Pakistan’s Foreign Policy and foreign Relations

Introduction
Pakistan’s foreign policy is the way it manages its relations with other countries to protect its
national interests, ensure security, boost the economy, and build its global image. Since
independence in 1947, Pakistan has aimed to balance its security needs, economic challenges,
and political goals through its foreign relations.
Objectives of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
These are the main goals Pakistan tries to achieve through its dealings with the world:
1. Preserve national independence and sovereignty: Ensure that no country interferes in
Pakistan’s internal affairs.
2. Protect territorial integrity and national security: Defend Pakistan’s borders, especially
against threats from India and terrorism.
3. Resolve the Kashmir issue: Gain international support for the right of the people of
Jammu & Kashmir to self-determination.
4. Promote peace in the region and globally: Encourage peaceful solutions to conflicts,
especially in South Asia.
5. Strengthen economic ties and attract foreign investment: Build trade partnerships and
secure economic aid and business opportunities.
6. Promote Islamic solidarity and support Muslim causes: Stand with other Muslim
countries on common religious, cultural, and political issues.
7. Enhance Pakistan’s international image: Show Pakistan as a peaceful, responsible, and
progressive nation.
Principles of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
Pakistan’s foreign policy follows certain core principles, based on Quaid-e-Azam’s vision,
the UN Charter, and national interest:
1. Peacefulco-existence
Pakistan wants friendly and peaceful relations with all countries.
2. Non-interference in internal affairs of others
Pakistan does not interfere in the domestic matters of other countries and expects the
same in return.
3. Respect for international laws and UN Charter
Pakistan supports global laws and respects decisions made through international
organizations.
 4. Support for oppressed nations and right to self-determination
Pakistan supports people fighting for freedom, like Palestinians and Kashmiris.
5. Equality and mutual respect among nations
–Pakistan believes all nations, big or small, deserve equal treatment and respect.
6. Promotion of national interest above all
Pakistan prioritizes its own economic, political, and security goals in all foreign
dealings.
Achievements of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
1. Early Diplomatic Recognition
 Gained recognition by major countries after independence in 1947.
 Joined the United Nations in 1947 and other global organizations.
2. Alliance with Western Countries
 Joined US-led alliances SEATO and CENTO during the Cold War.
 Received military and economic aid in return.
3. Strong Ties with China
 Established deep strategic relations since the 1960s.
 China supported Pakistan in defense, nuclear technology, and economic development,
especially through CPEC.
4. Leadership in Muslim World
 Active role in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).
 Raised voice for Palestine, Kashmir, and other Muslim causes.
5. Becoming a Nuclear Power
 In 1998, Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in response to India’s, becoming a nuclear
state.
 This strengthened Pakistan’s national defense and deterrence capability.
6. Role in Afghan War (1980s)
 Supported the Afghan resistance against Soviet occupation.
 Received billions in US aid and played a key regional role.
7. Partnership in War on Terror (Post-9/11)
 Became a frontline ally of the US in the fight against terrorism.
 Gained military assistance and financial support.
Failures and Challenges of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
1. Kashmir Issue Still Unresolved
 Despite international efforts and wars (1948, 1965, 1971, Kargil), Kashmir remains
disputed.
 India revoked Article 370 in 2019, making the issue even more complex.
2. Unstable Relations with India
 Ongoing tensions, border clashes, and no major trade or cultural ties.
 Dialogues often break down due to mistrust and incidents of violence.
3. Over-Reliance on Foreign Aid
 Pakistan heavily depends on aid from the US, China, and Gulf countries.
 This weakens Pakistan’s independent foreign policy decisions.
4. Tense Relations with Afghanistan
 Disputes over the Durand Line, cross-border terrorism, and refugee issues.
 Taliban rule in Afghanistan creates new security and diplomatic concerns.
5. Allegations of Terrorism Support
 Pakistan has faced accusations of harboring extremist groups by the US and India.
 It was placed on the FATF grey list due to concerns over money laundering and terror
financing.
6. Sanctions After Nuclear Tests
 The 1998 nuclear tests brought pride but also economic sanctions and isolation from
the West.
7. Strained US-Pakistan Relations
 Trust gap grew, especially after the Osama bin Laden raid in 2011.
 US cut military and financial aid multiple times over the years.
8. Weak Economic Diplomacy
 Pakistan has not focused enough on building strong global trade and investment
networks.
 Exports remain low and economic relations with many regions are limited.
Conclusion
Pakistan’s foreign policy has seen both achievements and failures. It has successfully built
strong ties with China and the Muslim world, became a nuclear power, and gained
international recognition. However, unresolved conflicts like Kashmir, unstable ties with
India and Afghanistan, and a history of over-dependence on foreign aid have limited progress.
To strengthen its foreign policy in the future, Pakistan needs to:
 Improve regional relations through diplomacy and peace-building
 Focus more on economic diplomacy and trade
 Maintain a balanced approach between major powers
 Improve its international image by cracking down on extremism
 Reduce dependence on aid and build self-reliant foreign relations

India–Pakistan Relations (1947–2025)

Introduction

India and Pakistan have had a complex relationship since their independence in 1947. Their
ties are shaped by wars, peace talks, trade attempts, terrorism, and deep mistrust—mainly
centered around Kashmir, but also affected by nuclear weapons, border issues, and public
sentiment.
1. 1947–1949: Partition, Kashmir Dispute & First War
 In 1947, British India was divided into India and Pakistan.
 Kashmir, a Muslim-majority state, had not yet joined either country.
 Pakistan sent tribal fighters into Kashmir to take control.
 The Maharaja of Kashmir asked India for help, and he agreed to join India.
 This led to the First India–Pakistan War.
Importance
 This war started the Kashmir conflict, which still continues.
 A UN-brokered ceasefire in 1949 led to the Line of Control (LoC) — a temporary
border in Kashmir, not a formal international boundary.
2. 1950s–1965: Tensions Grow & Second War
 During this time, both countries had little contact, and mistrust grew.
 In 1965, Pakistan tried to send forces into Kashmir disguised as locals (Operation
Gibraltar), hoping to create a rebellion.
India responded with military force, and this turned into the Second Indo-Pak War.
.Tashkent Agreement (1966)
 After the war, both countries agreed to withdraw troops and stop fighting.
 This was signed in Tashkent (now Uzbekistan), under Soviet Union’s support.
Importance
 It ended the second war, but didn’t solve Kashmir or build lasting peace.
3. 1971–1972: Bangladesh Liberation War & Simla Agreement
 In 1971, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) wanted independence.
 India supported Bangladesh due to a huge refugee crisis and human rights violations.
 India and Pakistan went to war. Pakistan surrendered, and Bangladesh was born.
Simla Agreement (1972)
 Signed by Indira Gandhi (India) and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Pakistan).
 Promised to solve issues peacefully and without third-party involvement (like the UN
or US).
 Converted the ceasefire line into the Line of Control (LoC).
Importance
 It gave hope for peace, but Kashmir was still left unresolved.
4. 1974–1990: Nuclear Tension & Slow Trade
 India did its first nuclear test in 1974, creating a power imbalance.
 Pakistan began secretly building its own nuclear program.
 Small skirmishes and clashes happened — especially the Siachen Glacier conflict
(1984).
1988: Agreement on Nuclear Installations
 Both countries agreed not to attack each other’s nuclear facilities.
 Every year on January 1st, they exchange lists of nuclear sites.
 This helped reduce the risk of a nuclear accident.
Importance
 This agreement helped build trust in a dangerous area: nuclear weapons.
5. 1990s: Nuclear Tests, Kargil War & Peace Efforts
 In 1998, both countries tested nuclear bombs, officially becoming nuclear powers.
 Despite this, PM Vajpayee visited Pakistan in 1999 for peace.
Lahore Declaration (1999)
 Both agreed to respect each other, avoid conflict, and talk more about peace and
nuclear safety.
Kargil War (1999)
 Pakistani soldiers and militants occupied Indian territory in Kargil (Kashmir).
 India fought back and regained its positions.
 The U.S. and global powers pressured Pakistan to retreat.
Importance
 It showed how peace efforts can quickly be ruined by military action.
 It was the first post-nuclear war, increasing global concern.
6. 2001–2008: Terror Attacks vs. Dialogue
 In 2001, terrorists attacked the Indian Parliament — India blamed Pakistan-based
groups.
 2004: The two sides began the Composite Dialogue Process:
o It included talks on Kashmir, peace, trade, terrorism, Siachen Glacier, and
more.
 Bus services started: Delhi–Lahore and Srinagar–Muzaffarabad.
 2008 Mumbai attacks by Lashkar-e-Taiba (a Pakistan-based group) killed 166 people.
Importance
 Terrorism hurt peace efforts deeply.
 Even when talks were going well, one terror attack could end it all.
7. 2011–2013: Trade Hope & Breakdown
 Pakistan promised to give India trade equality under a new name: Non-Discriminatory
Market Access (NDMA).
 Plans included:
o More items for trade.

o Banking cooperation.

o Business visas.

o More border infrastructure (like Wagah-Attari).

But:
  Political pressure in Pakistan and border firing stopped progress.
 MFN status was never given by Pakistan to India.
Importance
 It was the closest both countries came to full trade ties in decades.
8. 2016–2019: Terror Strikes & Military Escalation
 2016 Uri Attack: Indian soldiers killed. India responded with surgical strikes.
 2019 Pulwama Attack: Suicide bomber killed 40 soldiers. Claimed by Jaish-e-
Mohammed (Pakistan-based group).
 India responded with Balakot airstrikes in Pakistan.
Trade Consequences:
 India revoked Pakistan’s MFN status.
 Imposed 200% import tax on Pakistani goods.
 Pakistan suspended all trade and diplomatic ties after India revoked Article 370
(special status of Kashmir).
Importance
 Trade and diplomacy were both completely shut down.
 This was the lowest point in relations in years.
9. 2021: Ceasefire and Missed Trade Chance
 Both countries agreed to respect the 2003 ceasefire at the LoC.
 This reduced firing and casualties.
 Pakistan planned to import sugar and cotton from India due to shortage — but
cancelled it later.
Importance
 Showed how economic needs could help peace, but politics stopped it again.
10. 2025: Operation Sindoor & U.S.-Mediated Ceasefire
 In 2025, a terror attack in Pahalgam (India) killed 27 people.
 India launched Operation Sindoor, targeting terrorist camps inside Pakistan.
 Missiles and drones were exchanged, and war seemed close.
 The U.S. intervened, and a ceasefire was agreed.
 Pakistan denied involvement in the attack.
 Launched Operation Baynun al-Marsous to defend its sovereignty.
  PAF responded quickly, intercepting Indian drones and defending airspace.
 Pakistan military showed courage and restraint to avoid escalation.
Importance
 This was the most serious conflict since Kargil.
 It shows how global diplomacy can prevent major war.
 But no formal peace process followed.
 Pakistan Air Force (PAF) gained international recognition for its professionalism,
quick response, and restraint during modern conflicts like Operation Swift Retort
(2019) and Operation Baynun al-Marsous (2025).
 PAF’s ability to defend Pakistan’s airspace under pressure has been acknowledged by
international defense analysts, boosting Pakistan’s strategic image.
 It plays a key role in deterrence, national pride, and shaping the country’s importance
in South Asia’s security dynamics.

Trade & Economic Agreements

MFN Status (1996)
 India gave Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status to Pakistan.
 It means equal treatment in trade, under WTO rules.
 Pakistan never gave it back to India due to political reasons (mainly Kashmir).
Trade Normalization Talks (2011–2012)
 Both sides planned to boost trade:
o Simplify border rules.

o Allow investments and banks.

o Make visas easier for businesspeople.

 Hopes were high, but not fully implemented.

Trade Suspension (2019)
 India cancelled MFN after Pulwama.
 Pakistan stopped all trade after Article 370 was revoked.
Failed Restart (2021)
 Pakistan approved sugar and cotton import, but cancelled it due to Kashmir issue.
Conclusion
India–Pakistan ties are full of ups and downs, mostly due to:
 Kashmir conflict
 Terrorism from non-state actors
 Political mistrust
 Public pressure
However, in some phases, they showed they can talk, trade, and cooperate.
But true peace will need courage, consistency, and mutual respect.

Pakistan–China Relations (1947–2025)

Introduction
Pakistan and China share a relationship often described as an "all-weather friendship." Over
the decades, this bond has evolved from diplomatic ties to a multifaceted partnership
encompassing defense, trade, infrastructure, and strategic cooperation. Both nations have
supported each other on regional and international issues, fostering a deep-rooted alliance
1. 1947–1960: Establishing Diplomatic Foundations
 1950: Pakistan became one of the first countries to recognize the People's Republic of
China.
 1951: Formal diplomatic relations were established between Pakistan and China.
 1956: Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy visited China, strengthening
bilateral ties.
In the early years post-independence, Pakistan sought to establish strong international
relationships. Recognizing China early on laid the groundwork for a partnership that would
grow stronger over time.
2. 1960–1970: Strategic Alignment and Border Agreements
 1963: Pakistan and China signed the Boundary Agreement, resolving border disputes
and ceding the Shaksgam Valley to China.
 1965: During the Indo-Pak war, China provided diplomatic support to Pakistan.
The 1960s marked a period where both countries found common ground, especially
concerning their respective tensions with India. The boundary agreement not only settled
disputes but also showcased mutual trust.
3. 1970–1980: Deepening Military and Strategic Ties
  1971: China supported Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War, opposing
India's intervention.
 1976: Both nations signed agreements enhancing military cooperation.
Amid regional conflicts, China stood by Pakistan, reinforcing their alliance. Military
collaborations during this era laid the foundation for future defense partnerships.
4. 1980–2000: Economic Cooperation and Infrastructure Development
 1986: Pakistan and China signed a comprehensive economic and technical
cooperation agreement.
 1996: The Karakoram Highway, a joint venture, was completed, enhancing
connectivity.
The focus shifted towards economic collaboration, with infrastructure projects like the
Karakoram Highway symbolizing the tangible benefits of the partnership.
5. 2000–2010: Formalizing Trade Agreements
 2006: The Early Harvest Program was initiated, reducing tariffs on various products.
 2007: The first phase of the China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement (CPFTA) was
signed, aiming to boost bilateral trade.
These agreements marked a significant step in economic relations, facilitating increased trade
and addressing tariff barriers.
6. 2010–2020: Launch of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
 2015: CPEC was officially launched, with projects worth $46 billion aimed at
enhancing infrastructure and energy sectors.
 2019: The second phase of CPFTA was signed, further liberalizing trade between the
two nations.
CPEC became the flagship project of China's Belt and Road Initiative in Pakistan, aiming to
transform Pakistan's economy through infrastructure development.
7. 2020–2025: Challenges and Reassessments
 2023: Concerns arose over Pakistan's debt obligations to China, especially regarding
energy projects under CPEC.
 2024: Both countries began reassessing certain projects to ensure mutual economic
sustainability.
While the partnership remained strong, financial challenges prompted both nations to
evaluate the economic viability of ongoing projects, ensuring long-term benefits.
Major Agreements and Collaborations
 1963: Boundary Agreement, resolving border issues.
  2006: Early Harvest Program, reducing tariffs on selected goods.
 2007 & 2019: China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement phases one and two, enhancing
trade relations.
 2015: Launch of CPEC, focusing on infrastructure and energy projects.
Conclusion
Over the decades, Pakistan and China have cultivated a multifaceted relationship
characterized by mutual respect, strategic alignment, and economic cooperation. While
challenges have emerged, especially concerning financial sustainability, the core of the
partnership remains resilient. Both nations continue to navigate complexities, aiming to
ensure that their alliance adapts to changing geopolitical and economic landscapes.

Pakistan–Afghanistan Relations (1947–2025)

Introduction
Pakistan and Afghanistan share deep historical, cultural, and geographical ties. However,
their bilateral relationship has been marked by periods of cooperation and significant
tensions. Key issues influencing their relations include border disputes, refugee movements,
security concerns, and economic collaborations.
1. 1947–1960: Early Tensions and the Durand Line Dispute
 1947: Afghanistan was the only country to vote against Pakistan's admission to the
United Nations, citing concerns over the Durand Line agreement.
 1949: Afghanistan unilaterally declared the Durand Line agreement void, leading to
strained relations.
The Durand Line, established in 1893, demarcated the border between British India and
Afghanistan. Post-independence, Pakistan inherited this boundary, but Afghanistan's
rejection of it led to early diplomatic tensions.
2. 1960–1979: Diplomatic Strains and Regional Alignments
Key Events:
 1961–1963: Diplomatic relations were severed due to Afghanistan's support for
Pashtun separatists in Pakistan.
 1973: A coup in Afghanistan led to the establishment of a republic under Daoud Khan,
who pursued Pashtun nationalism, further straining ties.
Afghanistan's support for Pashtun nationalism and its non-recognition of the Durand Line
fueled mistrust. Pakistan viewed these actions as interference in its internal affairs, leading to
diplomatic breakdowns.
3. 1979–1989: Soviet Invasion and Pakistan's Strategic Role
  1979: The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, leading to a decade-long conflict.
 1988: The Geneva Accords were signed, with Pakistan playing a crucial role in
facilitating the Soviet withdrawal.
Pakistan became a frontline state, supporting Afghan mujahideen against Soviet forces. This
period saw an influx of Afghan refugees into Pakistan and solidified Pakistan's strategic
importance in regional geopolitics.
4. 1989–2001: Civil War and the Rise of the Taliban
 1996: The Taliban captured Kabul, establishing the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
 1995: The Pakistani embassy in Kabul was attacked amid accusations of Pakistan's
support for the Taliban.
Pakistan's alleged support for the Taliban strained its relations with other Afghan factions and
international actors. The civil war and rise of the Taliban led to regional instability and
humanitarian crises.
5. 2001–2014: Post-9/11 Dynamics and Counterterrorism Efforts
 2001: Following the 9/11 attacks, Pakistan allied with the U.S. in the War on Terror,
impacting its relations with Afghanistan.
 2010: The Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement (APTTA) was signed to
enhance bilateral trade.
Pakistan's role in counterterrorism efforts led to complex dynamics with Afghanistan,
especially concerning cross-border militancy. Economic initiatives like APTTA aimed to
improve cooperation despite underlying tensions.

6. 2015–2020: Fluctuating Relations and Peace Initiatives

 2015: The Murree Talks were initiated to facilitate peace between the Afghan
government and the Taliban, with Pakistan's involvement.
 2019: The U.S.–Taliban peace deal was signed, with Pakistan playing a mediating
role.
Pakistan's involvement in peace processes highlighted its influence over Afghan affairs.
However, mutual distrust and security concerns continued to hinder full normalization of
relations.
7. 2021–2025: Taliban's Return and Contemporary Challenges
 2021: The Taliban regained control over Afghanistan, leading to regional
apprehensions.
 2023–2025: Pakistan initiated the repatriation of undocumented Afghan nationals,
causing diplomatic tensions.
  2025: High-level meetings between Pakistani and Afghan officials aimed to address
security and trade issues.
The Taliban's return to power introduced new complexities in bilateral relations. Pakistan's
security concerns, refugee management, and border control measures became focal points in
diplomatic engagements.
Major Agreements and Collaborations
 1988: Geneva Accords facilitated the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, with
Pakistan as a key signatory.
 1993: Islamabad Accord attempted to establish peace among Afghan factions.
 2010: Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement (APTTA) aimed to boost
bilateral trade.
 2023: Ceasefire agreement and reopening of the Torkham trade route were achieved
through bilateral discussions.
Conclusion
Pakistan–Afghanistan relations have been characterized by a mix of cooperation and conflict.
While shared cultural and historical ties offer a foundation for collaboration, issues like
border disputes, refugee crises, and security concerns have often led to strained relations.
Efforts to enhance economic ties and diplomatic engagements continue, aiming to foster a
more stable and mutually beneficial relationship in the region.

Pakistan–Iran Relations (1947–2025)

Introduction
Pakistan and Iran share a 909-kilometer border and have deep-rooted historical, cultural, and
religious ties. Over the decades, their bilateral relationship has experienced periods of
cooperation and tension, influenced by regional dynamics, security concerns, and economic
interests.
1. 1947–1979: Early Cooperation and Regional Alliances
 1947: Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan after its independence.
 1955: Both countries became members of the Baghdad Pact (later CENTO), aligning
with Western interests during the Cold War.
 1964: Iran provided military assistance to Pakistan during its war with India.
In the early decades, Pakistan and Iran enjoyed cordial relations, bolstered by shared strategic
interests and mutual support in regional conflicts.
2. 1979–1989: Post-Revolution Adjustments and Diverging Paths
 1979: The Islamic Revolution in Iran led to a shift in its foreign policy, affecting its
relations with Pakistan.
 1980s: Pakistan supported Afghan mujahideen against the Soviet invasion, while Iran
backed different factions, leading to divergent interests in Afghanistan.
The Iranian Revolution introduced ideological differences between the two nations. Their
opposing roles in the Afghan conflict further strained their relationship during this period.
3. 1990–2000: Regional Tensions and Nuclear Concerns
 1998: Pakistan conducted nuclear tests, which Iran viewed with concern regarding
regional security.
 1998: The killing of Iranian diplomats in Mazar-e-Sharif by the Taliban, who were
supported by Pakistan, led to heightened tensions.
Pakistan's nuclear ambitions and its support for the Taliban created friction with Iran, which
had its own security concerns and regional interests.
4. 2001–2010: Post-9/11 Dynamics and Economic Initiatives
 2001: Both countries supported the U.S.-led war on terror and the overthrow of the
Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
 2003: Discussions began on the Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline project to address
Pakistan's energy needs.
The post-9/11 era saw renewed cooperation between Pakistan and Iran, especially in
combating terrorism. Economic collaborations, such as the proposed gas pipeline, aimed to
strengthen bilateral ties.
5. 2011–2020: Border Security and Trade Challenges
 2011: Iran began constructing a border barrier to curb smuggling and militant
movements.
 2013: The Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline project faced delays due to international
sanctions and financial constraints.
Security concerns along the shared border and external pressures on Iran's economy impacted
the progress of joint projects and strained relations.
6. 2021–2025: Recent Tensions and Diplomatic Engagements
 2024: Iran conducted missile strikes in Pakistan's Balochistan province targeting
militant groups, leading to Pakistani retaliatory strikes in Iran's Sistan and
Baluchestan province.
 2024: Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi visited Pakistan to de-escalate tensions and
discuss border security and economic cooperation.
Despite recent military confrontations, both nations have engaged in diplomatic efforts to
manage conflicts, emphasizing the importance of dialogue and cooperation.
Major Agreements and Collaborations
 2010: Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline agreement aimed at supplying natural gas from Iran
to Pakistan.
 2023: Signing of 39 Memorandums of Understanding to enhance trade, security, and
border management.
 2024: Discussions on establishing a joint special economic zone at the Ramdan-
Gabad border to boost economic ties.
Conclusion
Pakistan and Iran's relationship has been characterized by a mix of cooperation and
challenges. While shared cultural and religious ties provide a strong foundation, geopolitical
dynamics and security concerns have often led to tensions. Recent efforts to enhance
economic collaboration and manage border security issues indicate a mutual desire to
strengthen bilateral relations. Continued diplomatic engagement and addressing mutual
concerns are essential for fostering a stable and prosperous partnership between the two
nations.

Pakistan–Saudi Arabia Relations (1947–2025)

Introduction
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia share a deep-rooted relationship characterized by religious affinity,
strategic cooperation, and economic collaboration. Over the decades, this bond has evolved,
encompassing various sectors including defense, trade, and cultural exchange.
1. 1947–1979: Foundational Ties and Mutual Support
 1947: Saudi Arabia was among the first countries to recognize Pakistan after its
independence.
 1960s–1970s: Pakistan provided military training and support to Saudi Arabia,
strengthening defense ties.
The early years of Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations were marked by mutual recognition and
support. Pakistan's assistance in developing Saudi military capabilities laid the groundwork
for a robust defense partnership.
2. 1980–1999: Strategic Alignment and Regional Cooperation
 1980s: Both countries collaborated in supporting Afghan mujahideen during the
Soviet-Afghan War.
  1991: Pakistan deployed troops to Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War to protect the
holy sites.
 1998: Saudi Arabia supported Pakistan following its nuclear tests, providing
economic assistance.
Shared strategic interests led to close cooperation during regional conflicts. Saudi Arabia's
support during Pakistan's nuclearization underscored the depth of their alliance.
3. 2000–2010: Economic Collaboration and Humanitarian Assistance
 2005: Saudi Arabia provided significant aid to Pakistan following the devastating
earthquake.
 2008: The Saudi Fund for Development extended financial support for various
development projects in Pakistan.
Economic collaboration intensified, with Saudi Arabia investing in Pakistan's infrastructure
and providing humanitarian aid during crises, reflecting a commitment to Pakistan's stability
and development.
4. 2011–2020: Diversification of Bilateral Relations
 2015: Pakistan declined to join the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen, leading to a
temporary strain in relations.
 2019: Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman visited Pakistan, announcing $20 billion
in investment agreements.
While differences emerged over regional conflicts, both nations worked to diversify their
relationship, focusing on economic investments and strategic partnerships beyond defense.
5. 2021–2025: Strengthening Economic and Strategic Ties
 2021: Establishment of the Saudi-Pakistan Supreme Coordination Council to enhance
bilateral cooperation.
 2024: Signing of 27 Memorandums of Understanding worth $2.2 billion across
various sectors including agriculture, IT, and mining.
 2025: Saudi Arabia's investment in Pakistan's Reko Diq copper and gold mining
project, acquiring a 10–20% stake.
Recent years have seen a renewed focus on economic collaboration, with significant Saudi
investments in Pakistan's key sectors. The establishment of institutional frameworks like the
Supreme Coordination Council indicates a strategic approach to deepening ties.
Major Agreements and Collaborations
 Defense Cooperation: Ongoing military training and joint exercises, with Pakistan
providing troops for the protection of holy sites in Saudi Arabia.
  Economic Investments: Saudi Arabia's commitment to invest in Pakistan's energy,
mining, and infrastructure sectors, including the Reko Diq project.
 Humanitarian Aid: Consistent support during natural disasters, including significant
aid following the 2005 earthquake and 2010 floods.
Conclusion
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia's relationship has matured into a multifaceted partnership
encompassing defense, economic, and cultural dimensions. While challenges have arisen,
both nations have demonstrated resilience and a shared commitment to strengthening their
alliance. The recent surge in economic cooperation and strategic dialogues signifies a
promising trajectory for future collaboration.

Pakistan–United States Relations (1947–2025)

Introduction
Pakistan and the United States have had a complex and sometimes fluctuating relationship
since Pakistan’s independence in 1947. Their ties have been shaped by strategic interests,
military alliances, economic aid, and global geopolitical shifts. Cooperation and tensions
have both marked this bilateral relationship over the decades.

1. 1947–1960: Early Partnership and Cold War Alignment

 1947: The U.S. quickly recognized Pakistan after its independence and provided
diplomatic support.
 1954: Pakistan joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and Central
Treaty Organization (CENTO), aligning with U.S.-led anti-communist alliances.
 1959: The first major U.S. military and economic aid packages began under the
Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement.
During the early Cold War, Pakistan aligned with the United States to counter Soviet
influence in South Asia. Pakistan's strategic location made it a valuable ally, leading to
military and economic support from the U.S.
2. 1961–1971: Military Cooperation and Challenges
 1965: The U.S. tried to mediate the Indo-Pak war but also imposed an arms embargo
affecting Pakistan.
 1971: During the Bangladesh Liberation War, U.S.-Pakistan relations became strained
as the U.S. tacitly supported Pakistan despite the conflict and humanitarian crisis.
While military cooperation continued, the 1965 war with India and the 1971 Bangladesh
crisis exposed limits in U.S. support. The arms embargo and humanitarian concerns created
friction in the relationship.
3. 1972–1980: Deterioration and Realignment
 1974: Pakistan conducted its first nuclear test (the "smiling Buddha" was in 1974 but
the test was actually in 1998—correction: Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in 1998; in
1974 India tested a nuclear device which heightened Pakistan's concerns).
 1979: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan revived U.S.-Pakistan ties as the U.S. saw
Pakistan as critical to counter Soviet expansion.
The U.S. became wary of Pakistan’s nuclear ambitions but valued its strategic role during the
Soviet-Afghan War. This led to renewed military and intelligence cooperation, especially in
supporting Afghan mujahideen fighters.
4. 1980–1991: Peak Strategic Partnership
 1980s: The U.S. provided billions of dollars in military and economic aid to Pakistan
to support the Afghan resistance.
 1989: After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, U.S. interest in Pakistan
declined, and aid was reduced.
This was the high point of Pakistan–U.S. military cooperation, with Pakistan acting as a
frontline state against Soviet forces. However, post-war, the strategic value diminished and
relations cooled.
5. 1990–2001: Sanctions and Strained Relations
 1990s: Pakistan faced U.S. sanctions due to its nuclear program and missile
development.
 1998: Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in response to India, leading to further U.S.
sanctions.
 1999: After the Kargil conflict, U.S. pressure mounted on Pakistan to de-escalate
tensions with India.
This era saw strained ties due to Pakistan’s nuclear weapons development and conflicts with
India. U.S. sanctions and diplomatic pressure highlighted concerns over regional stability and
proliferation.
6. 2001–2010: Post-9/11 Cooperation and New Challenges
 2001: Pakistan became a key U.S. ally in the War on Terror, especially in the
Afghanistan campaign.
 2004–2010: Massive U.S. military and economic aid flowed to Pakistan, but trust
issues grew over Pakistan’s alleged support for some militant groups.
The 9/11 attacks reshaped relations, making Pakistan a crucial partner in counterterrorism.
However, disagreements over Pakistan’s counterterrorism efforts and cross-border militancy
created tensions.
7. 2011–2020: Fluctuating Ties and Strategic Uncertainty
 2011: The U.S. raid in Abbottabad killed Osama bin Laden without Pakistan’s prior
knowledge, leading to diplomatic friction.
 2018: The U.S. cut security aid to Pakistan over concerns about terrorism safe havens.
 2019: High-level talks aimed at stabilizing ties amid tensions over Afghanistan peace
talks.
Mutual suspicion and strategic recalibration marked this period. While cooperation
continued, especially regarding Afghanistan, disagreements over militancy and regional
policies affected trust.
8. 2021–2025: Post-Afghanistan Withdrawal and Future Prospects
 2021: The U.S. withdrew troops from Afghanistan, significantly impacting regional
dynamics.
 2022–2025: Efforts to re-engage diplomatically with Pakistan focused on
counterterrorism, economic ties, and regional stability.
With the U.S. military exit from Afghanistan, Pakistan's strategic importance shifted. Both
countries are working to redefine their partnership in a new regional context, focusing on
diplomacy and economic cooperation.
Major Agreements and Cooperation
 Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement (1959): Formalized military cooperation.
 Coalition Support Fund (post-2001): U.S. financial aid to Pakistan for
counterterrorism efforts.
 Strategic Dialogue (2015 onward): Forums to address bilateral issues including
security and trade.
Conclusion
Pakistan–U.S. relations have been shaped by strategic interests, regional conflicts, and global
geopolitics. While cooperation has been strong during key moments like the Cold War and
War on Terror, periods of mistrust and sanctions have challenged the relationship. Moving
forward, both countries aim to stabilize and deepen ties through dialogue, economic
cooperation, and addressing mutual security concerns.