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Statistics 1

The document provides an introduction to SPSS, a statistical software used for data analysis and visualization. It covers key functions such as Frequencies, Explore, and Crosstab, detailing their usage and output interpretation for descriptive statistics. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of these tools in enhancing data analysis and decision-making.

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1 views19 pages

Statistics 1

The document provides an introduction to SPSS, a statistical software used for data analysis and visualization. It covers key functions such as Frequencies, Explore, and Crosstab, detailing their usage and output interpretation for descriptive statistics. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of these tools in enhancing data analysis and decision-making.

Uploaded by

setasalah75
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Erbil Polytechnic University

Erbil Technical Engineering College


Information System Engineering Dept.

Introduction to Descriptive Statistics and Learn


Frequency & Explore & Crosstab

Prepared By: Supervised By:

Alan Azad Ms. Tara Salih


Bahra Abdullbasit

Sema Salah

Banan Wirya
Outlines :
1- Introduction to SPSS program
2- Descriptive Statistics Overview
3- Using the Frequencies Function in SPSS
4- Using the Explore Function in SPSS
5- Using the Crosstab Function in SPSS
6- Conclusion
Introduction to SPSS program :
SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is a powerful statistical software used for data
management, analysis, and visualization. It is widely used in research, business analytics, social
sciences, and healthcare for processing and interpreting complex datasets.

Descriptive Statistics Overview :


Descriptive statistics help summarize data characteristics through measures such as
mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance, and frequency distributions.
SPSS offers multiple ways to generate these statistics efficiently.
Image 1.1

Display descriptive statistics panel


01
Using the Frequencies Function in SPSS
The Frequencies function is used for categorical and continuous data to determine how often each
value occurs.
Steps to Run Frequencies in SPSS:
1. Open your dataset in SPSS.
2. Click on Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies.
3. Select the variable(s) of interest and move them into the "Variable(s)" box.
4. Click on Statistics to choose options like mean, median, mode, standard deviation, etc.
5. Click OK to generate the frequency table and histogram.

Output Interpretation:
• A frequency table displays count, percentage, cumulative percentage, and valid/missing values.
• Graphical representation (histograms, bar charts) helps visualize the data distribution
image 2.1

select variable to analyze

image 2.2

select operation
image 2.3

display output
02
Using the Explore Function in SPSS
The Explore function provides a more detailed summary of variables, including normality tests and
visual representations.
Steps to Use Explore in SPSS:
1. Go to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Explore.
2. Move the variable(s) to the Dependent List box.
3. (Optional) If you want to explore data by groups, move a categorical variable to the Factor List.
4. Click on Statistics to select measures like confidence intervals and percentiles.
5. Click on Plots to choose boxplots, histograms, or normality plots.
6. Click OK to generate results.

Output Interpretation:
• Provides descriptive statistics (mean, median, skewness, kurtosis, and confidence intervals).
• Boxplots help in detecting outliers.
• Normality tests (Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov) indicate if data follows a normal distribution.
image 3.2

image 3.1 explore: statistics

explore panel
image 3.3

explore: plots

image 3.4

output screen
image 3.5

output screen
03
Using the Crosstab Function in SPSS
The Crosstab function is used for examining relationships between categorical variables through
contingency tables and Chi-square tests.
Steps to Use Crosstab in SPSS:
1. Click on Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs.
2. Move one categorical variable to Row(s) and another to Column(s).
3. Click Statistics to select Chi-square, Phi, Cramer’s V, and other association measures.
4. Click Cells to select observed and expected counts, percentages, etc.
5. Click OK to generate results.

Output Interpretation:
• Crosstabulation tables display the relationship between two categorical variables.
• The Chi-square test assesses statistical significance in categorical data relationships.
• Measures of association (Phi, Cramer’s V) indicate strength and direction of association.
image 4.1

crosstab panel
image 4.2

output result of crosstab


Conclusion :
SPSS provides powerful tools for descriptive statistics:

• Frequencies summarize variable distributions.


• Explore offers deeper insights and normality checks.
• Crosstab helps analyze relationships between categorical variables. Using these functions
effectively enhances data analysis and decision-making based on statistical insights.
Thanks
For
Listening

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