| i A fallin sa homogeneous —miekre af hon ox move than tuo carnpenends.Types.of salulion Solule Salven! Example ti Gy___Mixluie of Os 5 No pases a ! : 1 S Gh Comphar_in nib.ogen gas Gr Loxagen itcalved indole 4 L Glucose es teol ed_in_tanjes t NOTE !- Mole (n) : Mass in No of parkitles Volume a) gas (4) ‘ Malar mess Go? x 10** 20-4 f 4 4 Mass pexcentone (i Aw) ‘ M i : Moss % of 0 component = Mase o/ component ¥ 10D Valume (v/v) paxcentngs ; - 1 Volume_a solution1 Concenbrolian in pauk pexmillion can he expressed las maw o mos. volume fr volume ond moss fo No lum e+ | Male fraction (ax) Tt aeptesenls he males of solule present in one male gf —salubiooa Total no_of males 9/ all campanent- Ha = Na there A= Solvent, B= Solute NatNs : Sam ‘of Lhe maple prochian of all fhe component pwsent in salubian is equal b thy | Xa + Xp = 1| (= @ianta \ 90 No Jory. Flemenls — > Valengy Equivalent rneht = Malay mass on: Jathex eguivalent oelght | Densify of a salulian is mass of He soluban | it volume. - penta nsify . ol ~ Mass o/tal = m Density Nalume of Sal. Vvmn) Moles of snlubo preseny- Unit wis mal kos senresenied by molal. tn =. Moles of solube, —Mass of solvent sin Lyd N ty CN) Gixam epuivolent wejphs of salute present in 1t_of solubinn » Unit is mmol Zp N= Grom equtvalent soeigh! af salute = Valume of solubinn (1) Norte !- Narmalily = Molorify x - Jachy@ Solu bililey Solubilihy 4 a_substonre i's i1¢ maximum amount that con be diissnlved th a speciiied ornaunt of solvent nO More. salute con ha oli'ss alved! ab Lhe. same. dermperoture and Oressine. | ’ _ A ‘ 1 | Unsaturated solution - Such a solub'en iin edbich mov solute can be olissolyedt at he same temperatrne arol pxessilre - - . ahi contains more solute thon that arould be’ necessoyy fn Sativole it at a piven _fermpera ture. is called 0 supersaburated ” solutianFackors em_cohith ht im (| lature of Salutes Polar solute clissnlve in polar solvents and) non_pnlon snlules in non polas Solvents Fy- § 2 Noacl dissolve d jo_wnoles ; . | benzene. (| Tem Solute + Solvent —> Solubinn Endnthermic Temp t Solubility T Frothexmic Temp For solid 2 liquid stole presstnr oo nat Aave any significant ee(i) Ln_moninactire of sof} dyinks 2 soda, uialer CDo is aamer al__hjghi pressune fn_inthense | tt splubiliy « (uit) To_deep ceo diving ? Ni snk move soluble than Helium tin . Tn the oleep sea, Lhe_precsuye is _biphen than of the toler ~ bhen cfiven hies fo_come vopidly fomordls the surface of fhe cooler, pressure, Aerrenses _£ dissolved “nitrogen comes back prom blnpd 2 mokes bubble in~ veins. Hence 1 livers use pyygen dilubecl waith helium « ___ iy) Ab high albbude: the partial messune, # Asypen _ts less . I to low conrentrolions en in. Lhe blond and Lssues le liste at Atgh albihudles px_climbes. Jou en caus chimbess Jo 6" become weok 2& tunable 4ink cleaspy fy-mplanasVolatile fiquid = Liguid hak. evopoyntes at xanm fennpesabire or. Vapnrizers easily. x = Gasoline. acelone Non volatile liquid = Liguicl thot aloe. nut wendy evanorotes nin gos undoes, existing ion, essuve — The py the vapour of liguidd (solid) oven lhe —— eout A sf A ‘ Oo Factors affecting Vapour precstie, i i 1 i 1 1 t 7 (i)| Temperokne & Vopauy pressine —_tii Nature of liputdl jpintesmoleculasJorcsaf altsochian is edeak a wh , a (ii Bailing point “— (tw) Prrstty of liquid — Vapati—psssune of pure Linuitl is _aluioyye rpealet than the_vapour presume af is Sa.L ius 5 [Pine liquid A Phe Liquil fia VP of pine A DP’ VP of pine B male _drachinn present in Thus, Pa & a 2 Pa = Pron Pa X xp > Pa = Prva Accoxcling fn_claton's lor a} parkol pressure The foto! pressure ihe Alien ‘phone. ip will he Jhe_sum al the postal pressin Contoines. + al the component of the Solubin _____ 4 Pitot = Pa + Pa Paya + Pave " Pin (i - xa)t P'A xa P's + (Pa - Pra) rn Pa B26 XBaT AL Mole froclion wa=0S$ Oop Pa OO@| + B = [=e J Nov Volotite solvent \lolabile + Pave of pe A salule < PA 1} sne_campare the equolians Jor Roault 'e , Lou thal the partial i oy gas I's dlixecHly pxnparhianal fn sts male jas Hom _ sh rf l } . F constant u_diff ene —Jeora P? i Thus» Faoultle 4 tour becoane t in whith Ry becomes equal fo_P*Tden! 2 Non Idea! salubion lod 9 dempernline ‘ | laa a | + “nig = be a BA Mitttine A] [pine “PV M A-A B-B linfevnclion bneak —intesachion break indeno Tonalin Heat absorbed Hen! absnobed nesotlisn fev Properties * - (edi ¢ baw Rooull's lata Pohsenved by = Prva + Plame experiments (manometer) Coleutaled by Kooult's Jawa_| (|| AVmy = 0 te Va - (V+) =0 (id | A Hm = 0 breobing of A-A z B-B formation af A-8B Force o} athntion » A:A = 8-B = A-BE Fe = Benzene (GH) + Toluene (Cabls¢Hs). O=hevone + 1 heptane Bromnelhane CHa Bra) + Chinwelhane (Cot)sCl) Non idea! solution !- The solulions eahich does int obey “Raoult 's four pvex Ibe entie A-A ny B-B # A-B songe ol conrentyalion 1 temperoluze _ _____ Propertion i. { ti) \ Pohserved x Panta + Para experiments Caluloted by Raoult's [au Gi ILA Vmix #0 pe Va - (Vat V2) #0 3 1 Git) | A Hiv #0 ' Heat abcavbe a # Heat sealeaced 4 breaking of A-A_28-B dovmalion al A-B 4 (iv) allyachon 4Showa +ve deviokinn Shon —ve devialion sna “Ranull's ato Jom Rooulk's loro T 3s KYe----e ON Pry 3 Se? /on s = Y - wa=0 male Mast da =0 mole "ara 2) otast Jeockion o¢a = 0 ta >! yotlion oA = 0 Properties PB Pr_< Pa + Pa DAV <0 AHmix < 9 (A-A) inlevarkions 7 (A-B) (A-A) inlevoution < (A -8) interactions (8-8) InkevncHons =8) Fre Hop + (elecHs Fx- CHCls + CH3cofla CH30H + CaHe Strong acid + wales. CoblsoH + (eHsCHa CHX3 + (O.N) eonlaining (w- C1. 8r,7) peau( gee st ( 4 font : separoled —hy f2ocHanal dishtlobion » al q Tiso_types a) orentypes 1 - ; a Minimum itt entyopes The. solubion eohith show a lope positive 7 deviahion Jom Raoult | int, specific com ‘an. E a boiling "anlage ot napa copa (it) Maximum boiling dzenteypes ————_—__ The ibfon which shan a large negalive clevioban som Rapull ts fuafomn a, maximum azentmpes of o sperifie conaparilinn._ Es 7Page No. Date Colligabive Propexties Kelobive. Inaesing o} _vopinuk pressure The diflesence belioeen the puxe solvent and thot al the solub'in is calted Intrering af Vopouk prexire, (ap) Bom rnoull's lava Pa = Para Now, APs = Pa = Pa = P', = PAYA = PAli- xa) | Pea de __| “i P'a ~ Pa_= P°n xa Ya = Pia - PA Pin Cuhexe P’n = Vapour pressume of pune A m fit Pa Vopauk precsuke ol solitinnElevation 5 il ‘ L ( e_dillesence beliseen the hailing point al va TSW and hat of the lee sea ATh = J, - Ti? ‘ imenks have shoinn 1 ab jor dilute salubien 4 ATh Xm (oli) w= ken hlhere Kh is molal elevnkian_cansiant_Z___] a A fon constant I I bailing-painltlevali Ebullinseqpia Unit =_K kg ‘mol . { Ks depends on solvent 1 4 1 4 The ciewalina 11 male _of solule- ig cald Jo one_kg al . v + :Thal 1.) and that ‘al las Oita Til iscalled clepasssian of Al) = Tj- ty Alp a m (roplolety) . AY = Kym lhere Ky is mala lepsewion —____ constant / ps eersinn paint elepressinn canchant £ anfont. LC ie. Ky “depends on_Solyenk “Unit = K ko / mal Define Ky The tin ta peer Point_paodiuced wahen ' tsa In~ tbo} — rao the Salven}.\ : lecul, Semi permenble membone _inin_the_soludion | i ns ne RT i Vv | SLV_= be RT Mo i | f Mo = \aloRT LV T | | | Vie volume in of Solubinn in lihes containing no | _manles of solute + 7) blo grams a) solute malar in e_ solubinn . 7Lsto_snlulian having same nsmoabir pressure ab O. — Huypolanie —1aith lowes concenlvalian ny lowes Osmo) i i xespech on more concentrated salub‘an ic. 4{The_solulion ith higheh concentration or hi osmolit. mressure is known ti i aespeck ta clilule solution ‘Reverse osmosis ts_applied In the solution side, he solvent tall Salvent_thaygh the semi pexmenble membyane : This _pheaomennn is called revence osmosis, _ Applicalion PDesolinabion of sea sabes ¢ i - - Jalhen Opplied . pure taler is squeezed out ol Hoe : wmembrane I Sen usolen Hhsough the@janiea —nanlas mass. Abnnamal masses one obeowed 2 _______ (DIL Ldhen the solute 1 assancalion in the coludian| (ii When fhe solulbass 1 inlion t Tn 1880 Von'+ Hol! inbroducecl a focoy 4 even} known aa von') half joctox. to account for theMoctifiect equahinns Jor colligalive propexies Ml Rive = jy xe lid! AT = tf Kim Gil at = ikjm ) x = SCRT * Callsgative poopertier (*P X Buon ib gn le