'

THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING: LEVEL 3 EXAMINATION

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS (CIVE3001)

January 5, 2002 TIME: 9:30 AM- 12:30 PM (3 hours)

Answer FOUR questions.

Question I is compulsory.
All questions carry equal marks (25 marks each).

Use a separate answer book for each section.

Graph paper will be provided.

•
Use of Electronic Calculators:

Candidates taking examination that permits the use of calculators may use any calculator which fulfils the following
criteria:
(a) it should be self-contained, silent, battery-operated and pocket-sized;
(b) it should have numeral-display facilities only and should be used only for the purpose of calculation;
(c) it should not have any printing device, alphanumeric keyboard, or graphic display; and
(d) it should not contain any recorded data or program.

lt is the candidate's responsibility to ensure that the calculator operates satisfactorily and the candidate must record the
name and type of the calculator on the front page of the examination scripts. Lists of permitted/prohibited calculators will
not be made available to candidates for reference, and the onus will be on the candidate to ensure that the calculator used
will not be in violation of the criteria listed above.

Section A

I. A prismatic rectangular river channel (Mannings n = 0.03) runs through a village (ground elevation 4.0 m
P.D.) in a rural area located 5 km from the sea. The channel has a bed width of 50 m and a bottom slope
ofO.OOOS. At the seaward end (x=O), the bottom elevation of the channel is -2.5 m P.D. (Principal Datum).

A heavy rainstorm occurred on a summer day, with an estimated peak discharge of 300 m 3 ( s. For
this discharge, calculate the normal depth and the critical depth of the river. Using the Direct Integration
Method, or otherwise, determine i) the length of the backwater curve; and ii) whether flooding will occur
at the village. The rainstorm occurred coincidentally with high tide and a storm surge, raising the sea level
to 3.5 m P.D. State your assumptions. What is the unique advantage of the Direct Integration Method?

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2.a) Water flows at a velocity of 1.52 m/sand a depth of 0.915 m in a rectangular channel 3.05 m wide.
There is then a contraction to a width of 2.13 m. By how much should the bed be lowered through
the contraction such that the downstream Froude number will not exceed 0.8? Assume the transition is
rounded, such that the head loss is 0.04 times the downstream velocity head.
b) A trapezoidal catchwater channel is made of concrete, with a bottom width of 1.6 m and a side slope of
0.6H: I V. On one side of the catchwater channel is a hillslope, and on the other side, the embankment
is a 3 m wide access road. The bed slope is I :250 and the embankment level is 1.6 m from the bottom.
Assuming a Mannings n =0.0 16, and allowing a freeboard of 0.15 m, find the maximum discharge this
channel is designed to convey. What is the corresponding critical depth?

Due to construction activities (dumping of .stone debris) on a certain reach of the channel, the Man-
nings roughness is increased to n=0.03. Will the flow overtop the channel bank for the design discharge?

If the water level is above the embankment (road) level, estimate the flowrate (m 3 / s) spilled from
a I 00 m length of the catchwater channel (over the road onto the slope below). Assume that the access
road acts like a broad-crested weir.
•

'/\·
.
/•

/~
. \

')\

3. a) The following velocity measurements were obtained in a wide river of depth h=5 m:

zJh 3 minute-averaged
x-velocity (cm/s)
0.035 26.0
0.07 30.0
0.17 34.3
0.25 36.6
0.36 38.1
0.68 41.9
0.85 44.2
0.92 44.2

Verify graphically the logarithmic velocity profile. Determine the shear velocity u.(cm/s), the bed
roughness zo(cm), and the depth-averaged velocity.
b) An accidental spill of 500 kg of a toxic substance occurred one night at the bank of the above river
(width 200 m). For the hydraulic condition given as above, estimate the maximum concentration and
longitudinal extent of the pollution at the following times after the accident: i) t= 3 hr; ii) t=3 days.
State your assumptions.

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4. a) Fig.Q4 shows a rectangular open channel fitted with a side weir of length L along one side of the
channel (width W). When the water level is above the crest of the side weir, part of the main channel
flow discharges over the side weir; the discharge in the direction of the flow hence decreases. Side
weirs are often used in irrigation projects and flood diversion schemes.

Experiments have shown that the total energy H = ~: + y + z is approximately conserved as the
main channel flow passes by the weir (where the terms have their usual meaning). Show that for a
subcritical flow in a horizontal channel (So = 0), the water depth in the weir channel increases in the
direction of flow (Hint: obtain an expression for dH I dx and note the sign of dQ I dx ).

b) Fig.Q4 shows a rectangular drainage channel fitted with a 60 m long side weir over a horizontal
channel section. The upstream inflow channel has a slope of 0.0004 and the width is 8 m (n=O.O 16).
The weir crest level is I m above the channel bottom. For a flow of Q = 30 m 3 Is the water depth
just at the entrance to the weir channel is observed to be 1.2 m. Compute the specific energy of the
flow i) for the uniform flow at the inlet (section I); and ii) at entrance to the weir channel (section
2). Comment on your results and suggest a possible free surface profile in the short transition between
Sections I and 2. Neglect bottom friction.

.
----~ .. -··- ...
· c.A~nh.J... --I(b)---- --------- @
1-----------·--
I / / /// / / / '

...
/

•
'
' I /
V' v ,I

L
. .. . - -. ' . - ---· ----- - - ·-··.

. . ····--·. ·-·-·· ---------·- ..... -- -----·---- --

3
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Section B

5. a) Write a brief discussion on one of the following:

• spillways and cavitation
• hydraulic structures for energy dissipation

b) Why is the time of concentration important in estimating peak flow using the Rational Method?
A rural development complex has a total area of IS ha. The length of the overland flow is 300 m
and the slope of the overland flow plane is 0.02. The time of concentration of the overland flow is 12
minutes. The catchment drains to a stormwater channel with a length of 500 m; the average velocity
in the channel may be assumed to be 1.5 m/s. The catchment consists of an impervious area of I 0 ha
(Runoff coefficient C=0.95), and a grassland area of 5 ha (C=0.3). Using a 10-year intensity duration
curve defined as
. 603
' = (td + 4.4)0.44
where i is the intensity in mmlhr and td is the duration in minutes, calculate the peak design discharge
at the outfall using the Rational Method'.

6. a) The bottom sediment of a wide alluvial channel flowing through an industrial area is heavily polluted.
The flow in the channel will be increased due to some redirection work upstream. Use Shields Diagram
to check whether the contaminated sediment (typical diameter 0.7 mm and specific gravity 2.65) will
be scoured up under the following new condition :
Depth of flow = 2 m
Bed slope = 0.00015
Velocity = 0. 75 rn/s
b) Use Ackers and White Method to .determine the total sediment load for the channel mentioned in a),
assuming a d 35 of 0.5 mm for the sediment.

- END OF PAPER -

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DESIGN INFORMATION &; FORMULAE LEVEL 3 Engineering Hydraulics (CNE3001)

~ = lK. ln(!!.:ll) + K 1 (turbulent smooth)

th !I

V Y2/Y1 = 0.5( )1 +8Ft- 1)

n'V'
S! = R</3

J N
- N-M+l

6. - -<(y)
y- l-(l+Ce)F::!±~ ~
Broad-crested weir: Q = Cd 2/3 B ,j2gH312
•
cd = o.521 + o.o2sH1L (0.1::; H/L < 0.35)
Cd = 0.56l(H/L) 0 ·022 (H/L < 0.1)

Brandsby Wil!iam's Eq.: t0 (min) = 0.14465 (H01 AO.l) IDF: i (mm/h) =

td=storm duration (min); a=687, b=4.2. c=0.42 (50 yr return period); a=603, b=4.4, c=0.44 (10 yr return period)
Qp "' C i A h& = f £;;;.;
(pipe flow)

Instantaneous source solutions:

Plane source: C = ,2,. 1!,,,

Q
.-'
- ::-r
e '"< Line source:
1

Et = 0.6 u.h

Ackers and White Method:

G. 9r~/=-:rg-i,d,
g,uo ("· )n
V
= C(&c
A
- l)m dgr -- ds [g(p,fp-1)]1/3
v2
0 ~ ~~
'G F _ u~ [ V ]1-n
n = 1.0 - 0.56 logw d9r
gr - )gd,(p,/p-1) v'321og,a(10yo/d,)

Transitional range ( 1 ::; d9r < 60):

log10C = 2.86 log10 d9 r - (log 1o dgr )2 - 3.53
m= 9.66 + 1.34 A= 0.23 + 0.14
dgr ~

Coarse range (dgr ~ 60), n=O

C = 0.025 m= 1.50 A= 0.17
 2·0

1·0
O·B
06
-
Cll
>-
E 04
....,."

0·20

•
0·10
1• e -o1
0·08
Rectangular M;3·0
0·06
Triangular M"5-0

M
Variation of M with C

Th~rd parameter. m

20

1·0

YiB
0·1.

0·3
-
a

0·2

0 ·1
•
y 1
m
s-
O·Ol.
2·0 ·5 ·0 3·5 l.O 1.5 so
TAnLE D-1. TilE YAJU£o-now FuNCTION TOR Po~ITIV£ SLovt:::~, F(u,N) (conlinaud) TABL& D-1. Tu& VJ..!\n:u-TLOW FoHCTIOH ran PostTrv& SLOPU 1 F(u,N) (conlint~ed)

~ 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 ~ 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0
I. 13 I . 138 0.9SO 0. 805 0. 692 0. 602 0.529 0. 468 O.U7 0.314
0. 70 0.840 0. 819 0. 802 0. 787 0.776 0.766 0. 757 0.150 0. 7H 0. 739 I.H 1.107 0.021 0. 780 0.669 0. S81 o.S09 0. 4SO 0.400 0.358 03H
0.32
0.71 0. 858 0.836 0. 819 0.804 0. 791 0.781 0. 772 0. 764 0.158 0.752 I. 15 I . 018 0. 892 0. 756 0.04? O.SOI 0. 400 0.432 0.381 0.313 0.30
0. 72 0.818 0.855 0. 830 0.820 0.807 0. 706 0. 786 0. 779 0. 772 0. 7GO I. 16 1.052 0.870 0. 734 0.627 0.512 0.173 0. 417 0.369 0.329 0.20
0.73 0.808 0.874 0. 854 0.837 o.8n 0. 811 0.802 0. 793 0. 786 0. 780 I. 17 I .021 0. 8SO 0. 713 0.608 0.52S 0.458 0. 402 0.3S6 0. 317 0.28
0.74 0. 918 0.892 0.868 0.854 0. 840 0.827 0.817 0. 808 0.800 0. 794
. I. 18 1.003 0.82S 0.694 O.S91 o.S09 0. 443 0.388 0.343 0.305 0.27
0. 75 0.940 0. 913 0.890 0.872 0.851 0.8H 0.833 0. 823 0.815 0.808 I. 19 0. 981 0. 810 0. 676 0.574 0.494 0. 429 0.375 0. 331 0. 294 0.26
0.76 0.961 0. 933 0.909 0.890 0.874 0. 861 0.849 0.839 0.830 0. 823 I. 20 0.960 0.787 0 .6S9 0.5S9 0. 480 0.416 0.363 0.320 0. 283 0.2S
0.17 0.085 0.954 0.930 0.909 0.81.12 0.878 0.866 0.855 0.846 0.838 1.22 0.922 0. 7S5 0.628 0. 531 0.4S4 0.392 0.341 0.299 0. 264 0.23
0. 78 1.007 0. 976 0.950 0. 929 0. 911 0.896 0.883 0. 872 0.862 0.854 I . 24 0.887 0.12S 0.600 0.50S 0. 431 0.371 0.322 0.281 0. 248 0.21
0. 79 1.031 0. 998 0. 971 0. 949 0.930 0. 914 0.901 0.889 0.819 0.810
I. 26 0. 8SS 0.692 O.SH 0. 482 0.410 0.351 0.304 0.26S 0.233 0.20
0.80 I .056 I .022 0.994 0.970 0.950 0.934 0.619 0.901 0.896 0.887 I. 28 0.827 0.606 0.5SI 0.461 0.301 0.334 0.288 0.250 0. 219 0. 19
0.81 1.083 I .046 1.017 0. 092 0. 971 0.95l 0.938 0. 925 0.914 0.904 I . 30 0.800 0.6H 0.530 0.442 0.373 0. 318 0.274 0. 231 0. 201 0. 18
0.82 I . 110 1.072 1.04 I I .015 0.993 0.9H 0.958 0.94S 0.932 0 022 I . 32 0. 715 0.62S 0. SIO 0. 424 0.3S1 0. 30·1 0. 2GO 0.225 O.IOC! 0.11
0.83 1.131.1 I .090 I. 067 1.039 I . 016 0.096 o·. 010 0.065 0.952 0. 9·10 I . 3-1 0.1S2 0.605 0.1Y'l 0. ·108 0.31~ o.~oo 0. 218 0. 214 0. 185 O.IU
0.84 l. 111 1.129 1.094 1.064 1.040 I . 019 1.001 0. 985 0.912 0.960
I. 36 . 0.131 0. 588 0. 47S 0.393 0.320 0.218 0. 237 0.204 0. 176 0. IS
0.85 I. 201 I .157 I. 121 1.091 1.065 I .043 1.024 1.007 0.993 0.980 I . 38 0. 711 0.~67 0. 459 0.378 0. 316 0.266 0. 226 0. 194 0. 167 0.14
0.86 1.238 1.192 I . 153 1.119 1.092 1.068 1.048 1.031 I .015 1.002 1.40 0.692 0.548 0.444 0.36S 0.304 0.2S6 0. 217 0.18S 0 .IS9 0. 13
0.81 I. 272 1.223 1.182 1.149 I. 120 1.09S 1.074 1.055 1.039 1.025 1.12 0. 674 O.S33 0.431 0.353 0.293 0. 246 0. 208 0. 177 0. 152 0. 13
0.88 1.31-1 1.262 1.228 1.181 I. 151 1.124 I. 10 I 1.081 I .004 1.049 I.H 0.658 0.511 0.417 0.341 0.282 0.~36 0.199 0.169 0.14S 0. 12
0.89 1.3S7 1.302 1.255 1.216 1.183 I . 155 I. 131 1.110 1.091 1.075
1.46 0.642 0.505 0 .40S 0.330 0.273 . 0. 227 0. 191 0.162 0.139 0. 11
0.90 1.401 1.343 1.294 1.253 I. 218 1.189 I . 163 1.140 1.120 1.103 I. 48 0.627 0.493 0.394 0.320 0. 263 0. 219 0. 184 0.156 0. 133 0. 11
0.01 1.452 1.389 1.338 1.294 1.257 1.225 1.197 1.173 1.152 I. 133 1.50 0. 613 o. 480 0.383 0.310 0. 25S 0. 211 0. 177 0. 149 0. 121 0. IC
0.92 1.505 1.438 1.351 1.340 1.300 1.260 ). 236 1.210 1.187 I. 166 1.5S 0.580 0. 451 0.3S8 0.288 0. 235 0. I 04 0. 161 0.13S 0.114 0.01
0.93 1.564 1.493 I. 435 I . 391 1.348 1.311 I. 279 ). 251 1.226 I. 204 1.60 0.551 0.425 0.335 0. 269 0. 218 0. 179 0.148 0.123 0. 103 0.0!
0.94 1.645 1.568 1.501 I.H9 1.403 1.363 1.328 1.297 1.270 I . 246
• O.S25 0. 402 0.316 0.251
1.6S 0. 203 0. 165 0.136 0.113 0.094 0.07
0.950 1.737 I . 652 1.582 I . 518 I. 467 I. 423 1.385 1.352 1.322 1.296 1.10 0.501 0.381 0. 208 0. 236 0. 189 0.153 0. 125 0.103 0.086 0.07
0. 960 I . 833 I. HI 1.665 1.601 1.545 1.497 I . 454 1.417 1.385 1.355 1.75 0.480 0.362 0.282 0. 222 0.177 0. 143 0.116 0.095 0.019 0.06
0.970 1.960 1.866 I. 780 I. 707 1.6H I. 590 1.543 1.501 1.464 I. 431 1.80 0. 460 0.340 0.267 0.209 0. I 66 0. 133 0. 108 0.088 0.072 0.06
0.975 2.055 1.045 1.853 I . 713 I . 707 I . 649 I. 598 1.554 I . 514 1.479 I. 85 O.H2 0.332 0. 254 0. I 08 0. 156 0 .12S 0. 100 0.082 0.067 0.05
0.080 2.164 ·2.045 1.040 1.855 1.783 I. 720 1.666 1.617 I . 57 5 1.536
• I. 90 0. 42S 0. 315 0.242 0. 188 0.147 0.117 0.094 0.016 0.062 o.os
0. 985 2.294 2. 165 2 .OS6 1.959 1.880 1.812 I. 752 1.699 1.652 I . 610 I. 9S 0.409 0.304 0. 231 0.118 0. 130 0.110 0.088 0.070 O.OS1 0.04
0.990 2.477 2.333 2.212 2.106 2.017 1.940 I .873 I .814 I . 761 I .114 2.00 0.39S 0.292 0. 221 0. 169 0.132 0.104 0.082 0.066 0.053 0.04 3
0.995 2. 792 2. 621 2.478 2.35S 2.250 2. 159 2.079 2.008 I . 945 1.889 2. 10 0.369 0.273 0.202 0. IS4 0.119 0.092 0.073 O.OS8 0.046 0.03 7
0. 999 3. 523 3.202 3.007 2. 931 2. 788 2.663 2.554 2.457 2.370 2.293 2.20 0.346 0.2S3 0. 186 0. 141 0.107 0.083 o.oas O.OSI 0.040 0.03 2
1.000 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

2.3 0.:126 0. 235 0. 173 0. 129 0.098 0.07S O.OS8 0.045 0.035 0.02 8
1.001 :1. :m 2. o:11 2.610 2.399 2.18·1 2.008 I. 8SO 1.125 I . 6 I0 1.508 2.4 0.308 0.220 0. 160 0. 119 0.089 0.068 O.OS2 0.040 0.031 0.02
1.005 ~L587 2. 260 2.022 I . 818 1.649 1.506 1.384 I. 279 1.188 I . 107 2.S 0. 292 0. 201 0.150 0.110 0.082 0.062 0.047 0.036 0.028 0.02
1.010 2.273 I . U77 I . 757 1.572 I. 419 I. 291 1.182 1.089 I .007 0.036 2.6 0. 277 0. 197 0.140 0. 102 0.076 0.057 0.043 0.033 0.025 0.01
I . 015 2.090 1.807 1.602 1.428 1.286 I . 166 1.065 0. 078 0.902 0. 836 2. 7 0. 264 0. 188 0. 131 0.09S 0.070 O.OS2 0.039 0.020 0.022 0.01
I . 02ll I. 061 1.711 1.403 1.327 I. 191 1.078 0.1.182 0.900 0.828 0. 766
2.8 0. 2S·l 0. 170 0. 124 0.080 O.OGS 0.048 0.036 0.021 0.020 0.01
1.03 I. 779 I . 531 1.340 1.186 1.060 0.95S 0.860 0. 700 0. 725 0.668 2.9 0. 241 0 .IU6 0. 111 0.083 0.060 O.OH 0.033 0.024 0.018 0.01
1.04 I . 651 1.410 1.232 1.086 0.967 0. 868 0. 78S 0.1U 0.653 0.600 3.0 .0. 230 0. ISO 0.110 0.018 0.050 0.041 0.030 0.022 0.017 0.01
1.05 I . 5S2 I .334 1.150 I . 010 0.896 0.802 0.723 0.656 0.598 0.548 3.5 0. 190 0. 126 0.08S 0.050 O.OU 0.029 0.021 0.015
I . 472 1.250 I .082 0. 948 0.838 0.748 0.612 0.608 0.553 0.506 0.011 0.00
1.06 4.0 0. 161 0.104 0.069 0.046 0.031 0.022 O.OIS 0.010 0.007 0.00
1.07 1.404 I. lOS 1.026 0.896 0. 790 0.103 0.630 O.S69 0.516 0.471
4.5 0. 139 0.087 0.057 0.037 0. 02S
0.0080.017 0.011 o.oos 0.00
1.08 1.346 I . 130 0. 078 0. 8SI 0.749 0.665 0.59S 0. S3S 0 .48S 0. 411 5. 0 0. 122 0.076 0.0·18 0.031 0.0200.0060.013 0.009
I . 'l!JS I .089 0.035 0. 812 0. 713 0. 631 0.563 0. soa 0. 457 0.<115 0.004 o.oo:
1.00 6. 0 0.008 0.060 0.036 0.022 0.0140.0040.009 0.006 0.002 0 .oo:
I. 10 i..2SO I.OSO 0. 891 0. 777 0.681 0.601 0. S36 0.480 0. 433 0.392 7. 0 0.081 0.048 0.028 0.017 0.010 0.006 0.004
1.209 I . 014 0.864 O.H6 0.6S2 0.515 0.511 0. 4S1 O.U I 0.372 0.002 0.002 0.00
1.11 8.0 0.069 0.010 0.022 0.013 0.0080.0020.005 0.003 0.001 0.00.
I. 12 I. 172 0.981 0.833 0.118 0.626 0. S51 0. 488 0. 436 0.392 0.3S4
9. 0 0.060 0.034 0.019 0. 011 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.001 0. {)()(
10.0 O.OS3 0.028 0. 016 0.009 0 .oos 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.00(
20.0 0.023 0.018 0. 011 0.006 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
 11 I I 1111111

·~P •. Ioom
percu cm
'o Amber"' 1.06
• Lignite ~ (Sh!e~ 127
0 Granite 2..7
Fully develope<ll u rbulen 1 ve loclty pmfile ..( 0 Ba rite ~ 425
Sand (Casey)
+Sand (Kramer)
* 2..55
2..65
-u X Sand (U.S. WES.) 2..65
\~ !'?'=: 1 .0 ~ Sand (Gilbert) 2..65
"' 0.8 • Sand (White) 2..61

11
- (-.
0.6
0..5
Turbulent boundal)' layer
I I I
0 Sand in air (White)
III .4. Steel shot (While)
2..10
7!J

I_; 04
· ' ', Value ol d / 0.1 ( ~ - 1 ) gd
1
- 0.3r ~ v r
(f)
~
(f)
Q)

-
'-
( f)
2 4 1618110 2 4 611100 2 4 6 1000
(f)
(f)
Q)
01
·
D.
, · -r. :::z: ntm P'
•n 1 wv
I I

v-·
-
c 0.08 . ~ _L _L , , 7' .- -7' 7 7 1 111
~ ~ ~
~ .
niL
0
-(f) 0.06 _.LlL Jjv . 1/ liL ·
0.0 5 '<' ·r V r11 ~ /ifl ~~ 't no...
·c
Q) 0.04 I" L.! •Jt~ l!:. 'I'-' 0 Llil
E 0.03 · 9"f 1 u f' Shi:e~~ ~rve
·-
0 0.02 1111 I _l_l_l.J.JIIl _l

0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 100 200 500 1000

t.
u'
To 2> -= ,;- ,..X
Boundary Reynolds number, R* = U* d =-
* p

Shields diagram for incipient motion.

•