Second Year Numerical Problems Physics

CHAPTER NO. 20(ATOMIC SPECTRA)

Question 20.1:- A hydrogen atom is in its ground state (n=1). Using Bohr’s theory, calculate
(a) the radius of the orbit, (b) the linear momentum of the electron, (c) the angular
momentum of the electron, (d) the kinetic energy (e) the potential energy and (f) the total
energy.
Solution:- Energy state of electron in hydrogen atom = n = 1
𝑛2 ℎ 2
(a) Radius of nth orbit in hydrogen atom is rn = 4 𝜋2 𝑘 𝑚 𝑒 2
(1)2 (6.63 𝑥 10−34 )2
r1 = 4 (3.14)2 (9 𝑥 109) (9.1 𝑥 10−31 ) (1.6 𝑥 10−19 )2

43.96 𝑥 10−68
r1 = 8268.81 𝑥 10−60 = 0.00529 x 10-8 m

r1 = 0.529 x 10-10 m
(b) Linear momentum of electron in 1st hydrogen orbit = P1 = m v1
𝑛ℎ
Second postulate of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom is m vn rn = 2 𝜋

Put n = 1
ℎ k
s.p
m v1 r1 = 2 𝜋
ℎ 6.63 𝑥 10−34
P1 = m v1 = 2 𝜋 𝑟 = 4 (3.14) (0.529 𝑥 10−10 )
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P1 = 1.99 x 10-24 kg m s-1

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(c) Angular momentum of electron in 1st hydrogen orbit = L1 = m v1 r1

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𝑛ℎ
Second postulate of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom is m vn rn = 2 𝜋
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Put n = 1
ℎ
m v1 r1 = 2 𝜋
ℎ 6.63 𝑥 10−34
L1 = m v1 r1 = 2 𝜋 = 4 (3.14)

P1 = 1.05 x 10-34 kg m2 s-1

𝑘 𝑒2
(d) K.E. of electron in nth hydrogen orbit = K.E.n = 2 𝑟
𝑛

Put n = 1
𝑘 𝑒2 (9 𝑥 109 )(1.6 𝑥 10−19 )2
K.E.1 = 2 𝑟 =
1 2 (0.529 𝑥 10−10 )

K.E.1 = 21.78 x 10-19 J

K.E.1 = (21.78 x 10-19)/(1.6 x 10-19) eV
K.E.1 = +13.6 eV
𝑘 𝑒2
(e) P.E. of electron in nth hydrogen orbit = P.E.n = - 𝑟𝑛
Second Year Numerical Problems Physics

Put n = 1
𝑘 𝑒2 (9 𝑥 109 )(1.6 𝑥 10−19 )2
P.E.1 = - =
𝑟1 (0.529 𝑥 10−10 )

P.E.1 = - 43.56 x 10-19 J

P.E.1 = - (43.56 x 10-19)/(1.6 x 10-19) eV
P.E.1 = - 27.2 eV
(f) The total energy of electron in nth hydrogen orbit = En = K.E.n + P.E.n
Put n = 1
E1 = K.E.1 + P.E.1
E1 = (+13.6 eV) + (-27.2 eV)
E1 = -13.6 eV
Question 20.2:- What are the energies in eV of quanta of wavelength λ=400, 500 and 700 nm.
Solution:- (a) Wavelength = λ = 400 nm = 4 x 10-7 m
ℎ𝑐 (6.63 𝑥 10−34 ) (3 𝑥 108 ) 1.989 𝑥 10−25
E= = = = 4.97 x 10-19 J
𝜆 4 𝑥 10−7 4 𝑥 10−7
4.97 x 10−19
E= 1.6 x 10−19
eV k
s.p
E = 3.1 eV
(b) Wavelength = λ = 500 nm = 5 x 10-7 m
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ℎ𝑐 (6.63 𝑥 10−34 ) (3 𝑥 108 ) 1.989 𝑥 10−25

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E= = = = 3.98 x 10-19 J
𝜆 5 𝑥 10−7 5 𝑥 10−7
3.98 x 10−19
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E= eV
1.6 x 10−19

E = 2.49 eV
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(c) Wavelength = λ = 700 nm = 7 x 10-7 m

ℎ𝑐 (6.63 𝑥 10−34 ) (3 𝑥 108 ) 1.989 𝑥 10−25
E= = = = 2.84 x 10-19 J
𝜆 7𝑥 10−7 7 𝑥 10−7
2.84 x 10−19
E= eV
1.6 x 10−19

E = 1.77 eV
Question 20.3:- An electron jumps from a level Ei = -3.5 x 10-19 J to Ef = -1.20 x 10-18 J. What is
the wavelength of emitted light?
Solution:- Energy of higher energy level = Ei = -3.5 x 10-19 J
Energy of lower energy level = Ef = -1.20 x 10-18 J
Energy gap = ΔE = Ei – Ef = (-3.5 x 10-19) – (-1.20 x 10-18)
ΔE = 10-18 (-3.5 x 10-1) + (1.20 x 10-18) = 0.85 x 10-18 J
ΔE = 8.5 x 10-19 J
ℎ𝑐
ΔE = 𝜆
Second Year Numerical Problems Physics
ℎ𝑐 (6.63 𝑥 10−34 ) (3 𝑥 108 ) 1.989 𝑥 10−25
λ = 𝛥𝐸 = =
8.5 𝑥 10−19 8.5 𝑥 10−19

λ = 0.234 x 10-6 m = 234 x 10-9 m

λ = 234 nm
Question 20.4:- Find the wavelength of the spectral line corresponding to the transition in
hydrogen from n = 6 state to n = 3 state?
Solution:- Higher energy state = n = 6
Lower energy state = p = 6
1 1 1
The result for hydrogen emission spectrum is 𝜆 = RH (𝑝2 − )
𝑛2
1 1 1 1 1 4−1
= (1.0974 x 107) (32 − ) = (1.0974 x 107) (9 − ) = (1.0974 x 107) ( 36 )
𝜆 62 36
1 1
= (1.0974 x 107) (12)
𝜆

λ = 12/(1.0974 x 107)
λ = 10.94 x 10-7 m = 1094 x 10-9 m
λ = 1094 nm
k
Question 20.5:- Compute the shortest wavelength radiation in Balmer series? What value of n
s.p
must be used?
1 1 1
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Solution:- The Rydberg’s result for Balmer series is 𝜆 = RH (22 − ) where n = 3, 4, 5,……
𝑛2
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Shortest wavelength will be emitted when energy gap is largest, it means we must choose n =
∞ for emission of shortest wavelength.
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1 1 1 1
= RH (22 − ) = RH (22 )
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𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∞2

λmin = 4/RH = 4/(1.0974 x 107)

λmin = 3.645 x 10-7 m = 364.5 x 10-9 m
λmin = 364.5 nm
Question 20.6:- Calculate the longest wavelength of radiation for the Paschen series.
1 1 1
Solution:- The Rydberg’s result for Paschen series is 𝜆 = RH (32 − ) where n = 4, 5, 6,……
𝑛2

Longest wavelength will be emitted when energy gap is minimum, it means we must choose n
= 4 for emission of longest wavelength.
1 1 1 1 1 16−9
= RH (32 − ) = RH (9 − ) = (1.0974 x 107) ( 144 )
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 42 16

λmax = 144/7RH = 144/(7)(1.0974 x 107)

λmax = 18.75 x 10-7 m = 1875 x 10-9 m
λmax = 1875 nm
Second Year Numerical Problems Physics

Question 20.7:- Electrons in an X-ray tube are accelerated through a potential difference of
3000 V. If the electrons were slowed down in a target, what will be the minimum wavelength
of X-ray produced?
Solution:- Accelerating voltage = V = 3000 V
ℎ𝑐
The minimum wavelength of Bremsstrahlung radiations is λmin = 𝑉 𝑒
ℎ𝑐 (6.63 𝑥 10−34 ) (3 𝑥 108 ) 1.989 𝑥 10−25
λmin = 𝑉 𝑒 = (3.0 𝑥 103)(1.6 𝑥 10−19 ) = 4.8 𝑥 10−16

λmin = 0.414 x 10-9 m

λmin = 4.14 x 10-10 m
Question 20.8:- The wavelength of K X-ray from copper is 1.377 x 10-10 m. What is the energy
difference between two levels from which this transition results?
Solution:- Wavelength of emitted characteristic radiation = λ = 1.277 x 10-10 m
ℎ𝑐
ΔE = 𝜆
ℎ𝑐 (6.63 𝑥 10−34 ) (3 𝑥 108 ) 1.989 𝑥 10−25
ΔE = = = 1.377 𝑥 10−10
𝜆 1.377 𝑥 10−10

ΔE = 1.44 x 10-15 J k
s.p
1.44 𝑥 10−15
ΔE = = 0.903 x 104 eV = 9.03 x 103 eV
1.6 𝑥 10−19
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ΔE = 9.03 keV
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Question 20.9:- A tungsten target is struck by electrons that have been accelerated from the
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rest through 40 kV potential difference. Find the shortest wavelength of the bremsstrahlung
radiation emitted.
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Solution:- Accelerating voltage = V = 40 kV = 4.0 x 104 V

ℎ𝑐
The minimum wavelength of Bremsstrahlung radiations is λmin = 𝑉 𝑒
ℎ𝑐 (6.63 𝑥 10−34 ) (3 𝑥 108 ) 1.989 𝑥 10−25
λmin = 𝑉 𝑒 = (4.0 𝑥 104)(1.6 𝑥 10−19 ) = 6.4 𝑥 10−15

λmin = 0.31 x 10-10 m

Question 20.10:- The orbital electron of hydrogen atom moves with a speed of 5.456 x 105 m
s-1. (a) find the value of quantum number n associated with this electron (b) calculate the
radius of this orbit (c) find energy of electron in this orbit.
Solution:- Speed of electron = vn = 5.456 x 105 m s-1
2 𝜋 𝑘 𝑒2
(a) Speed of electron in nth orbit in hydrogen atom is vn = 𝑛ℎ
2𝜋𝑘 𝑒2 (2)(3.14)(9 𝑥 109 )(1.6 𝑥 10−19 )(1.6 𝑥 10−19 )
n= =
𝑣𝑛 ℎ (5.456 𝑥 105 )(6.63 𝑥 10−34 )

(144.69 𝑥 10−29 )
n= (36.17 𝑥 10−29 )
Second Year Numerical Problems Physics

n=4
(b) Radius of nth orbit in hydrogen atom is rn = n2 r1 where r1 = 0.053 nm
r4 = (4)2 (0.053 nm)
r4 = 0.846 nm
𝑬
(c) Energy of electron in nth orbit in hydrogen atom is En = - 𝒏𝟐𝒐 where Eo = 13.6 eV

E4 = - 13.6 eV/(4)2
E4 = - 0.85 eV

k
s.p
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no
sy
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