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Digestive System

The document outlines various bacterial diseases affecting the digestive system, including symptoms, modes of transmission, diagnosis, and treatment options for conditions such as Salmonellosis, Shigellosis, and Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease. It emphasizes the importance of identifying causative agents like Salmonella, Shigella, and Helicobacter pylori, along with their respective symptoms and complications. Treatment methods range from antibiotics to rehydration therapies, depending on the severity and type of infection.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views8 pages

Digestive System

The document outlines various bacterial diseases affecting the digestive system, including symptoms, modes of transmission, diagnosis, and treatment options for conditions such as Salmonellosis, Shigellosis, and Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease. It emphasizes the importance of identifying causative agents like Salmonella, Shigella, and Helicobacter pylori, along with their respective symptoms and complications. Treatment methods range from antibiotics to rehydration therapies, depending on the severity and type of infection.

Uploaded by

danamaloco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‭Structure and Function of the Digestive System, Normal‬ ‭ ymptoms:‬

S ‭High fever of about 40°C and continual‬


‭ icrobiota of the Digestive System, Bacterial Diseases of the‬
M ‭headaches, Diarrhea during the 2nd to 3rd weeks, Ulceration‬
‭Mouth,‬ ‭and perforation of the intestinal walls in severe cases‬
‭Diagnosis Test:‬
‭Treatment:‬‭chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol-resistant‬
‭Salmonella - ceftriaxone‬ ‭or azithromycin)‬
‭ acterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive‬
B
‭System:Staphylococcal Food Poisoning (Staphylococcal‬ ‭Cholera‬
‭Enterotoxicosis) to Noncholera Vibrios‬ ‭ ausative Agent:‬‭Vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin, exotoxin)‬
C
‭Site/s of Infection:‬‭small intestines‬
‭Modes of Transmission:‬‭ingesting contaminated water‬‭and‬
‭Staphylococcal Food Poisoning (Staphylococcal‬ ‭contaminated food, mostly from improperly cooked shellfish‬
‭Enterotoxicosis)‬ ‭Symptoms:‬‭watery stools, violent vomiting‬
‭Diagnosis Test:‬
‭ ausative Agent:‬‭enterotoxin caused by Staphylococcus‬
C ‭Treatment:‬‭Intravenous rehydration through a mixture‬‭of‬
‭aureus‬ ‭glucose, salt, sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, and in‬
‭Modes of Transmission:‬ ‭partner with antibiotics.‬
‭Food-borne Transmission- mostly through mishandling food‬
‭produce during transportation or faulty refrigeration that caused‬ ‭Noncholera Vibrios‬
‭microbes to spread (temperature abuse).‬ ‭ ausative Agent:‬‭Vibrios spp. (excluding V. cholerae)‬
C
‭Sites of Infection:‬‭small intestines‬ ‭Site/s of Infection:‬‭stomach or the intestines‬
‭Symptoms:‬‭nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration‬ ‭Modes of Transmission:‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭phage typing, isolation and fermentation‬‭in‬ ‭Symptoms:‬
‭mannitol salt agar,‬ ‭Diagnosis Test:‬
‭Treatment:‬‭rest, drinking plenty of fluids, and anti-nausea‬ ‭Treatment:‬
‭drugs‬

‭Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)‬ ‭ acterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System: Escherichia‬
B
‭coli Gastroenteritis to Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis‬
‭ ausative Agent:‬
C
‭genus Shigella: S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii‬ ‭Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis‬
‭Modes of Transmission:‬ ‭Causative Agents:‬
‭Person-to-person: through‬ ‭●‬ ‭ nterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC):‬‭Often associated‬
E
‭Site/s of Infection:‬‭intestinal epithelial cell‬ ‭with "traveler's diarrhea," produces toxins that‬
‭Symptoms:‬‭abdominal cramps, fever, and bowel movements‬ ‭stimulate the intestinal lining, leading to diarrhea.‬
‭as many as 20 in one day‬
‭Diagnosis Test:‬ ‭●‬ ‭ nteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC):‬‭Primarily affects‬
E
‭Treatment:‬‭antibiotic and; for severe cases,‬ ‭infants, causing disruption to the intestinal cells and‬
‭antibiotic-sensitivity testing is needed beforehand‬ ‭diarrhea.‬
‭●‬ ‭Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC):‬‭Invades the cells‬
‭Salmonellosis (Salmonella Gastroenteritis)‬ ‭lining the intestines, causing inflammation and‬
‭symptoms similar to dysentery.‬
‭ ausative Agent:‬‭Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium‬
C ‭●‬ ‭Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC):‬‭Known for its‬
‭and Entritidis‬ ‭adherence to intestinal cells, leading to persistent‬
‭Site/s of Infection:‬‭small and large intestines‬ ‭diarrhea, particularly in children.‬
‭Modes of Transmission:‬
‭Food-borne:‬‭through poorly prepared meat, e.g. chicken‬
‭Indirect contact:‬‭through cross-contamination between‬‭raw‬
‭meat and kitchen equipment (cutting boards, knives, etc.)‬ ‭Modes of Transmission:‬
‭Symptoms:‬‭headaches, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, and‬‭fever‬ ‭●‬ ‭ onsumption of Contaminated Food:‬‭Commonly‬
C
‭Diagnosis Test:‬‭isolation of bacteria from fecal matter‬‭and‬ ‭found in undercooked meat (particularly beef),‬
‭analyzing history of recent consumption of high-risk foods‬ ‭unpasteurized milk, and raw vegetables contaminated‬
‭Treatment:‬‭oral rehydration therapy‬ ‭with fecal matter.‬
‭●‬ ‭Water Contamination:‬‭Exposure to untreated or‬
‭ yphoid Fever‬
T ‭contaminated water sources, including recreational‬
‭Causative Agent:‬‭Salmonella typhi‬ ‭water and improperly sanitized municipal water.‬
‭Site/s of Infection:‬‭spleen and liver and eventually‬‭to the‬ ‭●‬ ‭Person-to-Person Contact:‬‭Direct contact with an‬
‭bloodstream‬ ‭infected person or through poor hygiene practices,‬
‭Modes of Transmission:‬‭fecal matter from other humans‬ ‭especially in childcare and healthcare settings.‬
‭Sites of Infection:‬ ‭ articularly in children, leading to hemolytic uremic‬
p
‭●‬ I‭ntestinal Tract:‬‭Primarily infects the small and‬‭large‬ ‭syndrome (HUS).‬
‭intestines, with varying degrees of severity based on‬
‭the strain.‬ ‭Symptoms:‬

‭Symptoms:‬ ‭●‬ ‭Gastrointestinal Symptoms‬‭:‬


‭○‬ ‭Severe abdominal cramps and pain.‬
‭●‬ ‭ eneral Gastrointestinal Symptoms:‬‭Nausea,‬
G ‭○‬ ‭Watery diarrhea that can progress to bloody‬
‭vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea (ranging‬ ‭diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis).‬
‭from mild to severe, often watery or bloody).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Nausea and occasional vomiting.‬
‭●‬ ‭Specific to Certain Strains:‬ ‭●‬ ‭Fever‬‭: Typically low-grade, though high fever can‬
‭○‬ ‭ETEC‬‭:‬‭Profuse, watery diarrhea, sometimes‬ ‭occur in some cases.‬
‭with mild fever.‬ ‭●‬ ‭Complications‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭EPEC‬‭:‬‭Chronic diarrhea in infants,‬ ‭○‬ ‭Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)‬‭: A‬
‭potentially leading to dehydration.‬ ‭serious complication that occurs in about‬
‭○‬ ‭EIEC‬‭:‬‭Dysentery-like symptoms with blood‬ ‭5-10% of cases, especially in young children‬
‭and mucus in stools.‬ ‭and the elderly. HUS can lead to kidney‬
‭failure, hemolytic anemia, and low platelet‬
I‭ncubation Period:‬‭Symptoms typically begin 1-10 days‬‭after‬ ‭count.‬
‭exposure, depending on the strain.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura‬
‭(TTP)‬‭: A rare but serious complication in‬
‭ iagnostic Test;‬ ‭Isolation on selective media, DNA‬
D ‭adults, involving blood clotting and low‬
‭fingerprinting, PCR testing‬ ‭platelet counts, which can affect multiple‬
‭organs.‬
‭Treatment:‬‭Oral rehydration‬
I‭ncubation Period‬‭: Symptoms usually appear 1-10 days‬‭after‬
‭Shiga Toxin–Producing Enterohemorrhagic E. coli‬ ‭exposure, with an average onset around 3-4 days.‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬ ‭Isolation, sorbitol fermentation‬‭test, DNA‬
‭Causative Agents:‬‭E. coli O157:H7‬ ‭fingerprinting‬
‭ oxins Produced‬‭: Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and Shiga toxin‬‭2‬
T ‭Treatment:‬‭Intravenous rehydration, serum electrolyte‬
‭(Stx2), which are virulent toxins that damage host cells and‬ ‭monitoring‬
‭lead to symptoms.‬
‭Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis)‬
‭Modes of Transmission:‬
‭Causative Agents:‬
‭●‬ ‭Contaminated Food and Water‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Food‬‭: Most commonly from undercooked‬ ‭●‬ ‭ ain Species‬‭:‬‭Campylobacter jejuni‬‭is the primary‬
M
‭ground beef, unpasteurized milk, and‬ ‭species responsible for Campylobacteriosis, but other‬
‭contaminated raw vegetables or fruits.‬ ‭species like‬‭Campylobacter coli‬‭can also cause the‬
‭○‬ ‭Water‬‭: Exposure to untreated or‬ ‭infection.‬
‭contaminated water, especially in‬ ‭●‬ ‭Characteristics‬‭:‬‭Campylobacter‬‭bacteria are‬
‭recreational areas or from untreated drinking‬ ‭spiral-shaped, Gram-negative, and microaerophilic,‬
‭sources.‬ ‭thriving in low-oxygen environments, especially in the‬
‭●‬ ‭Person-to-Person Contact‬‭: Close contact with an‬ ‭intestines of animals.‬
‭infected person, particularly in households, childcare‬
‭centers, or healthcare settings, can facilitate‬ ‭Modes of Transmission:‬
‭transmission through fecal-oral routes.‬
‭●‬ ‭Animal Contact‬‭: Direct contact with animals,‬ ‭●‬ ‭Contaminated Food‬‭:‬
‭particularly cattle, goats, and sheep, or their‬ ‭○‬ ‭Poultry‬‭: The most common source, as‬
‭environments (petting zoos, farms) can lead to‬ ‭Campylobacter‬‭is prevalent in chicken and‬
‭transmission, as these animals often carry the‬ ‭other poultry.‬
‭bacteria asymptomatically.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Other Animal Products‬‭: Can be present in‬
‭unpasteurized milk, undercooked meat, and‬
‭Sites of Infection:‬ ‭contaminated water.‬
‭●‬ ‭Waterborne Transmission‬‭: Ingesting untreated or‬
‭●‬ ‭ rimary Site‬‭: The colon is the main site of infection,‬
P ‭contaminated water, including recreational water‬
‭where the Shiga toxin damages epithelial cells,‬ ‭sources like lakes and streams.‬
‭causing inflammation and bleeding.‬ ‭●‬ ‭Person-to-Person Contact‬‭: Less common but can‬
‭●‬ ‭Systemic Spread‬‭: In severe cases, Shiga toxins can‬ ‭occur, especially with close contact and poor hygiene‬
‭enter the bloodstream, affecting the kidneys,‬ ‭practices.‬
‭●‬ ‭ nimal Contact‬‭: Direct contact with infected animals‬
A ‭○‬ ‭ urning or Gnawing Abdominal Pain‬‭:‬
B
‭or their environments, especially farm animals or pets‬ ‭Often located in the upper abdomen and‬
‭like dogs and cats.‬ ‭may be worse on an empty stomach.‬
‭○‬ ‭Nausea and Vomiting‬‭: Some patients‬
‭Sites of Infection:‬ ‭experience nausea and, in severe cases,‬
‭vomiting.‬
‭●‬ ‭ rimary Site‬‭: Small intestine and colon, where the‬
P ‭○‬ ‭Bloating and Belching‬‭: Due to irritation and‬
‭bacteria invade the intestinal lining, leading to‬ ‭inflammation in the stomach lining.‬
‭inflammation and gastrointestinal symptoms.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Loss of Appetite and Weight Loss‬‭:‬
‭Chronic infection may reduce appetite.‬
‭Symptoms:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Dark or Tarry Stools‬‭: In severe cases,‬
‭bleeding from the ulcer can result in dark,‬
‭●‬ ‭Gastrointestinal Symptoms‬‭:‬ ‭tarry stools (melena).‬
‭○‬ ‭Diarrhea (which may be watery or bloody).‬ ‭●‬ ‭Complications‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Severe abdominal cramping and pain.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Peptic Ulcers‬‭: Painful sores in the stomach‬
‭○‬ ‭Nausea and vomiting.‬ ‭or duodenum‬
‭●‬ ‭Fever‬‭: Typically present and can be moderate to high.‬ ‭●‬ ‭Incubation Period‬‭:‬‭H. pylori‬‭infection can be‬
‭asymptomatic for months or years, with symptoms‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬ ‭Isolation in low O2, high CO2‬ ‭developing gradually over time.‬

‭Treatment:‬‭Azithromycin‬ ‭Diagnostic Test:‬ ‭Urea breath test, bacterial culture‬

‭Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭Antibiotics‬

‭Causative Agents:‬ ‭Yersinia Gastroenteritis‬

‭●‬ ‭ rimary Pathogen‬‭:‬‭Helicobacter pylori‬‭(H. pylori)‬‭is a‬


P ‭Causative Agents:‬
‭Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that thrives‬
‭in the acidic environment of the stomach.‬ ‭‬
● ‭ ain Pathogen‬‭:‬‭Yersinia enterocolitica‬
M
‭●‬ ‭Virulence Factors‬‭:‬‭H. pylori‬‭produces urease, which‬ ‭●‬ ‭Characteristics‬‭:‬‭Yersinia‬‭is a Gram-negative,‬
‭neutralizes stomach acid, and other toxins (like‬ ‭rod-shaped bacterium that can survive at refrigeration‬
‭cytotoxin-associated gene A, CagA) that damage the‬ ‭temperatures, making it a common contaminant in‬
‭stomach lining and provoke inflammation.‬ ‭refrigerated foods.‬

‭Modes of Transmission:‬ ‭Modes of Transmission:‬

‭●‬ ‭ erson-to-Person‬‭: Most commonly transmitted‬


P ‭●‬ ‭Contaminated Food and Water‬‭:‬
‭through oral-oral or fecal-oral routes, often due to‬ ‭○‬ ‭Undercooked or Raw Pork‬‭: The most‬
‭close contact in family settings.‬ ‭common source, as‬‭Y. enterocolitica‬‭is often‬
‭●‬ ‭Contaminated Water and Food‬‭: Ingesting food or‬ ‭found in pigs.‬
‭water contaminated with‬‭H. pylori‬‭is a potential,‬ ‭○‬ ‭Other Animal Products‬‭: Contaminated‬
‭though less common, mode of transmission.‬ ‭milk, including unpasteurized milk, as well as‬
‭●‬ ‭Poor Sanitation and Hygiene‬‭: Areas with limited‬ ‭undercooked meats and shellfish.‬
‭access to clean water and sanitation facilities are at‬ ‭●‬ ‭Waterborne Transmission‬‭: Consumption of‬
‭higher risk for transmission.‬ ‭untreated or contaminated water can also be a source‬
‭of infection..‬
‭Sites of Infection:‬
‭Sites of Infection:‬
‭●‬ ‭Primary Sites‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Stomach Lining‬‭:‬‭H. pylori‬‭colonizes the‬ ‭●‬ ‭ rimary Site‬‭: The small intestine, especially the‬
P
‭gastric mucosa and causes inflammation,‬ ‭ileum, is where‬‭Yersinia‬‭initially infects and multiplies.‬
‭leading to gastritis.‬ ‭●‬ ‭Lymphatic System‬‭: In some cases, bacteria can‬
‭○‬ ‭Duodenum‬‭: In some cases, the infection‬ ‭spread to the lymph nodes, particularly the‬
‭extends to the first part of the small intestine,‬ ‭mesenteric lymph nodes near the intestines,‬
‭resulting in duodenal ulcers.‬ ‭mimicking symptoms of appendicitis.‬

‭Symptoms:‬ ‭Symptoms:‬

‭●‬ ‭Gastrointestinal Symptoms‬‭:‬ ‭●‬ ‭Gastrointestinal Symptoms‬‭:‬


‭○‬ ‭ iarrhea‬‭: Often watery, sometimes with‬
D ‭Causative Agents:‬
‭blood in severe cases.‬
‭○‬ ‭Abdominal Pain‬‭: Especially in the lower‬ ‭●‬ ‭ rimary Pathogen‬‭:‬‭Clostridium difficile‬‭(C. difficile)‬‭is‬
P
‭right quadrant, which can mimic appendicitis.‬ ‭a Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium.‬
‭○‬ ‭Nausea and Vomiting‬‭: Common, though‬ ‭●‬ ‭Toxins‬‭: The disease is primarily caused by two‬
‭vomiting is usually less severe.‬ ‭toxins,‬‭toxin A (TcdA)‬‭and‬‭toxin B (TcdB)‬‭, which‬
‭○‬ ‭Fever‬‭:‬ ‭damage the intestinal lining, cause inflammation, and‬
‭●‬ ‭Additional Symptoms‬‭:‬ ‭disrupt fluid balance in the gut.‬
‭○‬ ‭Pseudoappendicitis‬‭: Pain in the lower right‬
‭abdomen due to inflammation of the lymph‬ ‭Modes of Transmission:‬
‭nodes near the intestines, often mistaken for‬
‭appendicitis.‬ ‭●‬ ‭Fecal-Oral Route‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Healthcare Settings‬‭:‬‭C. difficile‬‭is most‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬ ‭Culture, biochemical or molecular‬‭tests‬ ‭commonly spread in hospitals, nursing‬
‭homes, and other healthcare facilities where‬
‭Treatment:‬‭Oral rehydration‬ ‭spores can be transmitted via contaminated‬
‭surfaces, medical equipment, or hands of‬
‭Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis‬ ‭healthcare workers.‬
‭○‬ ‭Antibiotic Use‬‭: Broad-spectrum antibiotic‬
‭Causative Agents:‬ ‭treatment disrupts normal gut flora, allowing‬
‭C. difficile‬‭to proliferate and cause infection.‬
‭●‬ ‭ ain Pathogen‬‭:‬‭Clostridium perfringens‬‭, specifically‬
M ‭●‬ ‭Environmental Contamination‬‭: Spores are highly‬
‭type A strains, is a Gram-positive, spore-forming‬ ‭resistant to common disinfectants and can survive on‬
‭bacterium that can produce enterotoxins, particularly‬ ‭surfaces for long periods, increasing the risk of‬
‭in the intestines.‬ ‭transmission in healthcare and community settings.‬
‭●‬ ‭Toxin‬‭: The primary toxin involved in gastroenteritis‬‭is‬
‭the‬‭C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE)‬‭, which‬ ‭Sites of Infection:‬
‭disrupts intestinal cells and causes fluid and‬
‭electrolyte loss.‬ ‭●‬ ‭ olon (Large Intestine)‬‭:‬‭C. difficile‬‭infection occurs‬
C
‭primarily in the colon, where it releases toxins that‬
‭Modes of Transmission:‬ ‭lead to inflammation, cell death, and tissue damage in‬
‭the colon lining.‬
‭●‬ ‭Contaminated Food‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Improperly Cooked or Stored Meats‬‭:‬ ‭Symptoms:‬
‭Particularly common in beef, poultry, gravies,‬
‭and meat dishes that have been prepared in‬ ‭●‬ ‭Gastrointestinal Symptoms‬‭:‬
‭large quantities and inadequately cooked or‬ ‭○‬ ‭Diarrhea‬‭: Frequent, watery diarrhea, often‬
‭reheated.‬ ‭with a strong, distinct odor.‬
‭○‬ ‭Spore Survival in Food‬‭: The heat-resistant‬ ‭○‬ ‭Abdominal Cramping and Pain‬‭: Ranges‬
‭spores of‬‭C. perfringens‬‭survive cooking and‬ ‭from mild to severe and is common in the‬
‭can germinate if food is left at unsafe‬ ‭lower abdomen.‬
‭temperatures (between 20°C and 54°C or‬ ‭○‬ ‭Nausea‬‭: Some patients experience nausea,‬
‭68°F and 130°F).‬ ‭but vomiting is less common.‬
‭○‬ ‭Fever‬‭: Low-grade fever may accompany the‬
‭Sites of Infection:‬ ‭infection.‬
‭●‬ ‭Additional Features‬‭:‬
‭●‬ ‭ mall Intestine‬‭: Once ingested,‬‭C. perfringens‬
S ‭○‬ ‭Pseudomembranous Colitis‬‭: In severe‬
‭spores germinate in the small intestine, where the‬ ‭cases, a thick, yellowish membrane forms in‬
‭bacterium produces toxins that cause cell damage‬ ‭the colon, leading to severe abdominal pain,‬
‭and fluid loss.‬ ‭fever, and diarrhea.‬
‭●‬ ‭Incubation Period‬‭: Symptoms can begin within a few‬
‭Symptoms:‬ ‭days to a few weeks after starting antibiotic treatment‬
‭or exposure in healthcare settings.‬
‭●‬ ‭Usually limited to diarrhea‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬ ‭Cytotoxin assay‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬ ‭Isolation of 106 endospores/g feces‬
‭Treatment:‬ ‭Vancomycin, fidaxomicin‬
‭Treatment:‬ ‭Oral rehydration‬

‭C. difficile–Associated Diarrhea‬


‭Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis‬ ‭Mumps‬
‭ ausative Agents:‬‭Mumps virus‬
C
‭Causative Agents:‬ ‭Modes of Transmission:‬
‭Spread through respiratory droplets, saliva, or direct contact‬
‭●‬ ‭ athogen‬‭:‬‭Bacillus cereus‬‭is a Gram-positive,‬
P ‭with an infected person's secretions.‬
‭spore-forming bacterium capable of surviving extreme‬ ‭Portal of entry: Respiratory tract‬
‭conditions like high temperatures.‬ ‭Sites of Infection:‬‭Parotid glands‬
‭●‬ ‭Toxins‬‭:‬‭B. cereus‬‭can cause two distinct forms of‬ ‭Key Symptoms‬‭: Swelling of parotid glands, fever‬
‭gastroenteritis, each associated with different toxins:‬ ‭Susceptibility:‬‭Unimmunized individuals‬
‭○‬ ‭Emetic Toxin‬‭: A heat-stable toxin causing‬ ‭Complication:‬‭Can lead to orchitis (swelling of the‬‭testicles),‬
‭the emetic (vomiting) form.‬ ‭oophoritis (swelling of the ovaries), meningitis, and, rarely,‬
‭○‬ ‭Enterotoxins‬‭: Heat-labile enterotoxins that‬ ‭deafness.‬
‭lead to the diarrheal form.‬
‭ pper respiratory tract > virus replicates in the respiratory‬
U
‭Modes of Transmission:‬ ‭epithelial cells > enter bloodstream (viremia) > spread‬
‭throughout body‬
‭●‬ ‭Contaminated Food‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Emetic Form‬‭: Primarily associated with‬ ‭Hepatitis‬
‭starchy foods, especially rice, that have been‬ ‭-Inflammation of the liver‬
‭improperly stored after cooking, allowing‬
‭toxin production.‬
‭○‬ ‭Diarrheal Form‬‭: Found in protein-rich foods‬
‭like meat, milk, and vegetables. Toxins are‬
‭produced in the small intestine after‬
‭ingestion of contaminated food.‬
‭●‬ ‭Environmental Transmission‬‭: Spores can survive in‬
‭soil and other environments, leading to contamination‬
‭of a variety of foods, particularly when not adequately‬
‭cooked or stored.‬

‭Sites of Infection:‬

‭●‬ ‭ metic Form‬‭: Primarily affects the‬‭stomach‬‭, as the‬


E
‭toxin induces vomiting shortly after ingestion.‬
‭●‬ ‭Diarrheal Form‬‭: Occurs in the‬‭small intestine‬‭,‬
‭where enterotoxins are produced and act upon‬
‭intestinal cells, leading to diarrhea.‬

‭Symptoms:‬ ‭Viral Gastroenteritis‬


‭ ausative Agents:‬
C
‭●‬ ‭Emetic Form‬‭:‬ ‭Norovirus: The leading cause of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks,‬
‭○‬ ‭Onset‬‭: Rapid, typically within 1-5 hours after‬ ‭particularly in crowded environments.‬
‭consumption of contaminated food.‬ ‭Rotavirus: A common cause of gastroenteritis in children;‬
‭○‬ ‭Symptoms‬‭: Nausea, vomiting, and‬ ‭vaccination has reduced its incidence.‬
‭occasionally abdominal cramping.‬ ‭Modes of Transmission:‬
‭○‬ ‭Duration‬‭: Symptoms are usually short-lived,‬ ‭Fecal-Oral Route: Spread through contaminated food or water,‬
‭lasting about 6-24 hours.‬ ‭or via contact with infected surfaces.‬
‭●‬ ‭Diarrheal Form‬‭:‬ ‭Person-to-Person Contact: Close contact with an infected‬
‭○‬ ‭Onset‬‭: Typically occurs 8-16 hours after‬ ‭individual can facilitate transmission.‬
‭ingestion.‬ ‭Aerosolized Particles: Some viruses, like norovirus, can spread‬
‭○‬ ‭Symptoms‬‭: Watery diarrhea, abdominal‬ ‭through aerosolized vomit.‬
‭cramps, and sometimes mild nausea.‬ ‭Sites of Infection:‬‭Stomach and intestines‬
‭○‬ ‭Duration‬‭: Symptoms can last 12-24 hours‬ ‭Symptoms:‬
‭but are generally self-limiting.‬ ‭Complications:‬
‭●‬ ‭Complications‬‭: Rare, as‬‭B. cereus‬‭gastroenteritis‬‭is‬
‭usually mild and self-limiting.‬ ‭Fungal Diseases of the Digestive System‬

‭Diagnostic Test:‬ ‭Isolation of ≥105 B. cereus/g‬‭food‬ ‭Ergot Poisoning‬


‭Causative Agent:‬‭Claviceps purpurea‬
‭Treatment:‬ ‭None‬
‭ eservoir or Host:‬‭Mycotoxin produced by fungus growing on‬
R ‭ ymptoms:‬‭Ameba lyses epithelial cells of intestine, causes‬
S
‭grains‬ ‭abscesses; significant mortality rate‬
‭Modes of Transmission‬‭: Ingestion of contaminated rye‬‭or‬ ‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭Microscopy; Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)‬
‭cereal grains‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭Metronidazole‬
‭Sites of infection‬‭: Limbs‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭Finding fungal sclerotia in food‬
‭Symptoms‬‭: Restricted blood flow to limbs; hallucinogenic‬ ‭Helminthic Diseases of the Digestive System‬

‭Aflatoxin Poisoning‬ ‭ elminthic parasites‬‭are very common in the human‬


H
‭ ausative Agent:‬‭Aspergillus flavus‬
C ‭intestinal tract, especially in warm, moist regions where‬
‭Reservoir or Host:‬‭Mycotoxin produced by fungus growing‬‭on‬ ‭sanitation is poor.‬
‭food‬ ‭-‬ ‭Also called‬‭Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)‬
‭Modes of Transmission:‬‭Ingestion of contaminated foods‬ ‭because they infect 1.5 billion people in the poorest‬
‭(e.g., peanuts)‬ ‭countries and are not yet controlled.‬
‭Sites of infection:‬‭Liver‬ ‭-‬ ‭They have become so well adapted to their human‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭Immunoassay for toxin food‬ ‭hosts, and vice versa, that when their presence is‬
‭Symptoms:‬‭Liver cirrhosis; liver cancer‬ ‭revealed, it is often a surprise.‬

‭Protozoan Diseases of the Digestive System‬ ‭A. TAPEWORMS‬


‭●‬ ‭Three Stages of Life Cycle: Eggs, Larvae, Adults‬
‭Giardiasis‬
‭ ausative Agent:‬‭Giardia intestinalis‬
C
‭Reservoir or Host:‬‭Water; mammals‬
‭Modes of Transmission:‬‭Ingestion of cysts via contaminated‬
‭water, food, or contact with infected animals‬
‭Sites of infection:‬‭Intestinal wall‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭Fluorescent antibody (FA)‬
‭Symptoms:‬‭Protozoan adheres to intestinal wall; may‬‭inhibit‬
‭nutritional absorption; diarrhea‬
‭Treatment:‬‭Metronidazole; nitazoxanide‬

‭Cryptosporidiosis‬
‭ ausative Agent:‬‭Cryptosporidium parvum‬‭&‬‭C. hominis‬
C
‭Reservoir or Host:‬‭Cattle; water‬
‭Modes of Transmission:‬‭Ingestion of oocysts via‬
‭contaminated water or contact with animal waste‬ ‭CDC - DPDx - Taeniasis. (2024, June 7). Cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/taeniasis/index.html‌‬

‭Sites of infection:‬‭Intestines‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭Acid-fast stain‬ ‭ iseases Associated with Tapeworms‬
D
‭Symptoms:‬‭Self-limiting diarrhea; may be life-threatening‬‭in‬ ‭A. Taeniasis‬
‭immunosuppressed patients‬ ‭Causative Agent:‬‭adult tapeworms‬
‭Treatment:‬‭Nitazoxanide‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Taenia saginata‬‭(beef tapeworm)‬
‭b.‬ ‭Taenia solium‬‭(pork tapeworm)‬
‭Cyclosporiasis‬ ‭Mode of Transmission:‬‭consumption of‬
‭ ausative Agent:‬‭Cyclospora cayetanensis‬
C ‭undercooked beef, pork, or fish containing‬‭cysticerci‬
‭Reservoir or Host:‬‭Humans; birds‬ ‭(larval form)‬
‭Modes of Transmission:‬‭Ingestion of oocysts in contaminated‬ ‭Sites of Infection:‬‭intestine‬
‭food or water‬ ‭Symptoms:‬‭generally benign, asymptomatic‬
‭Sites of infection:‬‭Intestines‬ ‭condition (eg. vague abdominal discomfort)‬
‭Symptoms:‬‭Watery diarrhea‬ ‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭Microscopic identification of eggs‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭Acid-fast stain‬ ‭and proglottids in feces‬
‭Treatment:‬‭Antibiotic combination of trimethoprim‬‭and sul‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭Antiparasitic drugs (eg. praziquantel and‬
‭famethoxazole‬ ‭niclosamide)‬

‭Amebic Dysentery (Amebiasis)‬ ‭B. Cysticercosis‬


‭ ausative Agent:‬‭Entamoeba histolytica‬
C ‭Causative Agent:‬‭Taenia solium‬
‭Reservoir or Host:‬‭Humans‬ ‭Mode of Transmission:‬ ‭ingestion of‬‭T. solium‬‭eggs‬
‭Modes of Transmission:‬‭Ingestion of cysts in contaminated‬ ‭Sites of Infection:‬‭tissue (usually brain or muscles)‬
‭food or water‬ ‭Symptoms:‬‭benign in muscle tissue, few serious‬
‭Sites of infection:‬‭Large intestine, liver (if severe)‬ ‭symptoms‬
‭ iagnostic Test:‬‭Computed Tomography (CT)‬
D ‭ iagnostic Test:‬‭Microscopic identification of eggs‬
D
‭scanning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI),‬ ‭around the anus‬
‭serological tests‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭Antiparasitic drugs (eg. pyrantel pamoate,‬
‭Treatment:‬‭Antiparasitic drugs (eg. albendazole,‬ ‭mebendazole)‬
‭praziquantel), vary in cyst location and symptoms‬
‭Examples:‬ ‭B. Hookworm Infections‬
‭1.‬ ‭Ophthalmic cysticercosis‬ ‭Causative Agent:‬
‭Mode of Transmission:‬‭larvae lodge in an eye‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Necator americanus‬‭(United States)‬
‭Sites of Infection:‬‭eye‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Ancylostoma duodenale‬‭(worldwide)‬
‭Symptoms:‬‭poor vision, redness of the eye/s, ocular‬ ‭Mode of Transmission:‬‭contact with contaminated‬
‭pain, swelling‬ ‭soil‬
‭Treatment:‬‭May require surgical removal of cyst‬ ‭Sites of Infection:‬‭intestine‬
‭2.‬ ‭Neurocysticercosis‬ ‭Symptoms:‬‭iron deficiency, lethargy,‬‭pica‬‭(craving‬‭for‬
‭Mode of Transmission:‬ ‭larvae develop in areas of‬ ‭peculiar foods)‬
‭the Central Nervous System (CNS)‬ ‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭Microscopic identification of eggs‬‭in‬
‭Sites of Infection:‬‭CNS (eg. brain)‬ ‭feces‬
‭Symptoms:‬‭mimic those of epilepsy or a brain tumor‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭Antiparasitic drugs (eg. mebendazole)‬
‭Treatment:‬‭May require surgical removal of cyst‬
‭C. Ascariasis‬
‭Causative Agent:‬‭Ascaris lumbricoides‬
‭C. Diphyllobothriasis‬ ‭Mode of Transmission:‬‭ingestion of soil‬
‭Causative Agent:‬‭Diphyllobothrium latum‬‭(fish‬ ‭contaminated with eggs‬
‭tapeworm)‬ ‭-‬ ‭larvae may pass into the bloodstream, into‬
‭Mode of Transmission:‬‭eating raw or undercooked‬ ‭the lungs, then migrate into the throat where‬
‭fish (eg. sushi, sashimi)‬ ‭they are swallowed, and develop in‬
‭Sites of Infection:‬‭intestine‬ ‭intestines‬
‭Symptoms:‬‭abdominal distention, flatulence,‬ ‭Sites of Infection:‬‭Lungs, intestine, bile duct, or‬
‭belching, intermittent abdominal cramping, and‬ ‭pancreatic duct‬
‭diarrhea‬ ‭Symptoms:‬‭vary in sites of infection, may be‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭Microscopic identification of eggs‬ ‭asymptomatic and shows only long-term‬
‭and proglottids in feces‬ ‭manifestations (eg. malnutrition), presence can be‬
‭Treatment:‬ ‭Antiparasitic drugs (eg. praziquantel)‬ ‭seen through migration of worms‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭Microscopic identification of eggs‬‭in‬
‭feces; made when an adult worm emerges from the‬
‭B. HYDATID DISEASE‬ ‭anus, mouth, or nose‬
‭Causative Agent:‬‭Echinococcus granulosus‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭Antiparasitic drugs (eg. mebendazole,‬
‭Mode of Transmission:‬‭ingestion of‬‭E. granulosus‬ ‭albendazole)‬
‭eggs‬
‭Sites of Infection:‬‭Encysted in tissues, internal‬ ‭D. Trichuriasis from Whipworm‬
‭organs (eg. liver, lungs, brain, etc.)‬ ‭Causative Agent:‬‭Trichuris trichiura‬
‭Symptoms:‬‭vary in sites of infection, development‬‭of‬ ‭Mode of Transmission:‬‭ingestion of soil‬
‭cysts and/or tumors‬ ‭contaminated with eggs‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭Serological tests, X rays, CT scan,‬ ‭Sites of Infection:‬‭intestine‬
‭and MRI‬ ‭Symptoms:‬‭usually seen in heavy infestations are‬
‭Treatment:‬‭Surgical removal, Antiparasitic drugs (eg.‬ ‭abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, retarded‬
‭albendazole)‬ ‭growth‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭Microscopic identification of eggs‬‭in‬
‭feces,‬
‭C. NEMATODES‬ ‭Treatment:‬‭Antiparasitic drugs (eg. mebendazole,‬
‭-‬ ‭Commonly known as‬‭roundworms.‬ ‭albendazole)‬
‭-‬ ‭Some live as parasites in humans, livestock, and‬
‭crops.‬ ‭E. Trichinellosis‬‭(formerly‬‭trichinosis‬‭)‬
‭Causative Agent:‬
‭ iseases Associated with Nematodes‬
D ‭a.‬ ‭Trichinella spiralis‬
‭A. Pinworm Infections (Enterobiasis)‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Trichinella nativa‬‭(species found in wild‬
‭Causative Agent:‬‭Enterobius vermicularis‬ ‭game)‬
‭Mode of Transmission:‬‭Fecal-oral transmission‬ ‭Mode of Transmission:‬‭ingestion of raw or‬
‭Sites of Infection:‬‭intestine‬ ‭undercooked meat, usually from wild game (eg. bear,‬
‭Symptoms:‬‭itching around the anus‬ ‭pork)‬
‭ ites of Infection:‬‭Encysted in intestine and other‬
S
‭muscles‬
‭Symptoms:‬‭fever, swelling around the eyes,‬
‭gastrointestinal upset, and small hemorrhages under‬
‭the fingernails‬
‭Diagnostic Test:‬‭Biopsy specimens, serological tests‬
‭(eg. ELISA)‬
‭Treatment:‬‭Antiparasitic drugs (eg. mebendazole,‬
‭albendazole), corticosteroids to reduce inflammation‬

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