Hindawi

Advances in Civil Engineering

Volume 2020, Article ID 8816704, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8816704

Research Article
New Method for Calculating the Settlement of Single
Pile and Pile Group in Soft Soil Area

Jingjing Xu , Xu Xu, and Wenjuan Yao

School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Wenjuan Yao; [email protected]

Received 25 May 2020; Revised 1 October 2020; Accepted 20 October 2020; Published 11 November 2020

Academic Editor: Jia-wen Zhou

Copyright © 2020 Jingjing Xu et al. +is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

+is paper fits the τ-z curve of a single pile by mathematical methods. Based on the one-dimensional similarity of the τ-z curves,
the τ-z curves of single pile under different loads are derived. It studies the distribution of the axial force of a single pile by taking
the self-weight of the pile and the pile-end resistance ratio into account and establishes the calculated equation of settlement for
single pile. +e mutual reinforcing effect between the piles is fully considered, and the settlement of each foundation pile in the pile
group is deduced in use of shear displacement method. +e example analysis shows that the axial force distribution of single pile
considering the self-weight and the pile-end resistance ratio is in good agreement with the experimental data. +e settlement error
of a single pile calculated by the traditional method is 18.52% compared with measured value. When the self-weight and end
resistance ratio are not considered, the error reaches 2.26%. However, the error could reduce to 1.64% when they are taken into
consideration. It has a good applicability to calculate the settlement of pile group through the τ-z curves of single pile. Also, it can
better forecast the settlement behavior of the pile group under similar conditions.

1. Introduction parameters, which results in some limitations in engineering

applications to some extent.
In the past decades, some methods have been used for the +e shear displacement method was proposed by Cooke
settlement calculation of pile groups. +ey mainly include in 1974. +e soil displacement caused by the shaft shear
equivalent pier foundation method, layered summation stress is regarded as the logarithmic relation of radial dis-
method, load transfer method, and finite element analysis tance away from pile. +e interaction among piles can be
method [1]. A great deal of research has been done on the considered by the superposition principle. It is a simple and
application of these methods. +e equivalent pier foundation efficient method in analyzing the response of axially loaded
method and the layered summation method take the pile pile [2, 3]. Later, the shear displacement method is used to
group and the cap to be a whole, which is good for calcu- analyze pile group effect and pile-pile interaction [4, 5].
lating the overall settlement of the pile group. However, it Based on shear displacement method, Lin et al. [6, 7]
cannot analyze the differential settlement between the piles proposed a simplified formula of interaction coefficient and
in the pile group foundation. +e load transfer method is established a flexibility matrix equation for pile group set-
very effective in calculating the settlement of a single pile, tlement calculation.
while it cannot account for the continuity of the soil and the In practical applications, static load tests of a single pile
interaction between the pile and surrounding soil as used in were carried out in the foundation design of most projects.
group pile calculation. +e finite element analysis method +is has attracted more and more attention from researchers
can well describe the geometric characteristics of the pile about how to use single pile test results to effectively estimate
group and the specific parameters of the soil around the pile. the deformation behavior of pile groups.
However, due to the complexity of modeling, the calculation Mostly, researchers estimated the settlement of pile
accuracy is greatly affected by the selection of the groups through the load-settlement curve of a single pile.
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2 Advances in Civil Engineering

+e foundation parameters are obtained through back skin friction, and the settlement of the pile top almost comes
analysis of the load test, and the interaction between the piles from the compression of the pile body, which is shown as
is described by the mutual interaction factor [8, 9]. Mao and purely frictional pile [15, 17]. +erefore, it is assumed that
Jiang [10] analyzed the load test of a single pile and obtained the piles studied in this paper behave as frictional piles.
the equivalent deformation modulus. +e Mindlin solution, A loading test on a single pile S3 in multilayered soils was
Boussinesq solution, and the superposition principle were obtained from Xin [18]. +e site has 23.36 meters silty clay,
used to compute the interaction between the piles in the pile and the thickness of the soft soil is 52.3 m. +e parameters of
group, and the C++ program was compiled to calculate the soils are as shown in Table 1. Figure 1 illustrates the
settlement of pile group. Pan et al. [11] established a load schematic diagram of the pile and soil strata. +e test pile, S3,
transfer model for a single pile which is similar to hyperbolic is 1.1 m in diameter with a length of 88.17 m. It is a typical
function. Based on the Runge-Kutta method, they consid- super-long pile in the soft soil area. +e bearing stratum is
ered the pile to pile interaction and proposed an improved moderately weathered bedrock and the pile top settlement is
load transfer method to calculate response of the pile group. 49.52 mm under bearing load.
+e key for calculating the settlement of pile group by a In the literature, the τ-z curves under different loads are
single pile is the analysis of the interactions among piles. similar. +e parameter φ � z/La is introduced where La is
Moreover, the consideration of the mutual reinforcing ef- the effective length of pile and z is the depth from the pile
fects plays a very important role in analyzing the interactions top. In this paper, La is taken as the value of pile length. τ(φ)
between piles. Liang et al. [12], Yan and Zhang [13], and Xin is the value of skin friction with change of φ. +e polynomial
[14] considered the effect of the foundation pile itself on the function is used to fit the relationship between skin friction
deformation of soil and studied the reinforcement effect of and effective depth under a certain load P0 . When the
the pile group. Sheil and McCabe [15] took the reinforce- polynomial is of order six in origin software, it is enough to
ment effect of unloaded pile into account and calculated the meet the fitting accuracy requirements. Taking P0 � 9600 kN
settlement of pile raft foundation by nonlinear iterative as an example, the fitting function is obtained as follows:
method. Not only is the settlement of the piles in the group
pile foundation related to the skin friction of the piles, but in
also is closely related to the mutual reinforcement effect of τ(φ) � 􏽘 gi φi � 0.43052 − 8.07 × 103 φ6 + 2.49 × 104 φ5
other surrounding piles [15, 16]. i�0

In addition to the load-settlement curve, the τ-z curves − 2.86 × 104 φ4 + 1.50 × 104 φ3 − 3.49 × 103 φ2
obtained from the static load test also contain rich infor-
mation of pile-soil interaction. Moreover, it can well reflect + 3.52 × 102 φ.
the feedback of the pile and soil under the axial load. In this (1)
work, the τ-z curves obtained from test under a certain load
are fitted, and thus the τ-z curves under different loads are In (1), gi is the polynomial coefficient [19]. +e fitting
derived from it. Considering the effect of the existence of curve and measured curve are shown in Figure 2. As shown
piles on surrounding soil and the mutual reinforcing effect in Figure 2, the skin friction first increases and then de-
between piles, the settlement of pile group is deduced by the creases with the increase of depth. +e friction resistance
τ-z curves of a single pile. By comparison with the numerical along pile is gradually developed, and the skin friction of
analysis method, the method proposed in this work greatly upper soil layer is prior to that of lower soil layer. It is an
saves the calculation time, and the calculated results are in asynchronous process. +e correlation coefficient of two
good agreement with test value. curves, R2 , equals 0.9319. +e closer the value of R2 is to 1,
the better the accuracy of fitting curve is.
2. Fitting and Derivation of Single Pile It is not difficult to find from Xin et al. [18] that τ-z
curves under different loads have some common features
Under the different axial load of pile top, although the along the depth. +e magnitude and direction of tangent
magnitude of pile side friction along depth is different, its slope of τ-z curves are approximately the same, though the
curves are close to each other along the tangent direction of values of skin friction are different at the same depth. +ere
the corresponding side friction when the depth changes. In are similar situations found in other literatures, such as Zhu
other words, the development of pile side friction along the et al. [20], McCabe [21], and Chen [15]. It can also be said
depth under different load levels has a certain proportion that there is one-dimensional similarity between τ-z curves
relationship. +ey are similar in one-dimensional direction. under different loads. Let τ 0 (φ) be the fitting curve of skin
One-dimensional similarity was introduced to describe this friction; τ ∗ (φ) is the derived curve of skin friction at the
phenomenon. In this work, based on an example, the same depth and Δ(φ) is any small differentiable function.
functional expressions between the skin friction and the +e following is the derivation of the above-mentioned
depth of a single pile are obtained by fitting. According to the terms:
one-dimensional similarity of τ-z curves, the disparate
functional expressions under different loads are derived. τ ∗ (φ) � τ 0 (φ) + Δ(φ). (2)
For the super-long pile in soft soil area, the bearing Let
capacity provided by pile end is very small under working
load. Almost all the bearing capacity is provided by the pile Δ(φ) � h · τ 0 (φ), (3)
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Advances in Civil Engineering 3

Table 1: Physical and mechanical parameters of soils.

No. Name Bottom buried depth (m) Density (kN/m3) Water content (%)
1 Filling 1.33∼3.82 17.38 43.5
3-1 Silt 10.50∼11.40 15.67 70.1
3-2 Silt 19.18∼21.21 16.10 64.7
3-3 Muddy clay 20.85∼23.36 17.27 50.5
4-1 Clay 22.48∼24.36 19.06 32.9
4-2 Clay 28.47∼30.90 18.20 40.9
5-1 Silty clay with clay 31.01∼33.55 19.33 29.9
5-2 Clay 34.26∼38.85 18.55 37
6-1 Clay with silty clay 38.96∼45.60 19.49 29.6
6-2 Clay 41.97∼46.43 18.40 36.8
7-1 Clay with silty clay 47.46 19.12 30.7
8 Silty clay mixed with reef 42.92∼52.30 —— ——
9-1-1 Completely weathered bedrock 58.68∼69.52 —— ——
9-1-2 Completely weathered bedrock 75.46∼105.76 —— ——
9-2 Strongly weathered bedrock 84.48∼114.48 —— ——
9-3 Moderately weathered bedrock Unpierced —— ——

1 τ (kPa)
3–1 0 10 20 30 40

3–2
0.2
3–3
4–1
4–2 0.4
5–1
5–2 φ
0.6
6–1
6–2
0.8
7–1
8
1.0
9–1

Measured value
9–2
Fitting curve
Figure 2: +e fitting curve of skin friction when load is 9600 kN.
9–3
functional expressions between the skin friction and the
Figure 1: +e schematic diagram of the pile and soil strata. effective depth under any load by
in i
P∗ n
τ(z) � (1 + h) · 􏽘 gi φi � 􏽘 g φi . (7)
i�0
P0 i�0 i
where h is the infinitesimal parameter. +en, (2) changes to
When the pile top load P∗ � 12000 kN, substitute P∗ , P0 ,
τ ∗ (φ) � (1 + h) · τ 0 (φ). (4)
and (1) into (7). So, the functional expressions between pile
And skin friction and the depth can be written as
z τ(φ) � 0.53815 − 1.009 × 104 φ6 + 3.111 × 104 φ5
P0 � π D 􏽚 τ 0 (φ)dz, (5)
0
− 3.579 × 104 φ4 + 1.871 × 104 φ3 − 4.357 × 103 φ2
z z
P∗ � π D 􏽚 τ ∗ (φ)dz � (1 + h)π D 􏽚 τ 0 (φ)dz, (6) + 4.407 × 102 φ.
0 0
(8)
where P0 , P∗ is the corresponding load of τ 0 (φ), τ ∗ (φ), +e calculated skin friction by derived equation is
respectively. It is easy to get the value of h by (6). +erefore, compared with the measured data, as shown in Figure 3. +e
according to the one-dimensional similarity between the τ-z correlation coefficient R2 is 0.9336, which verifies the cor-
curves under different loads in the same test, we can get the rectness of the derived equation.
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4 Advances in Civil Engineering

τ (kPa)
0 10 20 30 40 50
0.0

0.2

0.4

φ
0.6

0.8

1.0

Measured value
Calculated curve
Figure 3: +e comparison of measured and derived curves when load is 12000 kN.

Table 2: +e correlation coefficient under different pile top loads.

P (kN) 4800 7200 14400 18000 20400 22800 24000 25200
R2 0.8617 0.9688 0.9622 0.9496 0.9683 0.9742 0.9747 0.9722

+e correlation coefficients between the derived function Table 3: +e correlation coefficient.

and the measured data under different pile top loads are
P (kN) 17 56 30 50
shown in Table 2. +e closer the correlation coefficient is to
R2 0.9619 0.9926 0.9265 0.9992
1, the closer the two types of data are. It can be seen from
Table 2 that, under different top loads, the minimum value of
the fitting correlation coefficient is 0.8617 and the maximum In practical engineering, the pile end still provides small
value is 0.9745 which indicates that the calculated and de- bearing capacity. When calculating the total skin friction of
rived value have a good fit. pile, the pile-end resistance ratio β is introduced in this case
+e method proposed also has been applied to different to consider the pile-end force in soft area. ‘β’ is equal to the
field test [21]. Taking P0 as 46 kN in this case. When pile top pile-end force divided by the sum of pile-end force and the
load P∗ is taken as different values, the derived functions can total skin friction. Assume that β � 0.06 here when com-
be obtained in use of the same method. +e correlation bining the test data in soft soil area [22, 23]. When the top
coefficients R2 are shown in Table 3. A good agreement load P∗ � 8400 kN, the pile skin friction can be expressed by
between the measured values and derived curves is generally the following equation according to the one-dimensional
observed from Table 3. Moreover, the reliability of the similarity of skin friction curves under different loads:
proposed method in this paper is further proved.
P∗ (1 − β)
τ i0 (φ) � τ 0 (φ) � 891.906φ4 − 1931.27φ3
P0
3. Case Study on Response of Single Pile (10)
2
+e case analyzed was presented by Chen [15]. A friction + 1279.377φ − 202.329φ + 22.967.
super-long pile was driven to a penetration of 67.5 m and
had a diameter of 0.85 m. +e bearing capacity of single pile +e correlation coefficient R2 is 0.9725 when P0 is taken
was designed as 12000 kN. +e concrete strength grade of the as 9600 kN. And the value of R2 equals 0.9568 when P∗ is
pile is C50 and the elastic modulus was adopted as 34.5 GPa. 8400 kN. Comparing the measured value with fitting curve
+e τ-z curves under different loads can be obtained and derived curve, the results are shown in Figure 4. As can
from the literature of Chen [15]. Firstly, a polynomial is used be seen from Figure 4, the fitting curve and the derived curve
to fit the functional expressions between the pile skin friction in this paper can well reflect the variation rule of pile skin
τ and parameter φ when P0 � 9600kN, as shown in the friction along the depth. In addition, they are in good
following equation: agreement with the experimental value.
Because super-long pile has large length, neglecting the
τ 0 (φ) � 1019.3φ4 − 2207.2φ3 + 1462.1φ2 − 231.23φ + 26.248. weight of the pile body during the calculation will have a
(9) greater impact on the calculation results. +erefore, it is
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Advances in Civil Engineering 5

τ (kPa) where N is the axial force of the pile; Pi is the acting load at
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 the top of the pile; Qw is the self-weight of the pile body; T is
the total frictional resistance in the range of 0 to z.
As can be seen from Figure 5, the axial force of pile
0.2 decreases gradually with the increase of depth. +e decrease
of axial force in the upper part of pile body is very slow, and
0.4 it increases gradually as the depth continues to increase.
When the pile top load is 120,00 kN, the errors of axial force
φ
at the depths of 37.2 m and 66.2 m without considering the
0.6 self-weight of pile are 3.4% and 24.56%, respectively. After
considering the weight of pile, the errors are reduced to
0.8 0.75% and 11%, respectively. It is closer to the experimental
data of axial force distribution when considering the self-
weight of super-long pile. +erefore, it is quite necessary to
1.0
consider the self-weight of the pile in the analysis of the
Measured value (9600kN) settlement of the super-long pile and the force distribution
Fitting curve (9600kN) along the pile.
Measured value (8400kN)
Since load of pile top Pi and weight of pile Qw are
Derived curve (8400kN)
constant values, the key to calculate the axial force N is the
Figure 4: +e comparison of different curves. calculation of total frictional resistance T according to (11).
+e value of T is obtained based on fitting polynomial. From
Figure 4, it can be found that the simulation effect of the side
N (kN) friction τ is slightly worse than the lower part of the pile
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 when φ is on the range of 0 to 0.4. +is also leads to the error
of total frictional resistance T while φ is between 0 and 0.4.
10 Hence, the error of the axial force N is slightly larger when
considering Qw around the depth of 0–28 m in Figure 5.
20 However, this does not affect the overall consistency of the
calculated axial force with the experimental data when Qw is
30 considered.
z (m)

In practice, the super-long piles mostly appear as fric-

40
tional piles. However, the pile end also bears part of the
50 force. Figure 6 is the comparisons of the axial force dis-
tribution when considering and not considering the end
60 resistance ratio of super-long pile as well as the measured
value. It can also be seen from Figure 6 that the axial force of
70 the pile is significantly smaller than experimental value
Measured value without considering the end resistance ratio β. As the pile
Calculated value with considering Qw top load is 120,00 kN, the errors of axial force at the depths of
Calculated value without considering Qw 37.2 m and 66.2 m without considering the end resistance
ratio are −3.4% and −38.08%, respectively. +e errors after
Figure 5: Comparison of axial force distribution of a single pile.
considering the end resistance ratio are reduced to 0.21%
and 8.5%, respectively. Consequently, in this paper, distri-
particularly necessary to consider the self-weight of super- bution analysis of axial force with taking the end resistance
long pile. +e axial force of a super-long pile can be ratio β into account is more consistent with the actual
expressed by the first following equation, and the total skin condition. +e calculated axial force is more in line with the
friction along the pile can be calculated by the second fol- experimental value as well.
lowing equation. +us, we can easily obtain the axial force at +e settlement of pile under axial load is mainly com-
different depths along the pile. When taking and not taking posed of the compression of pile body and the soil at end of
the self-weight of the pile into account, the distributions of pile. In practice, the load on the pile end is very small. +e
the axial force along the depth direction are calculated and pile top load is mainly borne by the skin friction, which
compared with the experimental data, as shown in Figure 5: mostly appears as friction piles. Zhang [24, 25] carried out a
N � Pi + Qw − T, (11) lot of researches on super-long piles. According to the ex-
perimental results, the compression of the pile body ac-
La counts for a large part of the total settlement, and the
T � π D 􏽚 τ i0 (φ)dz, (12) proportion can reach more than 80% under the ultimate
0
load. In area of deep soft soil, this phenomenon is more
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6 Advances in Civil Engineering

N (kN) 4. Settlement Behavior of Pile Group

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
4.1. Derivation of Pile Group. By using τ-z curve of a single
10 pile, the functional expressions between the pile skin friction
and the depth of a foundation pile in a pile group can be
20 obtained. Fully considering the mutual reinforcing effect of
piles in pile groups, thus the deformation behavior of the
30
foundation pile is derived.
z (m)

40 +e reinforcing effect in pile group is mainly caused by

the shear stress of the pile side. In this paper, the shear stress
50 on the side of a single pile is connected to that on the side of a
foundation pile in a pile group. +e specific analysis is as
60
follows:
70 When pile i exists independently and the axial load Pi is
Measured value applied on the top of the pile i, τ i0 is taken as the skin friction
Calculated value with considering β at the depth z of pile i. At the same time, in the above case,
Calculated value without considering β when the adjacent pile j exists and the pile top is unloaded,
the skin friction τ i0 in the soil around the pile i is transmitted
Figure 6: Comparison of axial force distribution of a single pile.
radially outward based on the thin ring concentric cylinder
shear mode. +en, τ ji , the skin friction of the pile j at the
same depth, can be written as the following equation
Table 4: +e comparison of settlement in different methods. according to Randolph and Worth [26]:
Measured value +e method of code β � 0 β � 0.06 τ r
τ ji � i0 0 􏼐r0 ≤ Sij ≤ rm 􏼑, (14)
Value 22.57 18.39 22.06 22.94 Sij
Error (%) 0 −18.52 −2.26 1.64
where Sij is the center to center spacing between pile i and j.
rm is the radial distance from the pile center to a point where
the shear friction caused by pile can be ignored. Its value can
common. +e settlement of a single pile mainly originates be taken according to Lin and Dai [7].
from the elastic compression of the pile so that the settle- +e existence of pile j will make itself generate reaction
ment of the soil at the end of the pile is ignored in analysis. force with the same value with τ ji but in opposite direction.
Based on classic Hooke’s law of member compression, we
+e reaction force will transmit along the radial direction
can calculate the settlement of a single pile under axial load
and be applied on the pile i, which will make pile i produce
by the following equation:
the upward reduction. Substituting τ i0 � τ ji into (14), so, the
1 La reduction of the skin friction on pile i, τ i01 , can be computed
wi � 􏽚 􏼂Pi + Qw − T􏼃dZ, (13) by the following equation:
EAp 0
τ r2
where E is the elastic modulus of the pile body. Ap is the τ i01 � i02 0 . (15)
Sij
cross-sectional area of pile.
Table 4 compares the settlement values of simplified Pile i has no load while axial load Pj is applied on pile j;
calculation method in the code, method in this work and the the shear stress τ j0 of pile j is transmitted along the radial
experiment. It can be seen that the error between the direction, so that pile i generates a passive shear stress,
simplified calculation method in the code and the measured namely, τ ji′ , which has a downward direction. +e value of τ ji′
value is 18.52%. When the end resistance ratio β is not can be presented by the following equation:
considered, the error between calculation method in this
paper and experimental value is 2.26%. However, the error is τ j0 r0
reduced to 1.64% when end resistance ratio β is considered, τ ji′ � . (16)
Sij
which shows a good agreement with the experimental value.
+e traditional method assumes that the distribution of axial Meanwhile, due to the reinforcing effect of the pile j on the
force along the pile is just like an inverted triangle. +is pile i, the upward reduction of the shear stress of the pile i will
assumption means that pile end is not subjected to force, emerge. Substituting τ i0 � (τ ji′ r20 /S2ij ) into (14), the value of
which will produce a large error in the calculation. +e reduction of the shear stress, τ j01 , can be expressed as
method presented in this paper considers the force borne by
the pile end, and the calculated value is slightly larger than τ j0 r30
the measured value, which indicates that it is safe in actual τ j01 � . (17)
engineering. S3ij
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Advances in Civil Engineering 7

1.05 m

2.45 m
1 2

2.8 m
9

3 4

5.6m
2.8 m
5 6
2.8m

10

2.45m
1.05m

7 8

1.05m 2.35 m 2.35 m 1.05 m

Figure 7: +e schematic diagram of pile foundation.

+en, the effect of the existence of the pile and mutual τ (kPa)
reinforcing effect among the piles on the skin friction is fully 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
taken into consideration. +e skin friction of the foundation
pile i in the pile group can be expressed by the following
equation: 0.2

τ i0 r20 τ j0 r0 τ j0 r30
τ i0′ � τ i0 − + − . (18) 0.4
S2ij Sij S3ij
φ
Assuming τ i0 � τ j0 and generalizing (18) to the pile 0.6
group, then,
N 2 3 0.8
⎛1 − r0 + r0 − r0 ⎞
e

τ i0′ � τ i0 􏽘 ⎝ 2 3 ,
⎠ (19)
j�1,i≠j Sij
Sij Sij
1.0
where Ne represents the number of piles within the affected
area. Measured value (920kN) Fitting curve (1380 kN)
Substituting (19) into (12), the total skin friction of the Derived curve (920kN) Measured value (1840 kN)
foundation pile in the pile group, T, can be obtained: Measured value (1380kN) Derived curve (1840kN)
Z Figure 8: +e comparisons of single pile skin friction.
T � π D 􏽚 τ i0′ dz. (20)
0

+en, substituting (20) into (13), the settlement of Qi � Qj (1 ≤ i ≤ n)

foundation pile i in pile group, wi , can be written as 􏼩. (23)
z�0
1 z z
wi � 􏽚 􏼔Qi + Qw − π D 􏽚 τ i0′ (φ)dz􏼕dz. (21)
EAp 0 0
4.2. Case Study on Response of Pile Group. +e first case was
When the top load Q of pile group cap is known and the
reported by Mao and Jiang [10]. Southwest Jiaotong Uni-
cap is rigid, the settlement of each foundation pile can be
versity and Central South University carried out single pile
obtained by the following equation:
static load tests and pile group tests on the 505# pile
wi |z�0 � wj |z�0 (1 ≤ i ≤ n) ⎫
⎬ foundation of the Yangcheng Lake section of the Beijing-
⎭. (22) Shanghai high-speed railway. +e bearing platform has
􏽘 Qi � Q 6.8 m in width, 10.5 m in length, and 2 m in thickness. +e
pile foundation has 10 piles in total, while each pile has a
When the cap is flexible, the following equation (23) will diameter of 1 m and is driven to a penetration of 55.5 m. +e
be adopted to calculate the settlement of each foundation concrete strength of pile body is C30. +e schematic diagram
pile: of pile location is shown in following Figure 7. Here, the piles
 7074, 2020, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2020/8816704 by Bangladesh Hinari NPL, Wiley Online Library on [11/05/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
8 Advances in Civil Engineering

Table 5: +e comparison of calculated value and measured value.

Method Load of corner pile (kN) Load of edge pile (kN) Load of center pile (kN) Settlement (mm)
Calculated value [10] 1894.04 1444.04 1314.04 3.4
Calculated value 1704.97 1581.33 1419.38 2.91
Measured value — — — 3.1

1, 2, 7, and 8 are defined as corner piles, the piles 3, 4, 5, and 6 test data is 18.52%. +e error will reach 2.26% without
are defined as edge piles, and the remaining piles 9 and 10 are considering the end resistance ratio. When the end resis-
defined as center piles. Because the pile foundation in this tance ratio is considered, the error of settlement will reduce
case is a symmetrical structure, the forces and settlement of to 1.64%. +e accuracy of calculation method proposed in
the pile at the same location are the same as well. this work is further certificated.
Firstly, the functional relationship between the skin Fully considering the effect of piles existing on the
friction and the parameter φ of single pile is obtained by surrounding soil and the mutual reinforcing effect between
fitting when the top load is 1380 kN. +e correlation coef- the piles in the pile group, the calculation model of the
ficient R2 between the fitting value and the measured value is foundation piles is derived. +e error between the measured
0.90. Deriving the relationship between the skin friction and value and calculated value is only 6%. It is not hard to find
the parameter φ under different loads and compared with that the method in this paper has a good consistency by
the measured value, the results are shown in Figure 8. When comparing the calculated results of this paper with those
the top load of a single pile is 920 kN and 1,840 kN, the measured by Mao and Jiang. Also, it can better predict the
correlation coefficients between the derived value and the deformation behavior of pile group under similar
measured value are 0.9682 and 0.9874, respectively. It is not conditions.
hard to draw a conclusion that the method in this paper can
better predict the relationship between the skin friction and Data Availability
depth under different loads.
+e vertical load of the pile foundation is 15,984 kN in +e underlying data used to support the results of this study
total. +e effect of the bottom soil of the cap is neglected in are included within the article.
the calculation. +e elastic modulus of the pile is adopted as
30 GPa. Substituting the relevant parameters into the for- Conflicts of Interest
mula mentioned above, the calculated results are shown in
Table 5. All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in
It can be found out from Table 5 that the load distri- this paper.
bution trend of the corner pile, edge pile, and center pile
calculated in this paper is consistent with Mao and Jiang Acknowledgments
[10]. In this paper, the calculated settlement of pile foun-
dation is 2.91 mm, and the error with the measured set- +is work was gratefully supported by the National Natural
tlement value is only 6%. +e calculation results have good Science Foundation of China (no.11932010) and the General
accuracy. Program (no.11572186).

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