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Assignment 4

The document outlines various problems related to the conservation of mass, mechanical energy, and the Bernoulli equation in fluid dynamics. It includes calculations for air velocity in a hair dryer, total mechanical energy of river water, turbine efficiency in a hydroelectric plant, and various scenarios involving fluid flow in tanks and pipes. Additionally, it poses theoretical questions regarding mass flow, mechanical energy, and pressure definitions.

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theunholyblood
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3 views4 pages

Assignment 4

The document outlines various problems related to the conservation of mass, mechanical energy, and the Bernoulli equation in fluid dynamics. It includes calculations for air velocity in a hair dryer, total mechanical energy of river water, turbine efficiency in a hydroelectric plant, and various scenarios involving fluid flow in tanks and pipes. Additionally, it poses theoretical questions regarding mass flow, mechanical energy, and pressure definitions.

Uploaded by

theunholyblood
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment 4 – Conservation of Mass, Mechanical Energy, Bernoulli

Equation

1. A hair dryer is basically a duct of constant diameter in which a few layers of electric resistors
are placed. A small fan pulls the air in and forces it through the resistors where it is heated. If
the density of air is 1.20 kg/m3 at the inlet and 1.05 kg/m3 at the exit, Determine the percent
increase in the velocity of air as it flows through the dryer.

2. Consider a river flowing toward a lake at an average velocity of 3 m/s at a rate of 500 m3/s at a
location 90 m above the lake surface. Determine the total mechanical energy of the river water
per unit mass and the power generation potential of the entire river at that location.
Answer: 444 MW

3. Electric power is to be generated by installing a hydraulic turbine–generator at a site 70 m


below the free surface of a large water reservoir that can supply water at a rate of 1500 kg/s
steadily. If the mechanical power output of the turbine is 800 kW and the electric power
generation is 750 kW, determine the turbine efficiency and the combined turbine–generator
efficiency of this plant. Neglect losses in the pipes.

4. A glass manometer with oil as the working fluid is connected to an air duct as shown in the
figure. Will the oil in the manometer move as in(a) or (b)? Explain. What would your response
be if the flow direction is reversed?

5. While traveling on a dirt road, the bottom of a car hits a sharp rock and a small hole develops
at the bottom of its gas tank. If the height of the gasoline in the tank is 30 cm,
determine the initial velocity of the gasoline at the hole. Discuss how the velocity will change
with time and how the flow will be affected if the lid of the tank is closed tightly.
Answer: 2.43 m/s
6. A siphon pumps water from a large reservoir to a lower tank that is initially empty. The tank
also has a rounded orifice 15 ft below the reservoir surface where the water leaves the tank.
Both the siphon and the orifice diameters are 2 in. Ignoring frictional losses, determine to what
height the water will rise in the tank at equilibrium.

7. Water enters a tank of diameter 𝐷𝑇 steadily at a mass flow rate of 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 . An orifice at the bottom
with diameter 𝐷0 allows water to escape. The orifice has a rounded entrance, so the frictional
losses are negligible. If the tank is initially empty, (a) determine the maximum height that the
water will reach in the tank and (b) obtain a relation for water height 𝑧 as a function of time.

8. In a hydroelectric power plant, water enters the turbine nozzles at 700 kPa absolute with a low
velocity. If the nozzle outlets are exposed to atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa, determine the
maximum velocity to which water can be accelerated by the nozzles before striking the urbine
blades.

9. Water flows through a horizontal pipe at a rate of 4 L/s. The pipe consists of two sections of
diameters 4 in and 2 in with a smooth reducing section. The pressure difference between the
two pipe sections is measured by a mercury manometer. Neglecting frictional effects, determine
the differential height of mercury between the two pipe sections.
Chocolate Problem (not to be submitted)

1. The water level in a tank is 20 m above the ground. A hose is connected to the bottom of the
tank, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. The tank cover is
airtight, and the air pressure above the water surface is 2 atm gage. The system is at sea level.
Determine the maximum height to which the water stream could rise. Answer: 40.7 m

2. The velocity of a fluid flowing in a pipe is to be measured by two different Pitot-type mercury
manometers shown in figure. Would you expect both manometers to predict the same velocity
for flowing water? If not, which would be more accurate? Explain. What would your response
be if air were flowing in the pipe instead of water?

Questions for thought (not to be submitted)

3. Does the amount of mass entering a control volume have to be equal to the amount of mass
leaving during an unsteady-flow process?

4. What is mechanical energy? What are the forms of mechanical energy of a fluid stream?

5. What are the three major assumptions used in the derivation of the Bernoulli equation?
6. Define static, dynamic, and hydrostatic pressure. Under what conditions is their sum constant
for a flow stream?

7. What is stagnation pressure? Explain how it can be measured.

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