ITU ChE KMM222E Formula Sheet

Some useful commands Manage input/output Conditionals and loops

clc Clear command window x=input(‘message’) for i=1:n procedure Iterates over procedure
clear Clear system memory disp(x) end incrementing i from 1 to n by 1
ans Last result disp(' text as string ' )
x=xlsread('file_name', 'sheet_name', 'range') while criteria
Variable generation load file_name var1 var2 procedure Iterates over procedure
x=[type vector elements] save file_name var1 var2 end as long as criteria is true(1)
Cells
x=[x1 x2] row vector fid = fopen('file_name’, ‘permission')
x=cell(a,b) a b cell array
x=[x1 ; x2] column vector fprintf(fid,'..text...%g...%g...%f... ',var1,var2,var3) if criteria 1 if criteria 1 is true do procedure 1
x{n,m} access cell n,m
j:k row vector [j,j+1,...,k] fclose(fid) closes the file with id fid procedure1
cell2mat(x) transforms cell to
j:i:k row vector [j,j+i,...,k], format short Displays 4 digits after 0 end
matrix
linspace(a,b,n) n points linearly spaced format long Displays 15 digits after 0
and including a and b num2str(x) Converts the number in x to string if criteria 1 if criteria 1 is true do procedure 1
ones(a,b) a×b matrix of 1 values mat2str(x) Converts the matrix in x to string procedure1
zeros(a,b) a×b matrix of 0 values int2str(x) Converts the integer in x to string else ,else do procedure 2
procedure2
Logical and relational operators Plot data end
Matrix and vector operations/functions && Short-Circuit AND. fig1 = plot(x,y) 2-d line plot
x=[1, 2, 3] 1×3 (Row) vector & AND set(fig1, 'LineWidth', 2) change line width to 2 if criteria 1 if criteria 1 is true do procedure 1
x=[1; 2; 3] 3×1 (Column) vector || Short-Circuit or set(fig1, 'LineStyle', '-') line style (:,--,-.) procedure1
x=[1, 2; 3, 4] 2×2 matrix | or set(fig1, 'Marker', '.') marker type (o,*,+,x) elseif criteria 2 ,else if criteria 2 is true do procedure 2
x(2)=4 change index value nr 2 ~ not set(fig1, 'color', 'red') line color procedure2
x(:) All elements of x (same as x) < less than set(fig1, 'MarkerSize', 10) marker size else , else do procedure 3
x(j:end) j'th to last element of x <= less than equal to set(fig1, 'FontSize', 14) fonts to size 14 procedure3
x(2:5) 2nd to 5th element of x > greater than subplot(a,b,c) for multiple figures in single plot end
x(j,:) all j row elements >= greater than equal to xlabel('\mu name') names x/y/z axis
x(:,j) all j column elements == equal to axis([xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax]) Sets y/x axis limits switch expression
diag(x) diagonal elements of x ~= not equal to case value1,
title('name','fontsize',22) names plot
x.*y Element by element multiplication block of statements
grid on/off adds grid to plot
x./y Element by element division case value2,
legend('x','y') adds legends
x+y Element by element addition block of statements
hold on/off add new plot to existing one
x-y Element by element subtraction ...
close all closes all figures otherwise
A^n normal/Matrix power of A
loglog(x,y) log(y) (base 10) vs log(x) (base 10) block of statements
A.^n Elementwise power of A
semilogx(x,y) y vs log(x) (base 10) end
A' Transpose
semilogy(x,y) log(y) (base 10) vs x
inv(A) Inverse of matrix
bar(x,y) plots bars break terminates execution of for/while loop
size(x) Rows and Columns return resumes excecution
pie(x) pie chart
eye(n) Identity matrix
sort(A) sorts vector from smallest to largest
eig(A) Eigenvalues and eigenvectors Some built in functions/constants
x(x>5)=0 change elements >5 to 0 Programming abs(x) absolute value
x(x>5) list elements >5 myfun1=inline(‘x^2-1’,’x’) pi 3:1415....
find(A>5) Indices of elements >5 myfun1=@(x1,x2) x1+x2; anonymous fct sum(x) sums elements in x
[A,B] concatenates horizontally function [y1,...,yN] = myfun2(x1,...,xM) writing a matlab Standard functions: sqrt(x), log(x), log10(x), exp(x), length(x), max(x), min(x),
[A;B] concatenates vertically fct round(x), sin(x), cos(x),tan(x),tanh(x),atan(x), cot(x), sec(x), csc(x)
fplot(‘myfun1', [limit1,limit2]) x=char('string 1', 'string 2', 'string 3')
 Root finding methods
A. Bisection (f(x)=0) B. Regula Falsi (False position) (f(x)=0) C. Successive substitution (F(x)=x) D. Newton-Raphson (f(x)=0)
1-choose x1 and x2 such that f(x1) and f(x2) has opposite signs Given an interval (xl, xu) (l:lower, u: (Fixed point) 𝑥 =F(𝑥 )
𝑖+1 𝑖
2- locate x3=(x1+x2)/2, calculate f(x3) upper) such that f(xl).f(xu) < 0, the point 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
3- take x1 or x2 with f(x1) or f(x2) having the opposite sign of xr is found from the intersection of the Convergence criteria 𝐹′ 𝑥 <1 𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑖 −
𝑓′(𝑥𝑖 )
f(x3). Then calculate x4 by dividing the distance between x3 line joining the points xl and xu with x
and x1 (or x2). axis. 𝑓(𝑥𝑢)(𝑥𝑙−𝑥𝑢)
xr= xu -
4- repeat the process until reaching the root by εa <ε 𝑓 𝑥𝑙 −𝑓(𝑥𝑢)

E. Secant (f(x)=0) Calculating Error Linear algebra

Absolute relative error % a11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖−1 ) 𝐴−1 = inverse
𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖+1 −𝑥𝑖 𝐴 = 𝑎12 𝑎22 𝑎23 |𝐴|
𝑓 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 ) ε𝑎% = ×100 𝑎13 𝑎23 𝑎33
𝑥𝑖+1 adjA=(cofactorA)T
Absolute relative error 𝑛 𝑛
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) 𝐴 =෍ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = ෍ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖𝑗 determinant
Convergent if
𝑓 𝑥𝑖 −𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1)
<1 𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑖=1 𝑗=1
ε𝑎 =
𝑥𝑖+1 Aij = (-1)i+jMij Co-factor
Solving sets of equations
A. Cramer: B. Gauss elimination C. Gauss-Jordan D. Gauss-Seidel E. Jacobi
New xi values are used
System: Ax=b 𝑏𝑖 − σ𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 𝑥𝑘 in the next iteration to
𝐷𝑖 Ax = b  Ix=b’’’  x=b’’’ 𝐴 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥𝑖 =
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖𝑖 determine another x
𝐷 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑏1 value
(𝑗+1)
D=det A
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑏2 (𝑗+1) 𝑏𝑖 − σ𝑛𝑘=1,𝑖≠𝑘 𝑎𝑖𝑘 𝑥𝑘 Solving non-linear systems
Di= determinant of matrix 𝑥𝑖 =
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑏3 𝑎𝑖𝑖 A. Successive substitution Fi(x)=x & initial guesses
obtained by replacing ith
column by vector b I x New xi values are immediately
1 0 0 𝑏′′′1 used in the same iteration to
0 1 0 𝑏′′′2 determine another x value
Partial pivoting: The rows 0 0 1 𝑏′′′3
can be switched so that the [A] in [A]{x}={b} is diagonally
dominant if B. Newton-
largest element is the pivot
[A | b | I] Raphson
element |𝑎𝑖𝑖 |> σ𝑛𝑘=1,𝑖≠𝑘 |𝑎𝑖𝑘 | fi(x)=0 &
Complete pivoting:
for all i initial guesses
columns and rows are [I | x | A-1]
searched for the largest
element and then switched