Linux For Beginners Get started with new programming skills (ON(-1g 450 Tips & Hints inside G Jargon-free Tips & Advice w Step-by-step Tutorials w Clear Full Colour Guides 100% INDEPENDENT Papercutthe ultimate Coding Manual Me Core Sa © Sp Stes © Lam an 3 890+ Head over to your web browser and follow these tn q Sama | Pate simple instructions... — 1/ Enter the following URL: www.pelpublications.com/exclusives 2] Sign up/in and from the listings of our exclusive customer downloads, highlight the The Ultimate Python Coding Manual option. 3/ Enter your unique download code (Listed below) in the “Enter password to download” bar. 4] Click the Download Now! Button and your digital manual will automatically download. 5/ Your file is a high resolution POF file, which is compatible with the majority of customer devices/platforms. PCL64792CM NOTE: Ths is a limited reader offer running from Ist June 2024 to Ist September 2024. Terms and conditions apply and can be found at www.pelpublications.comLinux For Beginners Y Linux For Beginners is the first and only choice if you are a new adopter and want to learn everything you'll need to get started with coding and programming. This guide is crammed with helpful guides and step-by-step fully illustrated tutorials, written in plain easy to follow English. Over the pages of this new user guide you will clearly learn all you need to know about coding your own amazing apps. With this unofficial instruction manual at your side no problem will be unsolvable, no question unanswered as you learn, explore and enhance your programming skills. Papercut www.pclpublications.comContents Pore | a Peper rtf ot Meas PoC cu eral Sr Me ened Peseta ee SCM cessed ee cmc ca a File Using the Terminal : — tnt erat aca ee Sea MY TT Pactra a ieee Py Mee area nce a C3 ichysukest nn iEhmecaehr OEE Es 26 Installing Linux na Virtual Environment CO Greiner ese seer a 0 Se eT ET se eceanecden See BW) Gengeeitare(en4 Er erase Mcgee 0 Gene ean aes EAT ~ 78 _ PixLinux= The Perfect Combination EMO cmc Tete ns Cee ds cco 38 Creating Users ete Piet asmees et cg Cae ae Comey& LOM Mey ile) (=1 C2) yey Over 20,000 lines of code!PW say Hello to Linux =Say Hello to Linux MNES ean ee Raed Whyare there so many different versions ives nue ea ee Deets nae ll ay Peart a ee eT Pt eri eculits where do you start? Thankfully, you can Tne Ree eee astern uk en et Pitas Pah isl cis eee esate) Mette ne tet ee cr Peace ee as You can also begin to explore how Linux Pee ees oeWhy Linux? rem Am Aes eee a reel Freedom from the walled garden approach of other operating systems, freedom to change and use the OS as you please and freedom from any Form of licensing or payment. There’s a lot more to Linux than NoMa act am FREE AND OPEN Linux isa Fantastic fit For those who want something different. The efficiency of the system, the availability of applications and stability are just a Few good reasons. ‘The first thing youneed to know is that there isno such operating system called Linux. Linuxisin Fact the operating system kernel, the core component of an OS. When talking about Linux what we, and ‘others, are referring to are ane of the many distributions, or distros, that use the Linux kernel, No doubt you've heard of at least one of the current popular distros: Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Fedora, openSUSE, Debian, Raspbian, the lst goes on, Each one of these distros offer something alittle diferent For the user. While each has the Linux kernel atits core, they provide the user with a different looking desktop environment, different preloaded applications, diferent ‘ways in which to update the system and get more apps installed and a slightly ifferent look and Feel throughout the entire system. However at the centre lies Linux, which is why we say Linux. Linux is a great operating system on which to start coding. 2 Oe * oe exter Linux warks considerably cifferently to Windows ar macOS. It's Free Forastart: Free to download, Free to install on as many computers, a5 you lke, free to use for an unlimited amount of time and free to Upgrade and extend with, equally, Free programs and applications. Thisfree to use element one of the biggest draws for the developer. While a Windows license can cost up to £100, and a Mac considerably more, auser, be they a developer, gamer or someone who wantsto put an older computer to use, can quickly download @ distro and get to work ina matter of minutes. Alongside the free to use aspect comesa level of freedom to customise and mould the system to your own uses. Each of the available distros avallable on the Internet have a certain ‘spin!‘There are thousands of free packages a For programmers under Linux. ble in that some offer increased security, a Fancy looking desktop, ‘gaming specific pin, or something directed toward students. This extensiblty makes Linux a more desirable platform to use, as you can quickly mould the system into a development base, including mary different kinds of IDEs for the likes of Python, web development, C++, Java and so on; or create a base For online ‘anonymity, perhaps as a Minecraft server, media centre and much more, ‘Another remarkable advantage for those looking to learn how to.code, i that Linux comes with most of the popular coding ‘environments built in, Both Python and C+ are preinstalled ina high percentage of Linux distros available, which means you can start to program almost assoon as you install the system and boot it up for the first time. Generally speaking, Linux doesn't take up as many system resources as Windows or macOS; by system resources we mean memory, hard “ive space and CPU load. The Linux code has been streamlined ‘and sree from third-party bloatware’ which hogs those systems resources. Amore efficient system of course means more available resources For the coding and testing erwironment and the programs you eventualy create. Less use of resources also means you can Use Linux on older hardware that would normally struggle or even © Why Linux? a fond Ol Mandriva stackvare We: Each distro offers something unique to the user but all have Linux at the core. refuse torun the latest versions of Windows or macOS;o rather than throwing away an old computer, it can be reused with a Linux distro. It'smotall about C++, Python or any ofthe other more popular programming languages though. Using the commandline of Linux, also called the Terminal, you're able to create Shel script, which are programs that are designed to run from the command line and made up of scripting languages. They are used mainly to automate tasks or offer the user some Form oF input and output For acertain operation Finally, although there are many more advantages we can lit, there are thousands and thousands of Free programs and apps available that cover nearly every aspect of computing, Known as packages, there are (atthe time of writing) over 8,700 specfic programming applications just on Linux Mint alone and an incredible 62,000+ ‘overall packages catering for everything from Amateur Radio to Www tools Linux then, isa great resource and environment for programming in. I's perfectly suited for developers and is continually improving and evolving. I you're serious about getting into coding, oF you just want to try something new, give Linux 3 ry and see how it works Foryou. ‘ALinux programming environment can be as simple or as complex as you need ito be.4) Say Hello to Linux) The Best Linux Distributions There are lots of versions of Linux available, known as Distributions. Each has a CEU EL eect een itacMen ment Ruta Nt can get them. GOING LINUX ‘The installation process For most distributions is similar. You download a disk image from the website and burn it to an optical disk or create a USB Flash Drive installer. Just be carefulto get the right distribution for your hardware and read the instructions carefully. it] X MINT. 8y Far the most popular Linux distro (distribution) fs Linux Mint ‘Mint began life backin 2006, a an altemnative to the then most popular distro, Ubuntu. Although based on Ubuntu's Long Term ‘Support build, Linux Mint took a different direction and offered the user a better overall experience. Linux Minthas three main desktop versions availabe with ‘each new version of the core OS releases, Tis may sound confusing t first but it’s quite simple. Currently, Linux Mint Uses the Cinnamon Desktop Environment asits flagship model; there's MATE and xfce models available to. Cinnamon is agraphicaly rich desktop environment, MATE uses less Fancy graphics, ands more stable ona wider variety oF desktop systems, and Xfce is an extremely streamlined desktop environment thats built For speed and ultimate stability. The second mast popular distro available is Ubuntu, which isan ancient African word meaning ‘humanity to other. Ubuntu’s popularity has Fluctuated ever its fourteen year ie At one time, it was easly the most used Linux-based operating system in the world but some wrong choices along the way with regards to its presentation, and some unfavourable, controversial elements involving privacy, sadly saw ittopple from the number ane spat ‘Throughout thistitle we'llbe using the Cinnamon version however, you can try out any of the other desktop environments ‘as you wish In Fact, e's recommended that you do spend some ‘ume trying diferent environments, and even different distros, tosee which suits you and your computer best That said Ubuntu has since made amends andis slowing crawling its way back up the Linux leader board, The latest versions of the OS use the GNOME 3 desktop environment, an impressive environment, although it can belittle confusing For Former Windows users and ialittle heavy on systern resources, especially iFyoure planning on installing iton an colder computer. wovelinuxmint.com Ubuntu, forallitsfauts, is good Linux stro to start experimenting with, I's a cleaninterface, easy to use and install and offers the user a complete Linux experience. wurwubuntucom‘acch is one of longest running Linux distributions and forms the basis of ‘many other versions of Linux. Why install ‘Mint or Ubuntu when you can install ‘Arch? Many users do exactly that butit's ‘notideal for beginners. Ubuntu and Mint both offer an easier installation path and come with software packages to help you get started, ‘rch on the other hand, is a more ’bare bones’ affair. Arch s committed to free software and its repositories contain over 50,000 apps to install including with any other distro, BUNS: 1=5 Ua) ako No doubt youve heard of the Raspberry Pi. 'shard nat to have, asthis remarkable, tiny computer has taken the technology ‘orld by torm forthe las six years since it was introduced, There are several aspects tothe Raspberry Pi that make it such a sought after piece ofthe computing word. For one its cheap, costing around £25 for whats essentially a fully working computer. t's small, measuring not much bigger than creditcard. You can buld electronics with it using a fully programmable interface; and itcomes with Raspbian, its own, custom-made, Debian-based operating system that includes an office suite alongside many different programming languages. E and educational resources. RRaspbian is exclusive to the Pi hardware, since the Raspberry ruses an ARM processor to power it. However, the Raspberry i Foundation has since released a PC version of Raspbiar: Raspberry i Desktop. ust like t ion, Raspberry Pi Desktop comes with 19, educational and other apps you wil ever need. Its quick, stable and works superbly. F youre interestedin stretching your Linux experience, then thisis certainly one of the top distrosto consider wurwraspberrypiorg/downloads/raspberry-pi-desktop ‘multiple different Desktop environments, and use as you would ‘Acch is a distro For when you'te more ‘experienced with Linux. You start with nthing but the command line and from there you have to manually partition your hard crive, set where the instalation files go, create a user, set the OS locale and Finally install a desktop ervironment ‘along withthe apps you want The advantage though, for althishard work. isa distro that you have created. This ‘means your Arch distro won't come with athe unnecessary filesand appsthat others have preinstalled R's custom made or you, byyou. wwwarchlinux.org Most Linux distributions fll into two camps. There are ones with the latest Features and technology like Ubuntu and Mint and those with Few new Features but rock slid reliably, Uke Debian. Meanwhile, openSUSE attempts to cover both bases. OpenSUSE Leap isthe rack solid system. I's developed openly bya community along with SUSE emplayees, who develop _anenterptise-level operating system, SUSE; this powers the London Stock Exchange amongst other things. lis designed for mission crtical environments where ‘there is no scope forinstabilty’. you ind all that too sensible, openSUSE ‘Tumbleweed isa rolling release wth althe latest Features, and the occasional crash. {USE sa hight respected Linux distribution and many of ts core contributors work onthe Linux Kernel, LibreOfFice, Gnome and other key Linux areas. n short, openSUSE is where youl Find the pros hanging out. ‘wwwopenSUsE.org eeery Say Hello to Linux) Equipment You Will Need MINTY INGREDIENTS Before we start working our way through this book, here's what you need to install and run Linux Mint. You have several choices available, so take your time and see which works best For you. ‘The minimum system requirements For Linux Mint are ‘You can install Linux Mint onto your computer via USB or DVD. asfollows: ‘We look into each alittle later on but f you're already familar ; withthe process, or thinking oF USB and just gathering the PU -700MHz } hardware you need, then you're going to i need a minimum 4GB USB Flash drive : RAM/Memory- 512MB } to store the Linux Mint SO. Hard Drive space - 9GB (2068 recommended) } Display - 1024 x 768 resolution } Obviously the better the system you have, the better the experience willbe and quicker too DvD installation of Linux Mint simply requires a blank DVDR disc. OF E course, you also need an optical drive (a DVD Writer drive) before you're ableto transfer or burn the SO image tothe disc( Equipment You Will Need Cll VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT Installation toa vitual environment is a favourite method of testing and using Linux distros. Linux Mint works exceedingly well ‘when used ina virtual environment but more on that later. There are many different virtual environment apps available; however, VirtualBox, from Oracle, is one ofthe easiest tonto. You can find the latest version at www.virtualbox.org VirtualBox. INTERNET CONNECTION It goes without saying really, that an internet connection i vital for ‘making sure that Linux Mint is up to date with the latest updates and patches, as welas the installation of Further software. Although you don't need an internet connection to use Linux Mint, you'll miss out on a world of free software avallable forthe distro. Net) Although Linux Mint can be installed ‘onto a Mac, there's a school oF thought that recommends Mac owners use a virtual environment, such as Virtualbox or Parallels; and why not, macOS is already 3 splendid operating system. If you're wanting to breathe new lifeinto an folder Mac, make sure it'san intel CPU model and not the Power PC ‘models. Beware though, i's not as. pain freeas installing on to aPC.BW sey Hetiotovinux Desktop Environments WHICH MINT? ‘A Desktop Environment is the graphical interface which you use to interact with the core Linux system. Just as the graphical desktop For Windows 10 is also called Fluent Design, Linux Mint offers the user a choice of versions ofthe distro: Cinnamon, MATE and Xfce, While that may sound a litle confusing for the newcomer, essentially each ofthe versions available contains the same core Linuxstructure and kernel, the kernel ithe core oF the operating system, that handles all the instructions between the software and hardware. Each versions simply a diferent desktop environment, the Graphical User interFace (GUN that you use to interact with the ‘operating system, Each of the desktop environments uses different apps to access or use the system, such asthe file manager to browse the operating system's file structure or the way it launches other ‘apps. Again though, the core avilable productivity, video and graphic suites are the same, and Function in the same way. \Why bother then with a different desktop environment Simply put, its down to personal taste. Some users prefer MATE, as MATE isa fork of the classic GNOME 2 environment and isa litle more menu-cent and performs well on older computers. Others prefer Cinnamon, which is amore modern environment that works better on recent hardware and Features some cutting edge desktop code. Xfce, on the other hand, isa lightweight desktop environment that works well on older hardware due tots extremely low use ofthe avalable system resources. In short, Cinnamon is the Flagship desktop environment For Linux Mint. MATE is more compatible with a wider varity of hardware. Where Windows, For example, only offers one desktop environment to work in, Linux offers mary, Linux Mint has therefore opted to bring the user a wealth of choice,Desktop Environments @¥ BEST MATE MATE is a simple to use and intuitive DE that's Fast and stable. In comparison to Cinnamon it looks alittle antiquated but that's only on the surface. There's plenty to like with MATE. FAB FEATURE 1 MATEisar lent desktop environment for older computers. It with larger number of hardware components that Cinnamon generally great looking desktop 2s wel as adva FAB FEATURE 2 Due tots highly configurable nature, MATE can be customised to a Fine degree. There are plenty of options avaliable to the user who remands a litle more From their desktop environment, iniuding iveringa Compiz Settings, where you're able to configure all manner oF jesktop effects, even a 3D desktop cube,LW say Hello to Linux Which Distro? DISTRO HOPPING Distro hopping isa term used by the cornmunity For people who never stick toa single distribution, instead, they hop From one tothe other and back again, testing each, using them, then moving on to anther oranewly released distro, ‘There's nothing wrong with distro hopping, asit'sa good way to get to aris with whats out there and discover the elements of one distro ‘ver another that may or may not appeal to your tastes. The problem, of courseis which one do you use overall? Sressens st2esz22 \while distro hopping is a good thing it's not exactly stable wayto enjoy Linux and get the most from i We're not saying you should stick toone distro and never look elsewhere, as you would be missing alot of great content out there, butinstead we recommend you fing a handful and slowly progress through them based on your increasing Linus For example, Linux Mints an ideal starting place. san easy to instal and use distro, hasallthe software you would nocmally use ona dayto-day basis already installed outoFthe-box and into the unique world of Lnux and how it works and performs nce butt does thisina sightly aifferent way. There's generally less preinstalled wth Ubuntu than with Linux Mint, so you would need to manuallynstall it yourself Another point worth considering isthe sheer volume of content and help pages dedicated to Ubuntu users when using Linux. Fyouget stuck, you're never too far from a solution to the problem. "Moving on, asyoubegin to grow more confident with Linux, you may test out the likes of openSUSE, Fedora or Debian. These are ll excellent distros and each offers the user a slghtly different perspective on how the system runs. So terms of Linuxskils than others, but valuable lessons to learn Fo -e more demanding, in entially they each have some You may find yourself moving to a particular distro because it something radically ciferent fram the norm. Tal Linux, for example, Isa distro that’s designed purely for online anonymity Iecontains complex and military grade encryption tols.as well as tools ane browsers designed to help you browse the web without ever being monitored, Kal Linuxis designed for security professionals and contains many different kinds of ethical hacking detected, traced.Which Distro? Q@¥ tools preinstalled, that a user can run For penetration testing against their network. There was once even a Hannah Montana Linux distribution but the less we talk about thatthe better. The point being, there's distro out there For you: Needles to say, once you've mastered Linux to a relatively high o probably @ power user ability, then you wil want to expand your skis ‘and begin to build your own Linux distro based on Arch, Debian or one of the many other distros avallable. Doing so involvesa lt of command line knowtedoge, as well as knowledge on how the Linux system works and interacts with the hardware inthe computer. You wil need to pattition your own hard drive, installa desktop environment and ‘eventually install the apps and programs you want, Doing so takes time and again there area lot of skils you'r going toneedto learn Eventually you can consider yourself atechnicalLinux user but never consider yourself an expert, after all we're abwayslearning something new. You can buildyour own distro from scratch, help other Linux Users out wth problems, maybe even contribute to the improvement of adistro during its testing phase or build. Wherennext then? Oddly enough, most higher-end technical users Find themselves back at square one, using 2 distro like Linux Mint. The main reason is usually because it's an easy option, and i's @ stable environment, Just because you know the system inside and out, doesn't mean you always want to be Fixing potential ssues. Most of us would prefer the easy life, especially where technology is concerned, so the logical choice would be to choose a distro that's simple, yet still powerful enough to do everything you want it todo, hence Linux Mint. However, nthe end, ts purely down to choice, your own personal choice. Youmay find that after going through the tutorilsin ths title you dont lke Linux Mint othe Cinnamon desktop. Fine, you may prefer Ubuntu, Debian or openSUSE: that’s the beauty of Linux The Freedom to change what you want, to distro hop from one to another without being penalised by cost or lack oF access. The answer ta the question, which distros: ary which one you bikel I canbe as complex or easy as you need it to be, as long as itdoes what you want ita do, then its perfect.Getting Started with Linux TERN etre taGetting Started with Linux Tene clear etd good Linux is but how do you get it on Neteutera nec ayant Eee Cancel ORE eC SC mney eee aun meet Linux ISO, install it on a PC as your main operating system and even how to install Prec ae PTE Nts ke Roy Linux while still using your main operating Bu ae see tee CCC ke to eae)oy » Getting Started with Linux Creating a Linux Installer on Windows You need to transfer the downloaded Linux ISO to either a DVD or a USB key before being able to install it onto a computer. This will be a live environment, which allows Volt heoMc-ien ONS Nem CoN elle M lt atm el eh eK le Manlove Ree DVD BOOTABLE MEDIA We're using a Windows 10 PC here to transfer the ISO to a DVD. IF you're using a version of Windows from 7 onward the process is extremely easy. Firstlocate the SO image of Linuxyou've already downloaded. You can usually Find itin the Downloads Folder in Windows 7, 8.1 and 10 computers, unless you speeified a different location when saving it. Name . H Quick access [5 tinaint181-cinnamen-6bit £3 Dropbox Team BOM) Onedrive This PC © Co dvve Hite 1 Network PEPTIP DD Next insert a recordable DVO disc into your computer's optical drive. ter afew seconds, while the discis read, windows displays a pop-up message asking you ‘what to do with the newiy inserted dis. Ignore this, as we're going tose the builtin image burning Function Pret Right-click the Linux SO and from the menu select Burn Disc mage. Depending on the speed of the PC, Te may take a few seconds before anything happens. Don't worry too ‘much, unlessit takes more than a minute, in which case it might be worth restarting your PC and trying again, With uck, the Windows Disc Image Burner should launch, -cinnamon-64bit Mount Bum ais image FE] Scan with Windows Defender. 2 Share Open with $B Open with WinkAR B Addto archive. BRP withthe windows Discimage Burner dialogue box ‘pen, click on the ‘Verify dic after burning’ tick box, then the Bum button. The process should take afew minutes, depending onthe speed of your PC's optical dive. Oncei’s complete itruns through the verification stage and when done the optical drive should auto-ejectthe dis for you. ©) Windows Disc image Bure x Disc image ile: finuxmint-191-cinnamon-64bitiso Disc burner B0-ROM Dive (0) Status Burning disc image to recordable disc.USB BOOTABLE MEDIA USB media is Faster than a DVD and often more convenient, a (creating a Linux Installer on Windows om 35 most modern PCs don't have an optical drive installed. The process of transferring the image s easy but you need a third-party app first and a USB flash drive of 4GB or more. SEED Fistoven Fama Uupavieb rive Properties browserand go towwwt. tra rufusakeo.ie/ Scroll sunita 4 downthepage alittle and Sista acta youcometoaDownload sesame teyngme heading, underwhich —— isthe latest version of __ Bestctnearne Rufus. Left cick the ink to Format Options start the download <—_————— el orm (Ca Ceo when youre ready clkon the Startbuton athe uz" bottom of the Rufus app. This may open up another dialogue box asking you to downland and use new version of ‘SysLinux. SysLinux is a selection of boot loaders, used to allow a. modern PCto acess andboot rom USB ash ve. is neces soifasked cckon testo continu, ‘Ts image wes Ss 603/2015122 but ths ppt only Ineoes he atl us for Simar 6032011008, ‘anew version Sina oe not compute with ene anata andi ‘ruin be poner aturto inclu em alt ational le ‘mus be donload frm telnet aba tnd wlbe rere aoa pee Double- dlick Drive Properties Rr) the downloaded Rufus ‘executable and click Yes totheWindowssecurty ‘Sian so ae questionandvesto | Sa mo checking forupdates. i = Eimaw With Rufus launched > exsamasenepeta itshould have already Format Options identified yourinserted seni USB sh drive; not just gous removeandieinser. “Si = Siew 6orm mem (ao Sus) confusing but don't worry, it's really quite simple. ‘Tobegin with, click on the SELECT button next tothe ‘Disk or ISO, Image (Please select) pulldown menu. This launches a Windows, Explorer window where you can locate and select the Linux SO. Atfirst glance the Rufus interface can look alittle ‘The next step asks which image mode you want the Linux ISO to be writen to the USB Flash drive in, Both methods work For different situations but generally, the recommended SO Image Made isthe more popular. Make sure this modeis preselected and click OK to continue, Followed by OK again to-confirm the action, Theimage you have seeted ian SOF image. Thismeansitcan be wittnetherin 5 Image fle copy mode er DD image (Sk image] mode us ecommends ung SO magemode so hat you says Rave fl {cerrtothe dv ater ing Hower tou care se ding oct ou cant ing Ns mage Pease let the mode that you wat tout with image @ ween SO mage mode Recommend) QO Wte in DD image mode [0 Cancel PD thet PO ISOisnow Orv Properties transferedtothe US" flash dive. The process {neteinionmntse riot 3 shouldnt taketoolong, ES Caer aguindependingonthe fname =a speed of the USB device ied, Save, then File > Quit. Reboot Linux Mint and you should notice sight hike n performance. FED) chic point you'l probably need to restart Linux ESPN Securitys always concern inthis modern digital Mint, so do that now. After a reboot click the Menu age. While Linux Mint isa secure system, i's button again, followed by the Terminal. The Terminalconis found in advisable to atways try and improve it. lick the Menu button and the lefthand column, above the Files icon. With the Terminal open, search For Firewall; click the Firewall Configuration icon and enter enter:sudo apt-get install Libdvd-pkg press Enter and your password. Inthe Firewall window, click the Status slider to On. type in your password. This enables encrypted DVD playback,inux Pune) pee eta acu mankind first stepped on the moon. The software that helped the crew make peace eae arcs Pere elt ee) Geer Cae il Pel eet heue Pela RS ee) eee ae eee eae nc) Becerra a Incredibly, that code is Freely available Peace a ee) researcher in 2003, you can view the code PER Re ae Apollo-11/. Look out for code snippets, ete eS ume mama Pate ecu aa corel) eo) . again soon.” ages REEL ee ane ei eee eee ae “er 1 ye eres “ 3 Programmers rent without 3 Seewhatelels Ye Peey One giant leap for \ mankind, and coding.yy Getting to Know Linux ) Creating Users Be Mi ea ae] OMe an ee heen ae Uc te Colm RTE ialel (RU Tana Saree Re e-leeol lu a ae Rae M AS Me Mee ER RL elt) need to create separate users with their own unique Home folders. NEW USERS. Having different users means each user has access to his or hers own areas on the system. Documents, pictures, videos and so ‘onare separate, as with multiple users on other operating systems. Clckon the Lnux int Menu and type ‘ses to Su) begin searching for the relevant console. From the searches, choose Users and Groups a enter yur passwort The Users and Groups cones que basilookig,andtharfuly ‘easy to use. At First, you can just see your awn username from when you installed Linux Mint. Pe ose sccanasvonno selaetiaratgnetcnc oe hin beyond their Home folder, then opt for the Standard account type. ‘Otherwise, use the Administrator account type. BRED Enter the new users Full Name followed bythe Make sure the username sal in lowercase -zand 0-9 characters ‘only. You can have Full stops, underscores or hyphens if you wish. Click the Add button when you're ready to continue. eam FED rev este teen Cee came ati erin Cs se¢ Creating Users om FETISEM You can now entera password forthe new user BETISERD ree loavedin the new user is required to set up or clckthe curled arrow at the end of the New their own desktop wallpaper, icons, Panel, Mens Password text box to generate a password For you, as well as. and so on. Depending on what Account Type you set upfor them, lisplaying it. Naturally, t's good idea to come up with asstronga Standard or Administrator, they won't be ableto install any new password as possible, When you're done, click the Change button. apps. This screenshot is froma Standard user account ype. | rar] of Sonpeners be | PPD Youcan close the Usersand Groups console window [BMPR You can create as many new accounts as you now, as the new user has been created. IF you click need and you're able to switch between them the Mint Menu, followed by Logout, you are presented with the when required. I's best to have just one account that's capable of Mint Login Manager. The new user is now present in the lst of installing new software, that way you can keep track of what's on, ‘currently available users. Click on him/her to log them in ‘your system, Session Log out of this system now? smenuser | cancel BEER COMMAND LINE ACCOUNTS Meee aio eon ee Reins eens PPM The process for adding a new user from the STEP 2 Comeaciee enemy the new user from within the Users and Groups errata ert enter: SURGNCE ME REATEEDITPSSIn the Terminal oclick the Delete button in Users and Groups (fifaido-adduser_¥ijyapy fe eines se rrperecarer erm ape rerene FOMCCT A nnn RUN e Cerna a ky to confi the Getals and create the user acount ceewv Getting to Know Linux Customising the Desktop YOUR DESKTOP Linux is probably one of the customisable operating systems there is. With just a few tweaks, one or two extras installed and some imagination, you can create something incredible. FETTER The frst aspect of desktop customisationis to PIED You just need to click the avaliable mages, from ary change the wallpaper. Right-click the desktop and of the locations provided to have them instal as the choose Change Desktop Background, This opens the Backgrounds desktop wallpaper. Incidentaly, if you have images stored in another ‘appin Linux Mint; remember, ather distros may present their location on your system or network, you can add them by licking on background, wallpaper selection tools differently the Plus symbol at the bottom of the Backgrounds console, using the file manager to locate them, FETTER More recent versions of Linux Mint display available EWM ay clicking on the Settings tab you can, instead, backgrounds depending on the version the user is play numerous images as a slideshow or change the running. You normally get three categories followed by afourth, aspect of the wallpapers toa variety of choices. Pictures, whichis separated from the others. The Pictures option is different because it reads the image content from the Pictures folder in your Home area, 3 2 © Ea( Customising the Desktop vw DDesktop Backoround from thelist of options. When the Set Desktop buttons, too. Background console open, click the Set Desktop Background button. CS) BES a PRFID ick the Menu button and search fr ‘desktop! BRPIIED you click on the Add/remove button inthe centre and click the Desktop Settings result. The Desktop of the three available options, you can choose the console allows you to pickthe layout, desktop icons and options __default view fromm a numberof preinstalled themes. Click the theme for multimonitor support you want. You can experiment with the you want, then click the Install (downwaré-pointing arrow) button ‘options fr the best setup, according to your personal tastes. toenableit, FETED 0 2ccition to changing the desktop walloaper, PEPPER Click backon Themes, then Desktop and you can and how the icons are displayed, you can also alter locate the newiy installed theme and apply to your the overall theme for Linux Mint. From the Mint Menu, search for desktop, Any installed Themes can also be uninstalled via the Add/ ‘themes’ and click the Themes app as it appears in the search results. Remove button. I's worth spending some time personalising your desktop how you wantitand there are some incredible themes available too.iy Getting to Know Linux ) Becoming Anonymous Online Bete ee urs Cel Mur ere uence snes cmaES Peer ea rank oan a eae m i entoa cera esa eo eeu en og loCu en etsctere Secures tence reel Cece breaking our privacy but how can you combat this? ANONYMITY WITH MINT While it’s virtually impossible to become totally anonymous online, you can take measures to ensure our privacy is atits best. FETED Starting with the basics, use HTTPSinstead of the ERE Although using Google may seem like the obvious standard HTTP when browsing. This means that ‘choice for a modem internet search, the company ‘anything that’s transmitted over HTTPSis secure hencethe Spart does trackall searches made by an individual. Instead, consider an atthe end) and encrypted, alternative search engine, such as DuckDuckGo, a search engine that doesn't store personal data or track you, BETTER When you're browsing, consider using the Incognito EIEVAM ryoure regularly onthe internet then consider or Private browsing modes availabe ina browser instaling some ofthe browser plugins that This disables your web history and web cache, allowing you to enhance your privacy. For example, for Firefox, use Ghostery, browse without the details being stored for later scrutiny by NoScript and Adblock Plus to block trackers, adverts and other data someone else, However, it doesn't stop any data or search tracking. mining techniques. orC Becoming Anonymous Online om VPNS AND TOR ‘The previous steps can aid your online privacy but to really become anonymous you need a Virtual Private Network and Tor. BETTER {VPN isa remote server, orcluster of servers, that [EEE when the download has finished, drop into the establishes a connection with your computer. The Terminal and enter the Downloads Folder, cd ‘end resultis that your computer's identity on the Internet ishidden DownlLoads/. Enter Ls to check the tarxz Tor file is present, then behind the VPN remote server; so you could live in the UK but have enter: tar -xf_tor-browser-linux64-8.0.4_en-US.tar. ‘an|P address (the computer online identity) belonging to Iceland. xz (Tor is undated regularly, soiFyour version iifferent press Tab to autocomplete the tor-browser-filename).When the Files are Howl works? unpacked, use cd tor-browser_en-US/ to enter the new folder. PEPE ‘Mostacod veNschargeamonthiyorannualfee IMM A cuick Ls reveals a couple of entries: a folder called butts worth the expense. We use CyberGhost, Browser anda fle called 'starttor browser. desktop’ ‘wwwicyberghostvpn.com, which offers VPN connections For To start the Tor setup, type ./start-tor-brouser.desktop Windows, Mac, Mint (as wellas other Linux distros), Android and Thiscommand launches the Tor setup, where you are offered two iOS devices Details For each OS can be found at www.support. ‘options: Connect or Configure. For most users, the Connect option cyberghostvpn.com/he/en-us/articles/213190329-Read-me-first._willuffce, Click Connect when you're ready. Tdel Browser eet Ciel ‘ober YON 70 nboned RE crc cnncoswresawmscwot BPR sie vecrcecenseisisns be orase by navigating to wwwtorproject.org/download/download-easy. extremely secure and private connection to the online world hemLen and clicking on the Download Linux 64-bit button, Coe ereUsing the Terminal MUR Pee eens Ce ten inet et ols Pee acm] Bol fee Nee le Wed ol een ce ee uence) Oe a ul PCC nee tts froma server in the Netherlands, and eee tec eeice ane uN rn or cts eee ecu eA acts works with Linux. You will learn how to En eee Cee the Terminal, and you will discover Putas uC Oy COs aan ee sui) Cae acu canaccessall that power. Ce£)) using the Terminal. ) Basics of the Terminal Most operating systems use two kinds of interface, the GUI, which is the desktop that Windows, macOS and Linux Mint boot into and the command line. While modern operating systems shy away from the command line, Mint uses the Terminal to give the user greater control of the system. TAKING COMMAND The command line, or Terminal, is an extremely powerful interface. Everything you can do on the desktop can be done within the Terminal, Let's start by seeing how it works. FETED The Terminal can be accessed by either clckingon [NESSIE what you currently see in the Terminal is your login the Terminal icon on the Panel, ocated between name Followed by the name of the computer, as you the Firefoxand filesicans or launched by opening the Menu and _namediit during setup when you fist installed Mint. Th line then selectingit From the left-hand quick launch strip. tends with the current Folder name; at first this ijust aide, which ‘means your Home folder. davidedavid-mint Thetemnsiguesyovscestothetiucire EERE te tsing cocaine othe Sia ‘Shell, called Bash, which gives you access to the em where your text-based commands are entered. You underijng operating sistem enthingin Min acudngthe_canbegintoexperment wth asinpleconmang, rn Work desttopand GU, sa moduerunnng fromthe conmandtne, __ettty owe) whch otpusthe cent elt yueln tothe screen Type andres EnterBasics of the Terminal ({Y BETISED All the commands you enter workin the same FST TE DD View and Search options let you alterthe sing of ‘manner: youenter the command, include any the Terminal window and of course search within parameters to extend the use of the command and pressEnterto the Terminal for ay particular key words. ‘execute the command line you've entered, Type into the Terminal; luname —a and press Enter. This dsplays some system information “Soaieamnamne regarding Mint. eet ven SSIES tert PRFID efore we get into entering commands, let'stake EEE The Terminal entry extends the profile editing and ‘a mornentto see what menus the Terminal has to Sizing and allows you to alter the character encoding, offer. The File menu option allows you to open a new Terminal Interestingly, youcan alsa sett to a Read Only made, which stops you ‘ceate a new profile, where you can alter the size, colours and From entering any commands into the Terminal: this s good For when behaviour of the Terminal, add anew tab, and close all current you need to permanentiy display the Terminal contents active Terminal sessions. PEPIIED The Edit option letsyou copy and paste commands AIIM Finally, the Help option displays the help contents toand from the Terminal and ather sources; handy and version numberof the Terminal, orto be for when you want to capyavery long and complexcommand froma more precise, GNOME Terminal well simply refer to i as Terminalin ‘web page. Italso allows you to edit the current profile preferences. future. The Contents are worth having a quick read through, to help Familarise yourself with how the Terminal works£)) using the Terminal. ) Update Mint via the Terminal Up to now you've been using the shield icon to launch Mint Update Manager in order to update the system and upgrade the currently installed apps, tools and other elements. However, you can also accomplish a complete system update and upgrade From the Terminal. USING APT-GET To update and upgrade via the Terminal you use the APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) command. I's a powerful command and combines different elements depending on its use. FERED rter-apt-get intothe Terminal. Thisbringsupa ESSA Notice now the addition of the sudo command, The listof the most used apt-get commands, along with sudo command once meant Super User Do; these ‘brief descristion of what the command does. I's worth having _daysit's more acceptable as Substitute User Do. It means that the lookat, even fit doesn’t make a huge amount of sense at this time. administrative user (Super User) uses APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) to Get any Updates. Now try this: sudo apt-get upgrade.Depending on the state of your updates you SUPE have any waiting to be installed, you might be asked you want apps the resis ofthe sudo apt-get Uparade command Youcan pesto accept and contin What’ happening heres that apt get has some updated software to apy town andyoueotaying the ato, Update Mint via the Terminal Esser that's your aster i nowup to date Seri) according to the available list of packages from the more tusk tocec if evething wen okay. To rea, eter Suto apt-get update pres Ente then pe: sud apt-get Upgrade sn press Enter, Tho’ ht co be longlstowhtseome Sue gibberish now filling your Terminal window but dont wor Teles neces frtheuprne have soo wine smolest adage TERMINAL VS UPDATE MANAGER? ‘Why use the Terminal to update and upgrade over the Update Manager, regardless of the distro you're using? Some users, ‘greatly prefer using the Terminal to update their Linux systems ‘and accompanying apps, in the belief that it’s better. However, that’s not often the case, Using the Terminal, apt-get upgrade, doesn't handle changing dependencies between versions of packages, so if a package has its dependent files changed from one version to another, then the upgrade is held back. ‘The Update Manager, or Software Manager (depending on the distro), often phases its updates and marks those packages Ierestingy, LiuxMin, among other sts, mua offers you the ability to chain several commands together inthis example therfore, wecan use sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade. The double ampersand is shat embies the commands and works pred, proving the precedngconmand went without itch, recommended to Sort any seston withthe update ond upgrade combo ‘with changed dependencies for updating, However, and this is ‘where Linux can often get confusing, sometimes it doesn't. Itall boils down to the developer of the package being updated and the way the package is held in the distro’s ies and whether the update is classified as stable ‘oF not. In essence, from the point of view of the user, iFyou Update and upgrade using both the Terminal and the Update Manager regularly, then you wil be as up to date as possible, and get the essential and necessary stable versions of the packages and core software. If you're looking for cutting edge package updates, then it’s bestto opt fora rolling release distro instead. a£)) using the Terminal. ) Install Apps via the Terminal —Part 1 There are different ways to install apps and programs on Linux. You can opt for the graphical route, using a Software Manager, or you can use the Terminal. Often, the Terminal provides better control over the software being installed and sometimes, you have no choice in the matter. COMMAND LINE INSTALLS Installing an app with the Terminal may require some nifty keyboard work but you get a better sense of what's being installed and where, SEED enirceerter teeta ain RRR vou edn ey tention the systems upta date Todothsopenp the Termnalondenter, sytem. Once Stel istled you con sce agin hat in has sudo apt-get update 8% sudo apt-get upgrade. enter automatically created the Games category in the Menu as wel as your password and accept any necessary updates. the app shortcut: FERED estas you've seen, sudo apt-get updat FETED Sometimes, when installing software, you need to and so on are designed to upgrade ‘add the app's Repository. The repository, or repo, thats already installed on the system. How do youlnstall more apps _s simply the remote server location where the software is held, thou It just so happens that t's extraordinarily simple. Firstyou along withallits dependencies (the vital libraries and such it needs need an app to install solet’s use Stella again. Enter: sudo apt- to Function). Start by typingin this sudo add-apt-reposi tory get install stella ppa:peterLevi//ppa. Press Enter when asked to and add the PPA (Personal Package Archive)FETTSED This addsthe repo forthe app Variety Wallpaper CChanger, an Ubuntu-based app that works in Mint ‘and changes the wallpaper automaticaly. Now that the repo is added, enter: sudo apt-get update, to update the new information and ‘add the contents ofthe repo to the package database, REMOVING APPS (install Apps via the Terminal-Part1 ({Y PETER Now to install variety, enter: sudo apt-get install variety. Press to confirm and accept the installation, nd to continue with the install. Once installed, you cantype variety into the Terminal torun the app. In addition to installing apps, the apt command can also be used to remove any apps and helps keep the system tidy and free up resources. To uninstall, or remove, the Variety app enter the following: sudo apt-get remove variety. Enter yto continue with the uninstall othe app; notice also that Youre informed of how much space you'e Freeing up on the hard dive as a result ofremoving the app. ‘with an app, such as configuration and library files. To completely remove the clutter, enter:sudo apt-get purge variety. While the ‘apt-get remove’ command uninstallsan app, it doesn't get rd of the extra cutter that comes BEPEED) wren you remove apps from the system you're be informed that some packages that were ‘automatically installed are no longer required. You already sawin, the previous tutorial, that you can tidy things up with the Following command: sudo apt-get autoremove, followed by pressinay to accept the process Eee Finally, to tidy up all the non-used packagesin the system, and to remove elements that the autoremove command didn't, you can enter: sudo apt-get. ‘utoclean, These last few steps are vital for keeping your Linux Mint setup in good working order and to trim off the unnecessary excess caused by installations and upgrades. ie tit ven Sech Teil£)) using the Terminal. ) Install Apps via the Terminal —Part 2 Most of the time you'll get to install apps from the Terminal using the standard apt- get command. However, sometimes an app demands a little more work. This means installing an app From its source code, which isn’t as scary as it First sounds. FROM THE SOURCE ‘The commands you'll need to become Familiar with here are Configure, Make and Install. You'll Find a lot of apps use installing From source, so it's certainly a skill worth investing time in. SoueecadefeserLracsuycneinte tom SERRE Te wet conanesas ctr te mpi) of .TAR.GZ or TAR.B22. Both are compressed files 1a? internet, in this case the .BZ2 file For Vim. To check holding athe ove ies ede to make the app Startff his the le was downlaaded succesful, ener: Acording to Mint’ tutor by creating anew folder in Homendin Vi fe tem colour ley, the compressed leshouidbedpayed ined Fle E&t View Seach Terminal Hep pore FETED Vir by the way, isan advancedtext editor which ABR we need to uncompress the contents ofthe file we'lluse as an example to install Enter the new now,soenter: tar -x vim-7.4.tar.bz2 into folder, cd Vim, then from within the new Vim Falder, enter the the Terminal. Note: you can type in tar -xF vand press the Tab following command into the Terminak wget ftp://ftp.vim. key toautofilthe remaining file name, org/pub/vim/unix/vim-7.4.tar.bz2.Ifyou enter Ls again, you'll notice that anew Folder has been created: vim74; in ight blve text representing a folder in Mint. It's always handy to create root folders For the main app, then as you upgrade apps through this method the individual versions will each have their own Folder Fleet Ven Search Terminal Hep FEPD tyre incd vim74 to enter the Folder, and 1s again toview its contents. There will kely be afar number Of files present: most are the app's core files, while others willbe labelled README or INSTALL I’ always wise to read these files First as they provide valuable information cegarding the installation. The ist part ofthe stallion requires yout enter Sue /configure. The /configure command will check your sjstemfor ny ising dependences essoatedvththe ap. Youreceved an error regarding a Comple,thenenter sudo apt= get install build-essenticl. The irdpary ao Neuss tfasrecordedasmising We need tinal that wth: sudo opt get install Tibncursess-dey Libnoursesw-de (install Apps via the Terminal-Part2 ({Y You may need to keep installing new dependencies, depending on the app. After each new dependency is installed re-run ./configure and when it doesr't report back with an error you can continue to the next stage of the installation, Note: you may need to search online For some exror messages. PEP witha successful ./configure, the system will create a Makefile. This needs tobe ‘made’ by entering: make into the Terminal. This may take while, depending fon the size ofthe app. PEPPER Fray, younced to enter: sudo make install into the Terminal. This wil install the app, and make itready for use inthe system. When complete you can execute the app, in this case by entering vim into the Terminal or searching For itvia the Dash,Scrum en 'f52 init=/etc/preinit ETT noinitrd con! \ APIC! CRO eco se me eee eer mL eS Ra su Tins Coa PC ee eae Rte ar a iets Cie Cemeacr myc raoec) console {tty0] enabled console [ttyS0] enabled RCL CR ete MC am ae HTnode-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order e Memory: 5112k/8128k available (1497k kernel code, 262 k init, Ok highnem) BuCne coer mCr is ee crt me PLAC ara eaaL ye: (1007 CN eos Oayare i Siar (c er oc ane) data (el Tara ( 597 kB) ets yc) CSU mn eu estar et calibrating delay using timer specific routine.. 4047. cen) ) ) kB) FETT) Sees Rca bytes) bytes) 4k reserved Ercan CET Sa Ce jev/ntdbl ase} aT 3 er}Cee{)) using the Terminal. ) Creating a File Using the Terminal Using the Terminal, you're able to create Folders, files and even execute Linux Mint apps. In truth, iFyou didn’t have the GUI at hand, you could still accomplish the same From the Terminal. MORE TERMINAL WORK Creating content using the Terminal isn’t quite as strenuous as It may First appear. Yes, the Terminal can look a daunting place For the newcomer, but once mastered it's really quite intuitive. ‘pen up the Terminal and ake sure youre inthe Your command ne shoul change tothe Tet folder 15?) Home folder. If not use the ed ~ command to return na? and if you enter Ls (List folder contents) there'll youtathe Home lderfrom wherever youre cuetylcated._benothing withinthe ode as youve ust created [The mkdir command fit sel explanatory Mak Oectory Flowedby the BOTS Lets start by creating @ new Folder within Home, TEED 10 ceate an empty text file, called Test-txt, enter and callit Test. The command you'll need is inthe Terminal: touch Test .txt. You can then Inkdir Test. Press Enter to create the folder when you've typed _use Ls to view the new filein the Folder. Touch isa standard Linux inthe command, then cd Test and press Enter. Thiswill Change command that allows the creation of files without the need to open Directory (hence €D) to the newly created Test Folder. a text editor, save the file, then close the editor.Let's say you now wanted to create a textile, well callitTest2.txt, complete with some content. To. do so, enter: cat > Test2. txt. This will create the fle Test2.txt and put the Terminal into an editing mode. avidedavi Fle Edt View Search Terminal Help corr er Perce rear One davidedavid-mint prema’ RBSt roca tng Pre rc mend Youll notice that the cursor flashing below the cat > Test2.txt command, without the usual prompt. Ths editing mode wil alow you enter the text that the file will contain. Enter some text, then press Ctrl¢D to exit and write the contents to the file OF course you don't always have to use the Terminal to-enter textinto a file. Mint comes with atext editor called Xed, which is similar to Windows’ Notepad. To view the previously created file in Xed, type into the Terminal: xed Test2. ‘bxt, and press Enter. ( Creating a File Using the Terminal Xed isa GUL app, and you can enter text and save the file, or any file, accordingly by using the app's the File > Save, or File > Save As functions from itstop menu bar options. 2 kona EEE | however, you preferto remain working inthe Terminal to edit/save/create files, you can use Nano. Nano isa simple Terminal based text editor. To try it with the example, enter:nano Test2. txt. There'sa menu along the bottom of the screen, To exit and save any content in Nano, press Ctrlex and follow the on-screen instructions. We've used the Terminal to launch a Mint ape, ed, but any app can be launched from within the Terminal. For example, try: firefox, and press Enter. Close Firefox. to return to the Terminal. Providing youknow the name ofthe app, ican run from the Terminal. Additionally, entering fireFox& opens Firefox, AND lets you still use the Terminal a{)) using the Terminal. ) Creating and Removing Directories As with creating Files in the Terminal, you can also create and delete directories, or folders if you prefer. Directories form the structure of your File system, without logical directories the filing system would be in utter chaos. MANAGING FOLDERS Learning how to create and delet folders inthe Terminal is animportant Mint andindeed Linux overall sil to master. Here's the bales For youto tryout SEED viet tenstcnenct-tomieare BEER fu reso arr orard anon sir tavlewthe curenfeldersyouhavehawed htheHome deecry. cannot ereate directory “testain': File exists E Yeulinoce that foldersarelbeledinMintincan ght blvel. goes without saying then, that you oly ableto have one uniquely Let's start by creating anew directory. Enter:mkdir testdir. named directory within the current directory. However, as Linuxis case-sensitive, you can have Testa, TestDir,testDir and so on, FSTEEED fyounowenter's again, you'llsee that the new PPD You can create directories within directories youve directory testdir, has been created alongside the ‘already created. For example, enter the testir ‘other directories in the Home area. Obviously the commandmkdir directory with ed testdir/ followed by isto lst the Folder structure. is what creates the directory, and no doubt you've already guessed Naturally there's nothing present, as you've ust created the directory. it stands For Make Directory. Now drop backto Home with ed, and entermkdir testdir/ reports. Go backtothetestdi, cd testdir/, and 1s againThe command to create drectoriess quite logical, therefore. Youll create the directory, and any sub- directories within, However, what iFyou want to create a directory ‘and a sub-directory ina single command? Make sure you're at Home (ed~) and enter-mkdir \stolist the new directory, 1p Temp/fnances. Now, ed Temp/, and The -poption is what enables the mkdir command to create the sub-directory as wel as the parent directory. In Linux, commands always follow the same structure: Command, Option, and Argument. nthe previous step example, ‘command (mkdir), option (p), and argument (Temp/finances) File Edit View Search Terminal Help CSTE corer) you wants cil downint the various options Su available for the mkdir command, you can enter inkdir help into the Terminal. Ths wll provide a quick help ‘Quide detalting the options and how the command structure works. ( Creating and Removing Directories STEEP ow that we've created some directories let's see about removing them. Stat by entering the testi directory and listing its contents: ed testdir/, then Is. The previously created reports sub-directory is present. One way to removeitis to enter: rmdir reports, then ls again to confimit’s not there TEER 4 cuick warning: removing a directory in the Terminal doesn't place it in the Mint Rubbish Bin, via Nemo fie manager. The same goes for any files, too. IF you remove a directory from the Terminal command then it's gone For good. ERE Pci wil only remove empty directories, to remove directories containing sub-directories, or even files, youll need ta use the rm command with the R option. For example, on the Temo/finance directories, use rm -R Temp, {quick srevealsthat the parent folder and al of ts contents are removed. Carefulwhen using this command, 4