -929 -1001 0.83
22 461 15 -43 -49 -936 -1013 0.83
23 356 9 -43 -49 -944 -1027 0.83
24 202 3 -43 -49 -952 -1041 0.83
25 0 0 -44 -49 -959 -1052 0.83
Table 6 Total Prestressing losses

2.4. Design

The design ultimate moment was calculated at 1m intervals. This moment is based
on the prestressing force and the overall strength of the concrete section. the results
are contained in table 7 below.

Pj' Fse εs εc d ε εp εp Mu
X (m) e (mm) P
(kN) (MPa) e e (mm) s s y (kN.m)
0 0 -1151 -867 -1040 0 0 394 0 0 0 657
1 202 -1142 -863 -1035 0 0 596 0 0 0 1049
2 356 -1133 -861 -1034 0 0 749 0 0 0 1347
3 461 -1124 -860 -1032 0 0 855 0 0 0 1552
4 518 -1114 -857 -1028 0 0 912 0 0 0 1663
5 530 -1108 -853 -1023 0 0 924 0 0 0 1685
5 528 -1120 -862 -1034 0 0 921 0 0 0 1681
6 497 -1118 -858 -1029 0 0 890 0 0 0 1621
7 428 -1116 -851 -1021 0 0 821 0 0 0 1487
8 321 -1113 -843 -1011 0 0 714 0 0 0 1279
9 176 -1111 -836 -1003 0 0 569 0 0 0 998

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 10 1 -1109 -833 -1000 0 0 395 0 0 0 659
10 -7 -1109 -833 -1000 0 0 614 0 0 0 1084
11 -141 -1111 -838 -1006 0 0 747 0 0 0 1343
11 -228 -1110 -841 -1009 0 0 835 0 0 0 1512
12 -306 -1106 -858 -1030 0 0 912 0 0 0 1663
13 -320 -1105 -852 -1023 0 0 926 0 0 0 1690
13 -306 -1106 -848 -1018 0 0 912 0 0 0 1663
14 -228 -1110 -840 -1008 0 0 835 0 0 0 1512
14 -141 -1111 -838 -1006 0 0 747 0 0 0 1343
15 -7 -1109 -833 -1000 0 0 614 0 0 0 1084
15 1 -1111 -835 -1002 0 0 395 0 0 0 659
16 176 -1113 -838 -1005 0 0 569 0 0 0 998
17 321 -1116 -845 -1013 0 0 714 0 0 0 1279
18 428 -1116 -851 -1021 0 0 821 0 0 0 1487
19 497 -1118 -858 -1029 0 0 890 0 0 0 1621
20 528 -1120 -862 -1034 0 0 921 0 0 0 1681
20 530 -1119 -861 -1033 0 0 924 0 0 0 1685
21 518 -1124 -864 -1037 0 0 912 0 0 0 1663
22 461 -1131 -866 -1039 0 0 855 0 0 0 1552
23 356 -1137 -865 -1038 0 0 749 0 0 0 1347
24 202 -1144 -864 -1037 0 0 596 0 0 0 1049
25 0 -1151 -867 -1040 0 0 394 0 0 0 657
Table 7 Moment Capacity

The above moment capacities were checked against the ultimate moments applied
on the beam, these ultimate moments were also checked at critical points and 1m
intervals and included moments from the applied loads as well as secondary
moments due to the continuity of the beam. The secondary moments were
determined using FEM

X (m) Pj (kN) M (kN.m) Ms (kN.m) Mt (kN.m) e (mm) Mu (kN.m)

0.00 -1151.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 657.27

1.00 -1151.28 202.34 243.98 446.32 201.90 1048.96
2.00 -1151.28 356.36 261.45 617.81 355.60 1347.13
3.00 -1151.28 462.06 278.59 740.65 461.10 1551.80
4.00 -1151.28 519.44 295.42 814.86 518.40 1662.97
4.69 -1151.28 530.86 306.81 837.67 530.00 1685.47
5.00 -1151.28 528.50 316.16 844.66 527.50 1680.62
6.00 -1151.28 489.24 334.69 823.93 496.57 1620.62
7.00 -1151.28 401.66 353.13 754.79 427.57 1486.76
8.00 -1151.28 265.76 371.50 637.26 320.57 1279.18
9.00 -1151.28 81.54 389.79 471.33 175.57 997.88
9.96 -1151.28 -140.62 407.26 266.64 0.74 658.71
10.00 -1151.28 -151.00 408.00 257.00 -7.43 -539.52

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 10.63 -1151.28 -320.88 420.81 99.93 -141.10 -665.18
11.00 -1151.28 -431.86 427.45 -4.41 -228.43 -747.26
12.00 -1151.28 -761.04 445.10 -315.94 -306.00 -820.18
12.50 -1151.28 -943.75 453.88 -489.87 -320.00 -833.34
13.00 -1151.28 -761.04 445.10 -315.94 -306.00 -820.18
14.00 -1151.28 -431.86 427.45 -4.41 -228.43 -747.26
14.38 -1151.28 -320.88 420.81 99.93 -141.10 -665.18
15.00 -1151.28 -151.00 408.00 257.00 -7.43 -539.52
15.04 -1151.28 -140.62 407.26 266.64 0.74 658.71
16.00 -1151.28 81.54 389.79 471.33 175.57 997.88
17.00 -1151.28 265.76 371.50 637.26 320.57 1279.18
18.00 -1151.28 401.66 353.13 754.79 427.57 1486.76
19.00 -1151.28 489.24 334.69 823.93 496.57 1620.62
20.00 -1151.28 528.50 316.16 844.66 527.50 1680.62
20.31 -1151.28 530.86 306.81 837.67 530.00 1685.47
21.00 -1151.28 519.44 295.42 814.86 518.40 1662.97
22.00 -1151.28 462.06 278.59 740.65 461.10 1551.80
23.00 -1151.28 356.36 261.45 617.81 355.60 1347.13
24.00 -1151.28 202.34 243.98 446.32 201.90 1048.96
25.00 -1151.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 657.27

Moment Location Column strip Middle strip

Formula Moment Formula Moment
Outer support M=0.04FL75% 42.35 kNm M=0.04FL25% 14.12 kNm
M=0.083FL45
Near middle of end span M=0.083FL55% 84.28 kNm % 68.96 kNm
M=0.063FL25
At first interior support M=0.063FL75% 66.71 kNm % 22.24 kNm
M=0.071FL45
At middle of interior spans M=0.071FL55% 55.13 kNm % 45.11 kNm
At interior supports M=0.05FL75% 52.94 kNm M=0.05FL25% 17.65 kNm
Table 3: short span (lx) bending moments

The moments in table 3 were used to determine the reinforcements required for the
short span and the steel requirements are given in table 4 below. The opening for
the stairway were included in the internal span and the rebar spacing was adjusted
accordingly. The bending schedule for the short span has been included in appendix
B.

10 | P a g e
 Moment Column Strip Rebar Middle strip rebar
Location
Over Column Remaining Normal Opening
Strip
Outer support 3 Y12 bars @ 2 Y12 bars @ 7 Y12 bars @
160mm C/C As = 250mm C/C As 750mm C/C
339 mm² b=0.5m = 226 mm² As = 792
b=0.5m mm² b=5m
Near middle 11 Y12 bars @ 5 Y12 bars @ 33 Y12 bars
of end span 90mm C/C As = 200mm C/C As @ 150mm
1244 mm² b=1m = 565 mm² C/C As =
b=1m 3732 mm²
b=5m
At first interior 9 Y12 bars @ 4 Y12 bars @ 11 Y12 bars
support 110mm C/C As = 250mm C/C As @ 475mm
1018 mm² b=1m = 452 mm² C/C As =
b=1m 1244 mm²
b=5m
At middle of 8 Y12 bars @ 4 Y12 bars @ 22 Y12 bars 10 Y12 bars
interior spans 125mm C/C As = 250mm C/C As @ 225mm @ 220mm
905 mm² b=1m =452 mm² C/C As = C/C As =
b=1m 2488 mm² 1131 mm²
b=5m b=2.2m
At interior 7 Y12 bars @ 3 Y12 bars @ 9 Y12 bars @
supports 140mm C/C As = 330mm C/C As 600mm C/C
792mm² b=1m = 339 mm² As = 1018
b=1m mm² b=1m
Table 2 Rebar required for maximum moments in short span

Punching Shear

Based on the loading and the steel required to resist the maximum moments it was
found that no additional steel is needed to resist punching shear. It is however
recommended that the steel passing over each column be increased Y16 bars at the
same spacing in order to mitigate the effects of overloading in the future.

Span-effective depth ratio

The Span-effective depth ratio of both the long and short spans were found to be
within the allowable limits as such no excessive deflection will take place.

11 | P a g e
 3. Conclusion

In conclusion the structural concrete requirements have been successfully

addressed and the selected material will be adequate for the flat slab floors. The
project may advance to construction phase with the aid of the detailed drawings
provided in appendix D.

12 | P a g e
 4. Recommendations

It is highly recommended that the steel passing over the columns be increased to
Y16’s.

13 | P a g e
 5. References

ROBBERTS, JM & MARSHALL, V. 2010. Analysis and design of concrete

structures. 1st ed.

SANS 0100-1: The structural use of concrete Part 1: Design

14 | P a g e
APPENDIX A

15 | P a g e
APPENDIX B

16 | P a g e
APPENDIX C

17 | P a g e
APPENDIX D

18 | P a g e