What is Peer to peer?

Peer-to-peer (P2P) is a type of network architecture where each participant, or "peer," has equal
status and can act as both a client and a server. In a P2P network, resources and data are shared
directly between peers without the need for a central server or intermediary.

Here are some key features of P2P networks:

1. Decentralization: There is no central authority or server that controls the network.

Instead, each peer has a similar role and can directly connect and share with other peers.
2. Resource Sharing: Peers in a P2P network share their resources, such as bandwidth,
storage, or processing power, with others. This can be useful for file sharing, distributed
computing, and other applications.
3. Scalability: P2P networks can scale more easily than traditional client-server networks
because they grow by adding more peers, which can also contribute resources.
4. Resilience: Since there is no central point of failure, P2P networks can be more resilient
to outages or attacks. If one peer goes offline, the network can often continue to function
by relying on other peers.
5. Examples: Common examples of P2P applications include file-sharing networks (like
BitTorrent), cryptocurrency networks (such as Bitcoin), and certain types of collaborative
platforms.

Overall, P2P networks leverage the collective power of individual peers to achieve shared goals
without relying on centralized control.

What is IP?
IP stands for Internet Protocol and it is the way that computers communicate
online. It assigns addresses to each computer so they can send and receive
data. An IP address looks like a set of numbers separated by periods, like
this: 192.168.0.1. Every device connected to the internet has its own unique
IP address and it allows computers to communicate with each other and
access websites around the world.

How does IP work?

The main purpose of using an IP address is to locate and identify devices on
a network. The IP address contains two parts - the network portion which
identifies the network where the device is located (e.g., 192) and the host
portion which identifies a specific device within that network (e.g., 168).
When you enter an IP address into your browser, it will send a request to that
device asking for data from that location. The response that comes back
contains all the information you requested which will then be displayed in
your browser window as a web page or other type of file.

What are different types of IP protocols?

There are several different types of protocols that are used with IP
addresses, such as TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol),
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) and
IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6). Each protocol provides different levels of
functionality depending on what you are trying to do, such as sending files or
accessing web pages.

How does an IP address change?

Your computer's IP address can change depending on several factors, such
as when you connect to new networks or when your ISP (Internet Service
Providers) updates their routing tables or when you use a proxy server or
VPN service. This can cause some confusion if you are trying to troubleshoot
issues with your connection or if you are trying to access resources on
another network that only allow certain ranges of external IPs (Internet
Protocol) through their firewalls.

what are the functions of ipv4, dhcp, ip address, subnet mask and default
gateway in networking?
1. IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4):
o Function: IPv4 is a protocol used to identify and locate devices
on a network through an address system. It provides a unique
32-bit address for each device on a network, allowing devices to
communicate with each other. IPv4 addresses are written in
decimal format, divided into four octets (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
 o Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the first version of the
Internet Protocol (IP) as a standalone specification. It is one of
the core protocols of standards-based internetworking methods
in the Internet and other packet-switched networks.
2. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol):
o Function: DHCP is a network protocol used to automatically
assign IP addresses and other network configuration parameters
to devices on a network. This eliminates the need for manual
configuration of IP addresses. When a device connects to a
network, it sends a request to the DHCP server, which then
assigns an IP address and provides additional configuration
information such as the subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS
server addresses.
3. IP Address:
o Function: An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to each
device connected to a network. It serves two main purposes:
identifying the device and providing the location of the device on
the network. IP addresses can be static (manually set) or
dynamic (assigned by DHCP). In IPv4, an IP address is expressed
as four decimal numbers separated by periods (e.g.,
192.168.1.10).
4. Subnet Mask:
o Function: A subnet mask is used to determine the network
portion and the host portion of an IP address. It helps devices
understand which part of an IP address identifies the network
and which part identifies the specific device (host) within that
network. The subnet mask works by performing a bitwise to
determine AND operation with the IP address the network
address. For example, a common subnet mask is 255.255.255.0,
which means the first three octets (255.255.255) represent the
network, and the last octet (0) represents the hosts within that
network.
5. Default Gateway:
o Function: The default gateway is a network device (typically a
router) that serves as the exit point for devices on a local
network to communicate with devices outside their local
network, such as on the internet. It routes traffic from the local
network to other networks and vice versa. The default gateway
 IP address is configured on devices to direct outbound traffic that
is not destined for the local network to the appropriate router or
gateway device.
In summary:
 IPv4 provides unique addresses for devices.
 DHCP automates IP address assignment and network configuration.
 IP Address uniquely identifies a device on the network.
 Subnet Mask defines the network and host portions of an IP address.
 Default Gateway allows communication between different networks
and the internet.

The Preferred DNS Server is a primary Domain Name System (DNS) server
used by a device to resolve domain names into IP addresses. Here’s a more
detailed look at its function:
Function of the Preferred DNS Server
1. Domain Name Resolution:
o When you enter a domain name (like www.example.com) into
your web browser, the DNS server translates that domain name
into an IP address (like 93.184.216.34) so that your computer
can locate and connect
why we put 8.8.8.8
The IP address 8.8.8.8 is a well-known public DNS server operated by Google.
Here are some reasons why people and organizations choose to use 8.8.8.8:
Reasons for Using 8.8.8.8
1. Reliability:
o Google's DNS server (8.8.8.8) is known for its high reliability and
uptime. It is designed to be highly available, ensuring that DNS
queries are answered quickly and consistently.
2. Speed:
o Google’s DNS servers are optimized for performance, which often
results in faster domain name resolution compared to some other
DNS servers. This can lead to quicker load times for websites and
better overall browsing performance.
 3. Security:
o Google's DNS service includes features aimed at enhancing
security, such as protection against DNS-based attacks and
filtering out known malicious domains.
4. Global Coverage:
o Google’s DNS servers are distributed across the globe, providing
good performance and reliability regardless of where you are
located. This global infrastructure helps ensure that users get
fast DNS resolution regardless of their geographic location.
5. No-Cost Service:
o Google’s public DNS service is free to use. It is available to
anyone, and there is no cost associated with using it.

6. No Logging Policy:
o Google’s DNS servers have a privacy policy that includes a no-
logging policy for user data related to DNS queries. While Google
does collect some data for operational and security purposes,
they have policies in place to protect user privacy.
Technical Details
 Primary DNS Server: 8.8.8.8
 Secondary DNS Server: 8.8.4.4
When configuring network settings, these IP addresses are often used as the
primary and secondary DNS servers, respectively, to provide redundancy and
ensure continuous DNS resolution in case one server becomes unreachable.
Summary
Using 8.8.8.8 (and 8.8.4.4 as the secondary) offers a reliable, fast, and
secure option for DNS resolution. Many individuals and organizations prefer
this public DNS service due to its performance and the benefits provided by
Google's infrastructure.