- Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

1(a) dull black / can A (1) 2

(dull black) better radiator / good
radiator better emitter / gives out
more radiant heat / emits more
infra-red / loses more energy by
radiation (1)

1(b) any two of following pairs: 4 maximum four marks

for two correct pairs
lag / wrap in (named) insulator /
cotton wool / polystyrene (1)
reduces heat lost by conduction
(1)
cover in foil (1)
reduces heat lost by radiation
(1)
add lid (1)
reduces heat loss by convection
/ evaporation (1)

2(a)(i) 80 − 56 OR 24(°C) 1

2(a)(ii) 20 − 18 OR 2(°C) 1

2(b) water hotter (at start) (1) 2

(so) greater temperature
difference (between can and
surroundings) (1)
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

2(c) (dull) black (1) 2

greater (rate of) loss of thermal
energy (from dark colours) OR
(black) so it is a better
radiator/emitter (of thermal
energy) (1)

3(a) equipment e.g. 3

black container and white
container and thermometers OR
Leslie's cube and detector (1)
measurements
warm / hot water in container
AND temperature decreases
recorded / time to reach a given
temperature / time to cool OR
warm / hot water in cube AND
meter readings recorded (1)
how a conclusion is reached
better emitter surface cools
quicker OR
greater reading from better
emitter surface (1)
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

3(b) any two appropriate quantities 2

e.g.
initial temperature of water (1)
mass / volume of water (1)
dimensions / surface area of
container (1)
time of cooling (1)
mass of container (1)
shape of container (1)
smoothness of surface (1)
OR
surface area of face (of cube)
(1)
distance of detector (1)
temperature of water at time of
measurement (1)
smoothness of surface (1)
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

4 any mention of 5
radiation/infra-red radiation with
reference to silvered surfaces
(1)
silvered surfaces are poor
emitters / poor absorbers /
(good) reflectors (1)
glass is a poor conductor OR
glass reduces thermal energy /
heat gain by conduction (1)
vacuum prevents thermal energy
/ heat gain by conduction OR
convection (1)
stopper reduces thermal energy
/ heat gain by convection (1)

5(a) conduction 1
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

5(b) correct reference to density 4

change of water (1)
and any three from:
water is a fluid
water molecules gain (kinetic)
energy/move faster/further
apart
water expands/volume
increases
warm/hot water or molecules
rises
convection (current created)
cooler/cold/water falls/sinks (to
be heated again)

6(a) radiation mentioned 3

higher reading OR
rises faster on thermometer A
black (surface) is a good/better
emitter (than polished surface)
OR
polished (surface) is a
poor/bad/worse emitter (than
black surface)
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

6(b) (compared with black bulb 2

thermometer) readings rise more
slowly OR
readings are low(er)
shiny (bulb) surfaces are
good/better reflectors (of
radiation) OR
shiny (bulb) surfaces are
poor/bad/worse absorbers (of
radiation)

7 any two pairs: 4

(surround container with)
insulation / lagging / cotton wool
or similar (1)
conduction (1)
change material of cup to better
insulator (1)
conduction (1)
(surround container with)
foil / silver / (paint) shiny white (1)
radiation (1)
(surround container with)
vacuum (1)
conduction / convection (1)
lid (1)
evaporation / convection (1)
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

8 (dull) black pipes (1) 4 accept valid alternative

answers
better absorber (of
radiation) / less reflection from
pipes (1)
foil / shiny metal behind pipes
(1)
reflects (radiation back to pipes)
owtte (1)

9 conduction from the element to 4

the water (1)
convection (1)
warmer water less dense (than
colder water) ora (1)
warm water rises / cool water
falls (1)
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

10 cork on black plate / side B falls 4

off (before cork on shiny plate /
side A) (1)
black surface are better
absorbers than shiny surfaces
OR
shiny surfaces are better
reflectors than black surfaces
(1)
black surface are better
absorbers than shiny surfaces /
shiny surfaces are better
reflectors than black surfaces
AND of (infrared) radiation (1)

wax on black plate / plate B

melts before wax on shiny plate
/ plate A (1)

11(a) black is better / best absorber 2

(1)
(so) temperature of wax rises
faster on black plate (1)

11(b) (for a valid comparison all 2

independent) variables must be
the same (1)
plates / discs should be equal
distances (from heater) (owtte)
(1)
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

12(a) any three from: 3

hot water in each can
same volume of water in each
can/same temperature
thermometer/radiation detector
placed near can or seen on
labelled diagram
thermometer/radiation detector
at same distance from each
can
measure temperature (change)
on each thermometer

12(b) bigger/faster temperature 1

change from better emitter
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

13 diagram shows cans placed 4

near heater (1)
put thermometers in water AND
observe readings (1)
good detail (1)
e.g.
cans equal distances from
heater
same water volumes/levels
thermometers same positions in
cans
higher thermometer reading in
black (painted) can OR black
(surface) good/best/better
absorber (1)
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

14 put (hot) water in bottle AND 4

place thermometers/measure
temperatures each side of
(centre of) bottle
put thermometers near bottle
good detail e.g.
• thermometers equal distances
from bottle
• thermometer bulbs same
height
• record temperatures
regularly
thermometer near black has
higher reading/rises faster/larger
temperature difference OR
reverse argument

15(a) water expands when heated B1

density (of warm water) B1

decreases
OR reverse argument

warm water rises B1

 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

15(b) convection B1

16(a) wax melts (faster) on copper rod B1

wax melts less (far) / not at all / B1

slower on plastic rod
comparison needed

16(b) copper is a (good) (thermal) B1 IGNORE any

conductor statements about
conduction of electricity

plastic is an insulator / poor B1

conductor

17 any three from: 3

radiation (1)
light / infrared / electromagnetic
(radiation) (1)
travel through space / vacuum
(1)
absorbed by road (1)
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

18 any three from: 3

atoms / ions vibrate (1)
(vibrating) atoms / ions hit
electrons (1)
electrons propelled / travelling
through metal / moving through
metal (1)
electrons hit (distant) atoms (1)
free electrons / delocalised
electrons mentioned (1)

19 density (of air above road) 3

decreases OR
density (of hot air) decreases
(1)
air (above land / road) rises OR
air (that is hot) rises (1)
air (above road) replaced by
cool air / air from above sea
(1)

20 any three from: 3

convection (1)
(heated water) expands (1)
(becomes) less dense (1)
less dense water rises OR
dense(r) water sinks (1)
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

21 means of heating one end of 3

rods (1)
means of identifying movement
of thermal energy along rod
(1)
method of comparing materials
(1)

22 air above candle is heated / 3

warms (1)
(air becomes) less dense (1)
less dense air rises (up tube A)
(1)

23 electrons mentioned (1) 3

electrons travel (a great
distance) through the metal or
(vibrating) atoms hit (free)
electrons (1)
electrons hit (distant) particles
or transfer energy (to distant
atoms) (1)
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

24 shiny surfaces are poor emitters 3

(of radiation) (1)
infrared / radiation / mentioned
(1)
less energy lost or lost energy
does not need to be supplied
(1)

25 heat loss by conduction cannot 3

take place (1)
heat loss by convection cannot
take place (1)
because particles are needed
for conduction and / or
convection (1)

26 conduction (1) 3
conduction (1)
radiation (1)
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

27 any three from: 3

(heat causes) water molecules
(to) move further apart OR
(hot) water expands / volume
increases
(hot water) is less dense NOT molecules less
dense/expand
(so hot / less dense) water rises
(and is replaced by cooler / more
dense water)
convection / current (in water)

28(a) larger sphere emits / radiates / 2

loses thermal energy more (1)
greater (surface) area (1)

28(b) greater (rate of radiation) 1

[Total: 108]