Variables

Variable is the name of a memory

location which stores some data.

Memory

a b
25 S
Variables
Rules

a. Variables are case sensitive

b. 1st character is alphabet or '_'

c. no comma/blank space

d. No other symbol other than '_'

Variables
Data Types
Constants
Values that don't change(fixed)

Types

Integer Character
Constants Real Constants
1, 2, 3, 0
Constants 'a', 'b', 'A',
, -1, -2 1.0, 2.0, '#', '&'
3.14, -24
Keywords
Reserved words that have special
meaning to the compiler

32 Keywords in C
Keywords
auto double int struct

break else long switch

case enum register typedef

char extern return union

continue for signed void

do if static while

default goto sizeof volatile

const float short unsigned

Program Structure

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Hello World");
return 0;
}
Comments
Lines that are not part of program

Single Line Multiple

Line
/*
//
*/
Output
printf(" Hello World ");

new line
printf(" kuch bhi \n");
Output
CASES
1. integers
printf(" age is %d ", age);

2. real numbers
printf(" value of pi is %f ", pi);

3. characters
printf(" star looks like this %c ", star);
Input

scanf(" %d ", &age);

Compilation
A computer program that translates C code
into machine code

a.exe (windows)
Hello.c C Compiler
a.out (linux & mac)
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Instructions & Operators

(Chapter 2)

1. Type Declaration Instructions

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int age = 22;
int oldAge = age;
int newAge = oldAge + 2;
printf("new age is : %d", newAge);

int rupee = 1, dollar;

dollar = 74;

/*
order of declaration is important - Wrong Declaration Order
float pi = 3.14;
float area = pi * rad * rad;
float rad = 3;
*/
 // valid declaration
int age1, age2, age3;
age1 = age2 = age3 = 22;

//invalid
//int a1 = a2 = a3 = 22;

return 0;
}

2. Arithmetic Instructions
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3;
//valid
a = b + c;

//invalid
// b + c = a;

printf("%d \n", 3 % 2);

printf("%d \n", -3 % 2);
return 0;
}

> Type Conversion

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("sum of 2 & 3 : %d", 2 + 3);
printf("sum of 2.0 & 3 : %f", 2.0 + 3);
printf("sum of 2.0 & 3.0 : %f", 2.0 + 3.0);
return 0;
}

> Associativity
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
printf(" Output : %d", 5+2/2*3);
 return 0;
}

3. Relational Operator
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("%d \n", 4==4);

printf("%d \n", 4<3);

printf("%d \n", 3<4);
printf("%d \n", 4<4);
printf("%d \n", 4<=4);

printf("%d \n", 4>3);

printf("%d \n", 3>4);
printf("%d \n", 4>4);
printf("%d \n", 4>=4);

printf("%d \n", 4!=4);

printf("%d \n", 3!=4);
return 0;
}

4. Logical Operator
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("%d \n", 3<4 && 3<5);
printf("%d \n", 3<4 && 5<4);

printf("%d \n", 3<4 && 5<4);

printf("%d \n", 3>4 && 5>4);
printf("%d \n", 3<4 && 3<5);

printf("%d \n", !(3<4 && 3<5));

printf("%d \n", !(4<3 || 5<3));
return 0;
}
 5. Assignment Operator
# include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int a = 10;
a += 10;
printf("a+10 = %d \n", a);
a -= 10;
printf("a-10 = %d \n", a);
a *= 10;
printf("a*10 = %d \n", a);
a /= 10;
printf("a/10 = %d \n", a);
a %= 10;
printf("a%c10 = %d \n", '%', a);
return 0;
}

V
 Instructions
These are statements in a Program

Types

Type Declaration Control

Instructions Arithmetic Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Type Declaration Instructions Declare var before using it

VALID INVALID
int a = 22; int a = 22;
int b = a; int b = a;
int c = b + 1; int c = b + 2;
int d = 1, e; int d = 2, e;

int a,b,c;
int a,b,c = 1;
a = b = c = 1;
Arithmetic Instructions
a+b
Operand 1 Operand 2

Operator

NOTE - single variable on the LHS

Arithmetic Instructions
VALID INVALID
a=b+c b+c=a
a=b*c a = bc
a=b/c a = b^c

NOTE - pow(x,y) for x to the power y

Arithmetic Instructions
Modular Operator %
Returns remainder for int

3%2=1
-3 % 2 = -1
Arithmetic Instructions
Type Conversion

int op int int

int op float float

float op float float

Arithmetic Instructions
Operator Precedence

*, /, % x = 4 + 9 * 10

+, -

= x=4*3/6*2
Arithmetic Instructions
Associativity (for same precedence)
Left to Right

x=4*3/6*2
Instructions
Control Instructions
Used to determine flow of program
a. Sequence Control

b. Decision Control

c. Loop Control

d. Case Control
Operators
a. Arithmetic Operators

b. Relational Operators

c. Logical Operators

d. Bitwise Operators

e. Assignment Operators

f. Ternary Operator
Operators
Relational Operators
==

>, >=

<, <=

!=
Operators
Logical Operators
&& AND

|| OR

! NOT
Operator Precendence
Priority Operator
1 !
2 *, /, %
3 +, -
4 <, <=, >, >=
5 ==, !=
6 &&
7 ||
8 =
Operators
Assignment Operators
=
+=

-=

*=

/=

%=
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Conditional Statements
(Chapter 3)

1. If-else
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int age = 19;
if(age >= 18) {
printf("you are an adult");
}
else {
printf("you are not an adult");
}
return 0;
}

> check if a number is odd or even

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int number;
 scanf("%d", &number);

if(number % 2 == 0) {
printf("even");
}
else {
printf("odd");
}
return 0;
}

> Use of else if

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int age;
printf("Enter age : ");
scanf("%d", &age);

if(age < 12) {

printf("child");
}
else if(age < 18) {
printf("teenager");
}
else {
printf("adult");
}
return 0;
}

2. Ternary Operator
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int age;
printf("Enter age : ");
scanf("%d", &age);

age > 18 ? printf("adult \n") : printf("not adult \n");

int number = 7;
 int luckyNumber = 7;

number == luckyNumber ? printf("you are lucky \n") : printf("you are not

lucky \n");

return 0;
}

3. Switch (integer)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>

int main() {
int day = 5;
switch(day) {
case 1 : printf("monday \n");
break;
case 2 : printf("tuesday \n");
break;
case 3 : printf("wednesday \n");
break;
case 4 : printf("thursday \n");
break;
case 5 : printf("friday \n");
break;
case 6 : printf("saturday \n");
break;
case 7 : printf("sunday \n");
break;
}
return 0;
}

4. Switch (character)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>

int main() {
char day = 'f';
switch(day) {
case 'm' : printf("monday \n");
break;
 case 't' : printf("tuesday \n");
break;
case 'w' : printf("wednesday \n");
break;
case 'T' : printf("thursday \n");
break;
case 'f' : printf("friday \n");
break;
case 's' : printf("saturday \n");
break;
case 'S' : printf("sunday \n");
break;
}
return 0;
}
Conditional Statements
Types

if-else Switch
if-else

if(Condition) {
//do something if TRUE
}
else {
//do something if FALSE
}

Ele is optional block

can also work without {}
else if

if(Condition 1) {
//do something if TRUE
}
else if (Condition 2) {
//do something if 1st is FALSE & 2nd is TRUE
}
Conditional Operators
Ternary
Condition ? doSomething if TRUE : doSomething if FALSE;

give 1 & 0 cases

Conditional Operators
switch
switch(number) {
case C1: //do something
break;
case C2 : //do something
break;
default : //do something
}
Conditional Operators
switch Properties

a. Cases can be in any order

b. Nested switch (switch inside switch) are allowed

 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Loop Control Statements

(Chapter 4)

1. Syntax of 3 Loops
# include <stdio.h>

int main () {
//for loop
for(int i=1; i<=100; i++) {
printf("%d\n", i);
}

//while loop
int i=1;
while(i<=100) {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}

//do while loop

i = 1;
do {
 printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
} while(i<=100);

return 0;
}
Loop Control Instructions
To repeat some parts of the program

Types

for do while
while
for Loop

for(initialisation; condition; updation) {

//do something

}
Special Things
- Increment Operator

- Decrement Operator

- Loop counter can be float

or even character

- Infinite Loop
while Loop
while(condition) {
//do something

}
do while Loop
do {
//do something

} while(condition);
break Statement

exit the loop

continue Statement

skip to next iteration

Nested Loops

for( .. ) {
for( .. ) {

}
}
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Functions & Recursion

(Chapter 5)

1. Function to print Hello

#include<stdio.h>

//function declaration/prototype
void printHello();

int main() {
//function call
printHello();
return 0;
}

//function definition
void printHello() {
printf("Hello!\n");
}

2. Function to calculate square of a number

 # include <stdio.h>
//function to calculate square of a number
int calcSquare(int n);

int main() {
int n;
printf("enter n : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("square is : %d", calcSquare(n));
return 0;
}

int calcSquare(int n) {
return n * n;
}

3. Function to calculate n factorial (using recursion)

# include <stdio.h>
//function to print factorial of n
int factorial(int n);

int main() {
int n;
printf("enter n : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("factorial is : %d", factorial(n));
return 0;
}

int factorial(int n) {
if(n == 0) {
return 1;
}
int factnm1 = factorial(n-1);
int factn = factnm1 * n;
return factn;
}
Functions

block of code that performs particular task

Take Do Return
Argument Work Result

it can be used multiple times

increase code reusability
Syntax 1
Function Prototype

void printHello( );

> Tell the compiler

Syntax 2
Function Definition
void printHello() {
printf("Hello");
}

> Do the Work

Syntax 3
Function Call
int main() {
printHello( );
return 0;
}

> Use the Work

Properties
- Execution always starts from main

- A function gets called directly or indirectly from main

- There can be multiple functions in a program

Function Types

Library User-
function defined
Special functions declared & defined by
inbuilt in C programmer

scanf( ), printf( )
Passing Arguments
functions can take value & give some value

parameter return value

Passing Arguments

void printHello( );

void printTable(int n);

int sum(int a, int b);

Passing Arguments
functions can take value & give some value

parameter return value

Argument v/s Parameter
values that are values in function
passed in declaration &
function call definition

used to send used to receive

value value

actual formal
parameter parameters
NOTE

a. Function can only return one value at a time

b. Changes to parameters in function don't change the values in

calling function.
Because a copy of argument is passed to the function
Recursion

When a function calls itself, it's called recursion

Properties of Recursion
a. Anything that can be done with Iteration, can be done with
recursion and vice-versa.

b. Recursion can sometimes give the most simple solution.

c. Base Case is the condition which stops recursion.

d. Iteration has infinite loop & Recursion has stack overflow

 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Pointers
(Chapter 6)

1. Syntax
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int age = 22;
int *ptr = &age;
int _age = *ptr;
printf("%d\n", _age);

//address
printf("%p\n", &age);
printf("%p\n", ptr);
printf("%p\n", &ptr);

//data
printf("%d\n", age);
printf("%d\n", *ptr);
printf("%d\n", *(&age));
return 0;
 }

2. Pointers in Function call

# include <stdio.h>

void square(int n);

void _square(int* n);

int main() {
int number = 4;

//call by value
square(number);
printf("n is : %d\n", number);

//call by reference
_square(&number);
printf("n is : %d\n", number);
return 0;
}

void square(int n) {
n = n * n;
printf("square is : %d\n", n);
}

void _square(int* n) {
*n = *n * *n;
printf("square is : %d\n", *n);
}

3. Swap 2 numbers
# include <stdio.h>

void swap(int a, int b);

void _swap(int* a, int *b);

int main() {
int x = 3, y = 5;

//call by value
swap(x, y);
 printf("x = %d & y = %d\n", x, y);

//call by reference
_swap(&x, &y);
printf("x = %d & y = %d\n", x, y);
return 0;
}

void swap(int a, int b) {

int t = a;
a = b;
b = a;
}

void _swap(int* a, int* b) {

int t = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = *a;
}
Pointers
A variable that stores the memory
address of another variable

Memory
age ptr

22 2010

2010 2013
Syntax
int age = 22;
int *ptr = &age;
int _age = *ptr;
Memory
age ptr

22 2010

2010 2013
Declaring Pointers

int *ptr;

char *ptr;

float *ptr;
Format Specifier

printf("%p", &age);

printf("%p", ptr);

printf("%p", &ptr);
Pointer to Pointer
A variable that stores the memory
address of another pointer

Memory
age pptr ptr

22 2013 2010

2010 2012 2013

Pointer to Pointer
Syntax

int **pptr;

char **pptr;

float **pptr;
Pointers in Function Call

Call by call by
Value Reference

We pass value of We pass address of

variable as variable as
argument argument
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Arrays
(Chapter 7)

1. Syntax
# include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int marks[3];
printf("physics : ");
scanf("%d", &marks[0]);

printf("chem : ");
scanf("%d", &marks[1]);

printf("math : ");
scanf("%d", &marks[2]);

printf("physics = %d, ", marks[0]); //physics

printf("chem = %d, ", marks[1]); //chem
printf("math = %d \n", marks[2]); //math
 return 0;
}

2. Pointer Arithmetic
# include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int age = 22;

int *ptr = &age;

int _age = 25;

int *_ptr = &_age;

printf("%u\n", ptr);
ptr++;
printf("%u\n", ptr);
ptr--;
printf("%u\n", ptr);
ptr = ptr - _ptr;
printf("%u\n", ptr);

ptr = &_age;
printf("%d\n", ptr == _ptr);

return 0;
}

3. Accessing an Array
# include <stdio.h>

void printNumbers(int *arr, int n);

void _printNumbers(int arr[], int n);

int main() {
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
printNumbers(arr, 6);
printNumbers(arr, 6);
return 0;
}
void printNumbers(int *arr, int n) {
for(int i=0; i<n; i++) {
printf("%d : %d\n", i, arr[i]);
}
}

void _printNumbers(int arr[], int n) {

for(int i=0; i<n; i++) {
printf("%d : %d\n", i, arr[i]);
}
}
Arrays

Collection of similar data types stored at

contiguous memory locations
Syntax
int marks[3];

char name[10];
float price[2];
Input & Output
scanf("%d", &marks[0]);

printf("%d", marks[0]);
Inititalization of Array
int marks[ ] = {97, 98, 89};

int marks[ 3 ] = {97, 98, 89};

Memory Reserved :
Pointer Arithmetic
Pointer can be incremented
& decremented

CASE 1
Pointer Arithmetic
CASE 2

CASE 3
Pointer Arithmetic

- We can also subtract one pointer from another

- We can also compare 2 pointers

Array is a Pointer

int *ptr = &arr[0];

int *ptr = arr;

Traverse an Array
int aadhar[10];
int *ptr = &aadhar[0];
Arrays as Function Argument
//Function Declaration
void printNumbers (int arr[ ], int n)
OR
void printNumbers (int *arr, int n)

//Function Call
printNumbers(arr, n);
Multidimensional Arrays
2 D Arrays
int arr[ ][ ] = { {1, 2}, {3, 4} }; //Declare

//Access
arr[0][0]
arr[0][1]
arr[1][0]
arr[1][1]