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3D SCANNING
FOR ADVANCED
MANUFACTURING,
DESIGN, AND
CONSTRUCTION
3D SCANNING
FOR ADVANCED
MANUFACTURING,
DESIGN, AND
CONSTRUCTION
GARY C. CONFALONE

JOHN SMITS

THOMAS KINNARE

East Coast Metrology

Topsfield, MA, USA
Copyright © 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Confalone, Gary C., author. | Smits, John, author. | Kinnare, Thomas, author.
Title: 3D scanning for advanced manufacturing, Design, and Construction / Gary C. Confalone, John Smits, and
Thomas Kinnare.
Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, [2023] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022051307 (print) | LCCN 2022051308 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119758518 (hardback) | ISBN
9781119758556 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119758563 (epub) | ISBN 9781119758532 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Scanning systems. | Manufacturing processes. | Power electronics.
Classification: LCC TK7882.S3 C664 2023 (print) | LCC TK7882.S3 (ebook) | DDC 621.381/044--dc23/
eng/20221109
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Cover image: © Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock

Cover design: Wiley

Set in size of 9/13 and STIXTwo Text by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
This book is dedicated to our colleagues and coworkers who are always by our side to
help and provide their expertise without hesitation. We would also like to extend our
gratitude to our clients and vendors for providing advice, guidance, and material content
for this book, but mostly for their unparalleled benevolence and friendships throughout
the years. And finally, we especially want to thank our beloved wives and children
for their patience and encouragement during the many evenings and weekends spent
working on this text.
Contents
Preface xi
How to Use This Book xiii

Chapter 1 History of Metrology 1

1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 The History of Metrology 2
1.3 The International System of Units (SI) 3
1.4 The History of the Metric System 3
1.5 The History of the British Imperial System (IS) 4
1.6 Evolution of Metrology 13
1.7 Milestones of Metrology 22

Chapter 2 3D Scanning Basics 25

2.1   Basics of Laser Light Technology 25
2.2   Laser Safety 25
2.3   So What Exactly Is a Laser? 28
2.4   Laser Types 29
2.5   LIDAR vs Laser-Radar 32
2.6   Laser-Radar 32
2.7   Basics of 3D Scanning 35
2.8   How It Works 35
2.9   Limitations 35
2.10 Accuracy 36
2.11 Modern Metrology 37

Chapter 3 Scanning Equipment 39

3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Triangulating Laser Scanners 39
3.3 Data Acquisition Variables 41

Chapter 4 Data Acquisition and Processing Software 65

4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Data Acquisition Software 66
4.3 Inspection Software 71
4.4 Data Export Options 72
4.5 Point Clouds 73
 4.6 Processing and Registration 78
4.7 Survey Controls 80
4.8 Polygonal Mesh 81
4.9 Using Processed Datasets 82

Chapter 5 Post-Processing 85
5.1   Introduction 85
5.2   Coordinate Systems 86
5.3   Scaling 93
5.4   Mapping Techniques 93
5.5   CAD to Part Comparison 97
5.6   Root Mean Square and Standard Deviation 98
5.7   The Method of Least Squares 99
5.8   What Is Uncertainty? 102
5.9   Contributing Factors to Uncertainty 105
5.10 Typical Post-processing Workflow 108

Chapter 6 Reverse Engineering for Industrial and

Consumer Applications 111
6.1 Introduction 111
6.2 Industrial Applications 112
6.3 Case Studies 118
6.4 Racing Yacht Boat Build 118
6.5 Reverse Engineering: Cessna Caravan Performance Upgrade 121
6.6 Replication of a Classic Propeller Design 123
6.7 Roller Coaster Inspection 126
6.8 Argomaiden Sculpture 129

Chapter 7 Reverse Engineering for Architecture,

Engineering, and Construction 133
7.1 Introduction 133
7.2 Modeling for Architects and Engineers 134
7.3 Case Studies 142
7.4 Research Facility Coordinate Control System 142
7.5 Architectural Ornament Replication 146
7.6 Fonthill Castle, Bronx, NY 149
7.7 Infrastructure Preservation 153
7.8 Generating Station Turbine Replacement 158

Chapter 8 Future Directions 161

8.1 Software Development 162
8.2 Technology 162
8.3 Extended Reality 163

viii Contents
 8.4 UAV and AV 165
8.5 Industry Trends 165
8.6 Summary 168

Chapter 9 Resources 169

9.1 Units of Measure 175
9.2 Coordinate Metrology Society (CMS) Certification 181
9.3 Certification Committee 181
9.4 CMS Certification Levels 183
9.5 CMS Level-Two Certification 185
9.6 National Metrology Laboratories and Institutes 187

Metrology Glossary 191

Index 201

Contents ix
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Preface
For many years additive manufacturing and 3D scanning were considered a futuristic
science seen only in Hollywood movies and television shows. This technology has now
become a reality which has found its way into mainstream society.
Today, with relative ease, folks in this field can explain their vocation in a manner
that others can recognize and appreciate. The career opportunities in this profession are
wide and varying as technology expands the scope of these revolutionary applications
through multiple industries.
3D Scanning for Advanced Manufacturing, Design, and Construction is a result of
many years spent in the field and in the lab throughout the formative development of
this science. The authors combine to bring over 100 years of experience as they worked
in varying facets of this field, and the manner in which it was applied to their area of
expertise. Aerospace, manufacturing, industrial research and development, architecture,
engineering, and construction all use this technology to advance the improvement of
their respective trades. Each of these business segments and many more are explored
with real-world examples. To that we credit our coworkers, clients, and vendors for their
support and advice throughout the creation of this text. Without their experience and
diverse knowledge, the culmination of work in the following pages would not exist.
How to Use This
Book
This book, written for the student, technician, designer, engineer, manager, and other
manufacturing practitioners interested in acquiring and applying 3D scanning technol-
ogies and processes within their organization, aims to provide a broad foundation for
ongoing learning. It covers all aspects of 3D scanning from the history of measurement,
survey, and metrology to the practical applications of 3D scanning as it is used for data
collection, analysis, and reverse engineering. We will explore applications ranging from
radar bore-sighting to architectural engineering and construction with practical, useful,
real-world case studies. The case studies further illustrate 3D scanning technology and
demonstrate methodology through samples of varying applications and solutions without
the burden of detailed theories.

Chapter 1 is an overview of the history of metrology, the science of measurement. From

ancient times to modern day, methods and equipment are described to give the reader
insight into the development of measuring methods, from handheld sticks to modern-day
laser equipment.

Chapter 2 introduces the basics of laser scanning technology, beginning with a discussion
of lasers, how they are created, what types exist, and the various classifications of laser
instruments. The development of equipment using lasers for measurement will be
reviewed, explaining the basic methodologies employed for scanning.

In Chapter 3 all of the varying instruments used to collect data are described. Laser
trackers, laser scanners, and LIDAR systems are a few of the instruments to be reviewed
for function, purpose, and practical applications.
 Chapter 4 begins with a review of the software needed for processing scan data, how the
software functions, and what are key capabilities to look for when comparing software.
The chapter then explores point clouds and polygonal mesh files. What they are along with
best practices for obtaining and processing the data. Data process techniques discussed
include cloud and feature registration, along with polygonal meshing and cross sectioning
for both engineering and architectural modeling as well as CAD to part analysis.

Chapter 5 explains the math behind data processing, analysis, and reporting. Critical to
the application of data collection is the way it is reported to the end user. One must con-
sider scaling and uncertainty to provide accurate and reliable data. Most important is
the ability to report this data in a real-world coordinate system that makes sense to the
designer as well as the end user.

Chapter 6 presents the concept of reverse engineering as used within the manufacturing
and consumer industries. The varied uses of reverse engineering methods are described
along with the use of 2D and 3D CAD modeling techniques unique to industrial
metrology. Case studies are presented, providing the reader with real-life examples of the
applications of laser measurement to modern-day projects.

Chapter 7 presents reverse engineering as used within the AEC (architectural, engi-
neering, and construction) industry. Readers are led through the advantages scanning
provides for modern-day design and construction, along with various applications of this
useful technology, including clash detection, forensics, and BIM modeling. Case studies
illustrate the use of multiple pieces of laser scanning equipment and the diversity of
deliverables used by actual projects to provide timely and cost-saving solutions.

Chapter 8 is a brief analysis of emerging trends within the laser scanning industry, and
what can be foreseen for future development for software, equipment, and applications.

Chapter 9 provides a number of resources and references for the reader, with listings of
professional organizations, equipment, and software manufacturers. Universities and
colleges that offer courses and degrees in metrology and the use of 3D laser scanning
technology are given.

A Glossary of Terms is at the end of the book, a valuable reference for the reader
to understand and define the many specialized terms and acronyms used in the
metrology industry.

Navigating this book, you will be part of the journey in analyzing opportunities for the
application of 3D scanning in your business or industry. Begin by identifying a problem
or opportunity for which you would like to explore a scanning solution. Work through
the major decision steps and post-processing needed to get to the desired end result,
such as a point cloud or a solid model. The case studies will explain how others have
addressed challenges and decisions to move 3D scanning forward in their business work-
flows. By the end of the book, you will be prepared to make a case for implementing 3D
scanning technology into your next project.

xiv How to Use This Book

Chapter 1

History of
Metrology
The regulation of weights and measures is necessary for science, industry, health
care, and commerce. The importance of establishing uniform national standards was
­demonstrated by the drafters of the US Constitution, who gave Congress in Article 1,
Section 8, the power to fix the Standard of Weights and Measures. “Weights and
­Measures,” said John Quincy Adams in 1821, “may be ranked among the necessaries of
life to every individual of human society.”1
Weights and measures may be ranked among the necessaries of life, to every individual of
human society. They enter into the economical arrangements and daily concerns of every
family. They are necessary to every occupation of human industry; to the distribution and
security of every species of property; to every transaction of trade and commerce; to the
labours of the husbandman; to the ingenuity of the artificer; the studies of the philosopher;
to the researches of the antiquarian; to the navigation of the mariner, and the marches of the
soldier; to all the exchanges of peace, and all the operations of war. The knowledge of them,
as in established use, is among the first elements of education, and is often learnt by those
who learn nothing else, not even to read and write. This knowledge is riveted in the memory
by the habitual application of it to the employments of men throughout life. (John Quincy
Adams, Report to Congress, 1821)

1
Bucher (2004). The Metrology Handbook. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/umaine/reader.
action?docID=3002524, p. 1–9.

3D Scanning for Advanced Manufacturing, Design, and Construction, First Edition.

Gary C. Confalone, John Smits, and Thomas Kinnare
© 2023 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 1.1 INTRODUCTION
To understand 3D laser scanning technology, a person must have an understanding of
metrology. Metrology is defined as the science of measurement. It is the language that
engineers use to communicate to manufacturers.
When studying science, technology, engineering, and math, you will use units
and the universal language of metrology which was developed thousands of years ago
and continues to evolve today. Often the parameters of these units are referred to as
geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T). This language consists of formulas,
numbers, and symbols that when interpreted correctly can yield the most magnifi-
cent of outcomes. It is the language of technical professionals in manufacturing and
construction, or the language the designer uses to describe what he wants to the
builder and end user. And once you learn this language and become indoctrinated into
this world, you will see things in a different light. I often tell students to look at my
coffee cup and tell me what you see. I go on to explain that everything in this class-
room was designed by an engineer using a blueprint or a formula. The blueprint will
dimension the cup; and the formula will define the contents. Both the blueprint and the
formula use metrology to make sure they are built to the design specifications or the
proper recipe.
So, you may ask, what does this have to do with 3D laser scanning. This book
will focus on the applications of laser scanners as they are used to measure and
reproduce 3D results. Often the reproduction of these results is referred to as
Reverse Engineering or As-Built documentation. Both topics will be explored in the
subsequent text.

1.2 THE HISTORY OF METROLOGY

Archeologists believe that measurement standards have been with us for over 6,000
years and probably longer. With the adoption of agriculture to what was once a nomadic
species, humans needed a way to measure their land and crop yields to communicate
fair trade to others. But measurement was not only limited to the agricultural industry,
free trade also created a need for measurement in all facets of life in a growing industrial
world market. This of course resulted in a wide variety of measurement systems being
developed throughout the world.
It was not until 1875 that engineers and scientists began to establish an internation-
ally recognized system at the “Metre Convention” held in Paris. At the Metric Convention
of 1875, as it is called in English, a treaty was signed between 17 countries including the
US to establish the international Bureau of Weights and Measures, which would work
to standardize the four basic measurement standards: mass (weight), distance or length,
area, and volume. [Today standardization also includes temperature, pressure, lumi-
nosity, and electric current.]

2 3D Scanning for Advanced Manufacturing

1.3 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF
UNITS (SI)
In 3D scanning and surveying, length, angle, area, and volume are the primary units of
measure. The two systems used for specifying these units of measure in the world today
are the Metric System and the British Imperial System.
The Metric System was developed in France in late eighteenth century and is main-
tained by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (GCWM). Since the metric
system is almost universally used today, it is often referred to as the International System
of Units and abbreviated SI (Système International d’Unités).
Units in the British Imperial System (BIS or IS) are derived from the English System
of units which is rooted in historical units from both Roman and Anglo-Saxon units. To
make things more complicated, the US Customary Measurement System is a system based
on the English System which was the measurement system used in Britain prior to the
introduction of the British Imperial System in 1826.
I know all of this can be confusing and you can only imagine what it was like hundreds
of years ago before the internet was able to do a unit conversion. The differences between
the US and British systems are only as they relate to volume and will not impact the discus-
sions in this text. Our focus here will primarily be concerned with dimensional metrology.
A Message from the President to the Senate of the United State:
I transmit to the Senate for consideration, with a view to ratification, a metric convention
between the United States and certain foreign governments, signed at Paris, on the 20th of
May 1875, by Mr. E. B. Washburne, the minister of the United States at that capital, acting on
behalf of this government, and by the representatives acting on behalf of the foreign powers
therein mentioned. (Washington, March 10, 1876. Ulysses S. Grant)

1.4 THE HISTORY OF THE METRIC SYSTEM

With over 700 recorded units of measure in France, a movement was made after the French
Revolution where engineers looked for standards that were based on pure natural occurring
physics. Strangely enough around 1790, the Metre was introduced as one ten-millionth of
the shortest distance from the North Pole to the equator (Quarter Meridian) passing through
Paris. To define this, the measurements and construction of the standards were entrusted
to the Institute of France and international representatives who served as deputies of this
commission. Jean-Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre-Francois Meçhain then set forth to
identify the meter by making geodetic and astronomical measurements along the meridian
from Dunkirk to Barcelona. This took 7 years of extensive survey triangulation work to
complete. From these results there was constructed a o ­ ne-meter bar of platinum whose
length was measured between its two ends, and it became known as the “Meter of Archives.”

Chapter 1: History of Metrology 3

 Table 1.1 Metric system – length units
of measure

Base Unit Symbol Meter Equivalent

Kilometer km 103
Meter m 1m
Decimeter dm 10 −1 m
Centimeter cm 10 −2 m
Millimeter mm 10 −3 m
Micrometer μm 10 −6 m
Nanometer nm 10 −9 m

By 1795 the Decimal Metric system evolved to recognize the Metre as the stan-
dard unit of measure. This simplistic system soon became a weights and measures law
throughout the globe noting also that a cube having sides of length equal to one-tenth of
a meter was to be the unit of capacity, the liter, and the mass of a volume of pure water
equal to a cube of one-tenth of a meter at the temperature of melting ice was to be the
unit of mass, the kilogram.
Referring to the original standards became difficult over the years so to be more prac-
tical, the platinum bar that was held in Paris to define this metre (meter) was replaced
100 years later in 1889 by the International Geodetic Association with 30 platinum–
iridium bars that were distributed throughout the world. It was not until 1960 that a
new definition was derived using the physical properties of light. The spectral emission
of Krypton-86 radiated light at 606 nanometers (orange) became the new international
length standard from 1960 to 1983.
Today the meter is defined by research performed by the National Institute for Stan-
dards and Technology (NIST) as the length of light travel in 1/299,792,458 of a second in
a vacuum. Table 1.1 lists the SI units of measure commonly used to define length.

1.5 THE HISTORY OF THE BRITISH

IMPERIAL SYSTEM (IS)
So as not to be outdone by the French, the Imperial System of units was established by
the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. The imperial units were preceded by the
Winchester Standards which were in place from 1588 to 1825. Derived from hundreds
of Roman, Celtic, and Anglo-Saxon units, the British Imperial System was the primary
measurement standard until the UK joined the European Economic Community in the
1970s. However, some imperial units are still in use today. One of those being the pint
which is a very important standard frequently used by metrologists in Britain, the US, and
throughout the world!

4 3D Scanning for Advanced Manufacturing

 Because this book is focusing on 3D scanning, we will stick to the topic of
­ imensional metrology. Below we will walk you through the most common units of
d
measurement as they relate to length and give a brief history of their origin. Most of the
IS units will make sense after learning the history or the etymology of the unit identifier.
These include units such as the furlong, the mile, and the yard. Other units like the hand,
foot, or pace have origins that are a bit more self-explanatory.

1.5.1 Inch
There are many historical accounts of how the inch was derived. Earliest would be the
Anglo-Saxon definition of the inch as being the length of three grains of barley placed end to
end. Later in history, King David I of Scotland and his court of Weights and Measures defined
the inch as the width of an average man’s thumb, measured at the base of his thumbnail.

1.5.2 Thou, Mil, and Tenth

When working in the field of metrology one must learn to adapt to the various industries
and national systems under discussion. With the growing popularity of the metric system
here in the United States, I often see people refer to the millimeter as a “mil” when in
fact the “mil” is an abbreviation that refers to 0.001 or one-thousandth of an inch. Mil is
derived from the Latin word Mille meaning one thousand. The mil is interchangeable
with the other term for this measurement referred to as the “thou.” Thus, one thousand
thou equal one inch; and one thousand mils also is equal to one inch.
Much like the ambiguous challenges children face when spelling words in the English
language, metrology will also become second nature after time but should not be taken
for granted. For the students and readers not yet fully immersed in the manufacturing
industry I believe it is worth building on the above and not assume that all abbrevia-
tions are clear. In discussions among engineers and machinists you will always hear the
terms, thou, mil and tenths when referencing precision tolerances. We have determined
above that the terms thou and mil are synonymous and refer to 0.001 inch. If you are not
included in these social circles and hear the term “tenth” one may naturally assume it is
indicating one-tenth of an inch. After all that makes perfect sense. But what it is actually
defining is one-tenth of one-thousandth of an inch or 0.0001 inch. We won’t get too bogged
down by these facts, but I believe this was simply worth noting to students of the industry
and others new to the field because we often see this confusion with young engineers.

1.5.3 Hand
Still in use today is the ancient tradition of using the “hand” to measure the height
of horses. Horses from the ground to the top of the shoulder (withers). The unit was
­originally defined as the breadth of the palm including the thumb. A statute of King
Henry VIII of England established the hand at four inches. Therefore, a horse that mea-
sures 15 hands would be 60 inches tall at the shoulder (Figure 1.1).

Chapter 1: History of Metrology 5

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flushed, excited, suspicious; he steadily keeping to his point, refusing to be
led away from it. And why Mary should have resisted, standing thus wildly
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‘I wish you would not swear,’ said Mary. ‘The strange thing is that you
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I had only known for three days——’
‘Hush!’ he said, drawing her to him. ‘When a man’s eyes are opened first
to the thought that another man has gone off express to rob him of his jewel,
do you think he pauses to be reasonable?’ and then they looked at each
other and were silent, there being more expression in that than in speech.
‘But the jewel was no jewel till yesterday,’ said Mary, making the kind
of objection which women love to make, ‘and who knows but it may be
paste to-morrow?’
‘My dear,’ said Ben, ‘my only woman in the world! might not a man
have been beguiled to follow a Will-o’-the-wisp till he cursed and hated
such lights, and chose darkness instead,—and then all at once wake up to
see that his moon had risen, and that the night was safe and sweet as day?’
I suppose it was the only bit of poetry which Ben Renton was ever guilty
of in his life; and it was perfectly successful. And they went on and
continued their walk to the beech-tree. Mary’s eyes were blind with sweet
tears; but then, what did it matter? was not he there to be eyes to her,
through the winding of the tender morning path? And as they reached the
trees, the sunshine burst into the wood all at once with something like a
shout of triumph. If it was not a shout, it came to precisely the same thing,
and caught a branch here and a twig there, and made it into burnished gold,
and lit up the far distance and cloistered shade into all the joyous animation
and moving stir of life.
‘Must you go now?’ Mary said, clinging to him a little closer, ‘must it
still be secret? is no one to see you now?’
‘I must still go away,’ he said, ‘no help for that, Mary; but in the
meantime I am going home with you to tell them all about it. I shall still
catch my ship if I go by the next train.’
He was received with subdued consternation by the household, which
jumped instantly to the conclusion that something had happened; but there
is an instinct in the domestic mind which is almost infallible in such
matters; and before Mrs. Renton had even been told of the unexpected
arrival of her son, Davison had said to the housekeeper, ‘He’s come down at
the last to settle it all with Miss Mary. Now didn’t I tell you?’ and Willis had
recorded his opinion that, on the whole, there wasn’t nothing to say again it.
‘A little bit of money never comes amiss,’ he said; ‘but she was used bad in
the will, never to have no compensation. And, on the whole, I agrees with
Ben.’
Such was the decision of the house, conveyed in language, kind, if
familiar, just five minutes after the entry by the window into the dining-
room, where the breakfast-table was prepared for the family, of the
betrothed pair. Mary’s gown was wet with the dew, and she ran up-stairs to
change it, leaving Ben alone to receive the greetings of his brothers, who
appeared at the same moment. ‘I thought you couldn’t resist coming down
again, old fellow, before you left for good,’ Frank said in her hearing, as she
rushed to the covert and sanctuary of her own room. He was not so
discriminating as the intelligent community below stairs.
And then, in that strange golden forenoon, which seemed at the same
time one hasty moment and a long day, full of events, Mrs. Renton, amazed,
found her son again stooping over her, and received the astonishing news. It
was some time before she could take it in. ‘What,’ she said, ‘Mary? I will
never believe it is Mary. You are making fun of me, Ben.’
 ‘It is a great deal better than fun, mother,’ he said. ‘I could not go till it
was settled; and now there is only ten minutes or so to kiss us and bless us,
and thank me for giving you such a daughter. She has been a daughter to
you already for so long.’
‘Of course she has,’ said the bewildered woman. ‘Mary! it’s like your
sister. I can’t think it’s quite right, do you know, Ben. I should as soon have
thought of you marrying Alice, or——’
‘Frank might object to that, my dear mother,’ said Ben.
‘But, Mary—you are sure you are not making one of your jokes? And
after all, I can’t think what you see in her, Ben,’ Mrs. Renton said, with a
little eagerness. ‘She was never very pretty,—not like that beautiful Mrs.
Rich, you know, or those sort of women,—and not even very young. She
must be seven-and-twenty, if she is a day. Let me see, Frank was born in
July, and she in the December after. She will be seven-and-twenty on her
next birthday. And nothing to make up for it—— ’
‘Except that there is nobody else in the world,’ said Ben, smiling at
Mary, who had just come into the room.
‘Nobody else in the world! I don’t know what you mean. Not to say a
word against Mary, but you might have done a great deal better, Ben.’
‘And so he might, godmamma,’ said Mary, with the gravity of happiness,
though Ben had her hand in his.
‘Yes, my dear,’ said Mrs. Renton, in perfect good faith, ‘a great deal
better. You always have the sense to see things. If I were you, I would
reflect a little longer before I announced it, or did anything more in the
matter, Ben.’
The answer Ben made to this proposal was to draw his betrothed close to
his mother’s bedside within his own supporting arms. ‘Give her a kiss,
mamma, and say God bless you,’ he said, bending down his own face close
to Mary’s. And the mother, quite confused and bewildered, did as she was
told, crying a little, and not knowing what to think. And before any one
knew, Ben was gone again, off by express to join the steamer which sailed
from Liverpool that night. He had just time; everything belonging to him
having gone on before with poor Hillyard, who knew nothing about this
morning’s expedition. And before noon the episode was all over, and the
Frank Rentons once more in the foreground, and Mary reading the
newspaper as if such a wild inroad of romance into the midst of reality had
never been.
‘My dear, it is not that I am not as fond of you,—fonder of you than of
anybody,’ Mrs. Renton said, when poor Mary, for one moment, owing to a
paragraph about a shipwreck, fairly broke down; ‘but it does not seem
somehow as if it were quite proper. And we can’t shut our eyes to it that he
might have done better. It feels as if there was never to be any satisfaction
in the boys’ marriages. I had a fortune of my own, and so had your
grandmother; but everything now is going to sixes and sevens——’
‘Don’t say anything more about it, godmamma,’ said Mary, with an
outburst of pent-up agitation, and the nervous panic that seizes a weakened
mind. ‘Oh, how can we tell what may happen in the meantime? Let us say
nothing more till he comes home.’
‘Well, to be sure, he might change his mind,’ said Mrs. Renton, as
Davison came in with her arrowroot. And for half-an-hour or so that
satisfactory conclusion, and the adding of another teaspoonful of port, on
account of the excitement she had been going through, put a stop to the
conversation, and gave Mary time to draw breath in peace.
But if the reader of this history hopes to be humoured by a shipwreck at
this late period of the narrative, it is a vain expectation. The winds blew,
and the sea rose, but Ben Renton got safely out to Canada, and came safely
home. I am sorry to have to say that his last great piece of work did not pay
nearly so well as he had expected it to do; and the business, which he made
over to Hillyard, was, owing to the state of the colony at that moment, of
less value than had been anticipated; but at the same time patience alone
was wanted to realise all possible hopes. I have been obliged to ask the
reader to take Ben’s success for granted all along, as it would have been
simply impossible to introduce details of engineering enterprise into a work
of this description; and, indeed, to tell the truth, I fear I should not have
sufficiently understood them to set them forth with any distinctness. But
whether Hillyard will have patience, and keep up the energy which Ben put
into the business, is a very doubtful matter; and it is just as likely as not that
he may turn up again at the old club, which is the only luxury he keeps up,
as rough, as insouciant, as careless what becomes of him, as on the first day
Ben met him, after the weird of the Rentons had begun. Mary might have
made another man of him perhaps; but who knows? Temperament is
stronger than circumstance,—stronger than fortune,—stronger even than
love.
Ben Renton came home, as I have said, as safely as most men come
home from Canada. And everything occurred as it ought to have occurred. I
would add that they lived happy ever after, if there had been time to make
such a record. But the fact is, that it is too early yet to be historical on that
point; and for anything anybody can tell, the Rentons may yet come to be
very wretched, and give occasion for other chapters of history; though, in
common with all their friends, I sincerely hope not. Benedict Renton of
Renton stood for the county of Berks, in the late election, with politics
perhaps slightly tinged by his life in the other world, but failed by a few
votes, notwithstanding the interest attaching to him,—Berks, like many
other counties, being of the opinion that a good, steady, reliable bumpkin,
who will do whatever he is told, is a more satisfactory legislator than a man
who has spent his youth in objectionable exercises, such as writing, and
thinking, and moving about the world. Frank Renton, true soldier and
constitutional Tory, is one of those who hold this opinion. But I do not
despair of seeing Ben in Parliament yet.
And thus the story ends; being like all stories, no history of life, but only
of a bit out of life,—the most amiable bit, the section of existence which the
world has accepted as its conventional type of life, leaving all the
profounder glooms and the higher lights apart. As in heaven there can be no
story-telling of the present, for happiness has no story,—there, perhaps, for
the first time, the mouth of the minstrel may be opened to say or sing what
is untellable by the frankest voice on earth. But till then we must be content
to break off after the fairy chapter of life’s beginning, the history of Youth.

THE END.

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