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08_Application of Integrals

This chapter discusses the application of integrals to find areas bounded by plane curves using definite integrals. It covers concepts such as curve tracing, symmetry, points of intersection, and methods for calculating areas, including handling positive and negative areas. The chapter emphasizes the importance of visualizing the area through sketches and understanding the relationships between curves.

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3 views2 pages

08_Application of Integrals

This chapter discusses the application of integrals to find areas bounded by plane curves using definite integrals. It covers concepts such as curve tracing, symmetry, points of intersection, and methods for calculating areas, including handling positive and negative areas. The chapter emphasizes the importance of visualizing the area through sketches and understanding the relationships between curves.

Uploaded by

vaanya.goyal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8

Chapter
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

NCERT CRUX
Now y is real, if 0 < x ≤ a , so its region lies between the lines
Introduction x = 0 and x = a.

The process of finding area of some plane region is called


Quadrature. In this chapter we shall find the area bounded Area Bounded by a Curve
by some simple plane curves with the help of definite integral.
For solving the problems on quadrature easily, if possible first 1. We can think of area under the curve as composed of
draw the rough sketch of the required area. large number of very thin vertical strips. Consider an
arbitrary strip of height y and width dx then dA (area
of the elementary strip) = ydx, where, y = f(x). This
Curve Tracing area is called the elementary area which is located at an
arbitrary position within the region which is specified
In this chapter “function”, we have seen graphs of some by some value of x between a and b. We can think of
simple elementary curves. Here we introduce some essential the total area A of the region between x-axis, ordinates
steps for curve tracing which will enable us to determine the x = a, x = b and the curve y = f(x) as the result of adding
required area. up the elementary areas of thin strips across the region.
Symbolically, we express
Symmetry
b b b
The curve f(x, y) = 0 is symmetrical
= A ∫=
a
dA ∫ =
a
ydx ∫ f (x)dx
a

 about x-axis if all terms of y contain even powers.


 about y-axis if all terms of x contain even powers.
 about the origin if f(–x, –y) = f(x, y).
For example, y2 = 4ax is symmetrical about x-axis, and
x2 = 4ay is symmetrical about y-axis and the curve y = x3 is
symmetrical about the origin.

Points of Intersection with the Axes


If we get real values of x on putting y = 0 in the equation of the 2. The area bounded by a cartesian curve x = f(y), y-axis
curve, then real values of x and y = 0 give those points where and abscissa y = c and y = d
the curve cuts the x-axis. Similarly by putting x = 0, we get the d d
points of intersection of the curve and y-axis. Area
= ∫=
x dy ∫ f ( y ) dy
For example, the curve x2/a2 + y2 /b2 = 1 intersects the axes at c c
points (± a, 0) and (0, ± b).

Region
Write the given equation as y = f(x), and find minimum and
maximum values of x which determine the region of the curve.
a–x
For example for the curve xy2 = a2 (a – x) ⇒ y = a
x
2 NTA CUET (UG) - Mathematics PW

3. If the equation of a curve is in parametric form, say in Fig. Here, A1 < 0 and A2 > 0. Therefore, the area A
b t2 bounded by the curve y = f(x), x-axis and the ordinates
x = f(t), y = g(t), then the area = ∫ y dx = ∫ g(t)f '(t) dt x = a and x = b is given by A = | A1| + A2.
a t1 Y
Where t1 and t2 are the values of t respectively A2
corresponding to the values of a & b of x. [RC]

x=b
Symmetrical Area
X X
O
If the curve is symmetrical about a coordinate axis (or a line x=a
or origin), then we find the area of one symmetrical portion
and multiply it by the number of symmetrical portions to get
the required area. A1
Y

Positive and Negative Area [RC]


Area Between Two Curves

1. If the position of the curve under consideration is below
the x-axis, then since f(x) < 0 from x = a to x = b, as 1. When two curves intersect at two points and their
shown in Fig the area bounded by the curve, x-axis and common area lies between these points.
the ordinates x = a, x = b come out to be negative. But, If y = f1(x) and y = f2(x) are two curves where f1(x) >
it is only the numerical value of the area which is taken f2(x) which intersect at two points A(x = a) and B(x = b)
into consideration. Thus, if the area if negative, we take and their common area lies between A & B, then their
b
its absolute value, i.e., ∫
a
f (x)dx
Y

X X
O x=b
x=a
)
f(x
y= b
Common area = ∫ (y
a
1 – y 2 ) dx
Y b

2. Generally, it may happen that some portion of the curve = ∫ [f1 (x) – f 2 (x)] dx
is above x-axis and some is below the x-axis as shown a

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