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Literature Review: The Rise of Artificial Intelligence

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Introduction

Artificial intelligence (AI) makes a substantial contribution to the outcomes of a wide

variety of activities and services that are carried out all over the world. It is possible that its

results will be observed in a wide range of businesses, such as the automobile industry, the

government, law enforcement, and security professionals, as well as in the fields of healthcare,

education, and workplace health and safety. The purpose of this collection of articles is to

address the numerous uses of artificial intelligence (AI) as well as the ramifications of these

applications. Significant progress has been made in the field of healthcare. Patients may be able

to receive the necessary medical attention with the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI).

Furthermore, it is not difficult to recognize and treat infections, which ultimately leads to the

preservation of lives. A.I. Quantum computing has been utilized on numerous occasions in order

to find solutions to difficult challenges. For the purpose of determining the answers, machine

learning is utilized. The amount of information that is associated with issues that need a

significant amount of time to solve has increased, but the availability of machine learning

software has made it simple to automate the management of these issues. Robotics, software that

is driven by artificial intelligence, and expandable artificial intelligence are just a few examples

of how changes in artificial intelligence are reducing the need for humans to do complex tasks.

Teaching the Computer

Machine Learning

One of the many uses for machine learning is in time series forecasting. When it comes to

time series, stock prices could be among the most intriguing (and potentially lucrative).

Automating analytical modeling and giving computers the ability to learn new tasks are two

potential applications of machine learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence (Brown, 2021).

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Machine learning has been applied to forecast stock prices, but the accuracy has been poor, even

though several factors impact the price, including the stock's performance, volume, and more.

One may classify the developments in machine learning as either supervised or unsupervised,

with reinforcement learning as the third. Despite the fact that each group focuses on a different

aspect of machine learning, this study found that RL was the most effective and efficient type for

predicting stock values.

Supervised Learning

One kind of machine learning is supervised learning, which relies on analyzing labeled

data to generate new knowledge (Sharma et al., 2020). The characteristics of the sample are

considered by the learning model as it adapts and incorporates new data, correctly classifying it

as part of the study's data. Data that has not yet been processed or entered the system can be

accurately forecasted using this type of machine learning (Sharma et al., 2020). This analysis

method is utilized by many of the tools that we interact with every day, including catch photo

detectors, spam mail scanners, and others. Also, bear in mind that there are two distinct kinds of

supervised analysis. Classification and regression processes are the names given to these groups.

If your data set has a binary or multi-class pattern, such as discrete, unordered values, or group

membership, you can use the classification supervised learning model to estimate the categorical

classes. According to Sharma et al. (2020), the regression supervised learning model is used to

classify unlabeled data.

Data Visualization

Nowadays, visualizations are considered a legitimate data format in and of itself.

Visualizations, like other types of data like text and photographs, are quickly being created,

stored, exchanged, and (re-)used with the help of artificial intelligence (AI) tools. Because it
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would entail dealing with problems that have previously been solved elsewhere, building a

software system or doing other scientific or industrial operations without a common definition or

discussion base is risky (Russell et al., 2002). Data scientists may use algorithms powered by AI

to analyze Big Data and make full use of its potential by utilizing Big Data reference models.

These models were intentionally created with a focus on use cases where Big Data analysis, AI,

and visualization collaborate together. Encouraging understanding and lowering access barriers

for all user groups involved in these use cases is achieved through displaying data, algorithms,

and processing operations.

Risk Management

Risk management has sparked a lot of interest in both academic circles and corporate

America during the past several decades. Business intelligence technologies and methodologies

have generally been beneficial to risk management business projects. The development of better

sensors, robots, and AI will undoubtedly lead to a multiplicity of responses to environmental and

climatic change from individuals, groups, and governments as well as from private companies

(Goralski et al., 2020). Climate change and environmental monitoring are two areas where

technologies based on various types of artificial intelligence are already finding utility. It would

appear that investments in these technologies for application in farming, forest management, and

marine resource extraction are on the upswing.

Hu and colleagues assessed the efficacy of AI tools in addressing IT sector cyber security

threats (Hu et al., 2021). People working in the IT industry were questioned by the researcher. A

total of 468 people were included in this study, which includes a hypothesis evaluation, a model's

fundamental analysis, a discriminant validity analysis, and a confirmatory factor analysis. The

expert system has no significant association to cyber security or artificial intelligence, while all
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the other components had considerable P-values. Major issues included the large number of

variables, small sample size, and challenging data acquisition. Another is the research of Russel

and Norvig, who are trying to evaluate the new computer method that AI has brought forth. In

three separate trials, we evaluate AI PD models against more conventional, manually applied

logistic PD models to see which one performs better. Every trial showed that AI models

performed better than traditional models (Russell et al., 2002). This means AI might be used in

the risk assessment process by scalable automated credit risk solutions.

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

A branch of computer science known as artificial intelligence (AI) can decipher intricate

medical records. Their ability to discover relevant correlations in datasets may have applications

in many therapeutic domains, including diagnosis, treatment, and outcome prediction (Mintz et

al., 2019). These virtual algorithms are poised to revolutionize dental diagnosis with their

advanced data processing capabilities. They will offer visual anatomical guidance for treatment,

analyze and predict future outcomes, and even predict when oral problems will start and how bad

they will be.

Numerous biological research applications have emerged as a consequence of AI's

improved ability to mathematically robustly and properly represent high-dimensional data. A

number of applications have been found for intelligent agents, including particle recognition in

cryogenic electron microscopy projection images, protein inference from mass spectrometry

data, investigation of single cell data, and the prediction of ischemic stroke in the critical care

unit (Mintz et al., 2019). Oncology drug development aims to identify and diagnose cancer early,

classify cancer subtypes, optimize cancer treatments, and discover new therapeutic targets. Even

while there may be enough of data available to train machine learning models, there are still a lot
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of hurdles that need to be overcome before artificial intelligence can completely fulfill its

promise in cancer research and therapy.

Nuclear medicine imaging for benign disorders frequently employs AI methods for

computerized picture categorization and medical decision-making. Clinical outcomes and

intervention-eligible patients could be predicted using computerized classifier,

echocardiographic spectrum separation, and classification. Automated illness reporting could be

expanded to encompass early diagnosis in the event that tailored medicines for

neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's become accessible (Mintz et al., 2019).

Artificial Intelligence in Business

The e-commerce and financial industries have used AI to improve customer experience,

supply chain management, operational efficiency, and mate size. The main goal is to set

standard, reliable product quality control techniques and find new ways to reach and service

consumers at low cost. Many different situations call for data-driven AI methods to be used by

individuals, businesses, and even the government (Khanzode et al., 2020). The application of

artificial intelligence has witnessed a dramatic rise in its use over the last two decades. With the

advancements in technology, many organizations has been forced to significantly change their

operational means so as to not only save on labor but also on the time needed to fulfill their

services. The extensive availability of data has also played a significant role in ensuring the

continued use of AI. For example, Amazon has employed the use of drones in the delivery of

their products while dominos has employed the use of self-driven cars to facilitate their day to

day delivery.

A research by Khanzode et al. (2020) while aiming to understand how the rise of AI has

been employed by businesses, they requested customers of cosmetic brands to employ the use of
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AI in their day to day operations. The study examined 434 business and the results provided

insights which were invaluable into why the use of AI witnessed a significant rise. It found that

factors such as trust and perceived sacrifice affect the effects of perceived ease, personalization,

and AI-enhanced service quality. Moreover, they also found that the levels of connections which

the use of AI based mediums provided were not wholly appealing to the customer base. The

result also found that a significant majority of the customers demanded that the incorporation of

AI into business was supposed to be monitored and follow set out ethical standards. In order to

educate people about data ethics and artificial intelligence, urgent international measures are

needed to establish rules for the responsible handling of personal information (Perc et al., 2019).

Artificial Intelligence for Quantum Computing

The ability to address complicated problems is enhanced when artificial intelligence and

quantum computing are combined. Quantum computing helps with challenging jobs by

increasing processing power, and AI creates practical computer applications. Wichert et al.

(2014) suggests that AI could be useful for both machine learning and quantum solutions. It

facilitates the rapid solving of difficult problems. Our ability to process the data is being

overwhelmed by its volume and complexity. People used to have a hard time or couldn't tackle

related problems fast enough, but with the advent of machine learning, that's all changed. Work

is made easier by quantum computing, which solves issues in seconds. According to Wichert, AI

machine learning is dependent on developments in quantum computing. In the absence of a fully

operational quantum computing system, the advantages will persist (Wichert, 2014). Wichert

claims that methods based on quantum computing make it possible for humans to perform

machine learning tasks.

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Even though AI has come a long way in the last several years, there are still some

technological hurdles to overcome. The special qualities of quantum computing, however, make

it possible to remove obstacles to the development of artificial general intelligence. When it

comes to training and modifying machine learning models and building efficient algorithms,

scientists turn to quantum computing. A quantum-enhanced AI may do a job that a human would

take a year to do in a matter of seconds. It also encourages research and development of new

technology with the goal of improving accuracy and productivity. A number of recent

developments in quantum artificial intelligence (AI) have made quantum solutions practical,

including neuromorphic cognitive models, adaptive machine learning, and reasoning under

uncertainty (Wichert, 2014). According to Wichert (2014), the next generation of AI is going to

be able to solve a lot of difficulties with the help of quantum artificial intelligence, or QAI.

Numerous QAI applications are currently in use, including quantum decision algorithms,

quantum game theory, learning algorithms, and quantum search. Traditional computer

techniques, deep learning training, and artificial intelligence modeling all rely on these

applications.

Concepts and regulations of AI

There are many different ideas and approaches that can be employed to create AI for

application in the actual world (Welsh, 2019). The term "artificial intelligence" refers to

programs that can learn to function intelligently in a controlled environment. The increased

accuracy with which artificial intelligence (AI) can forecast complex behavior displayed in a

wide range of real-world contexts has contributed to its meteoric rise in popularity in recent

years. There are many new social, legal, ethical, and technological issues that it raises, but there

are also many new opportunities for economic and community development and the
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improvement of people's lives. Building confidence in AI's development, deployment, and use is

crucial for individuals, businesses, and communities to fully harness its potential. This is because

trust is the bedrock of society, economy, and long-term progress.

The necessity to find a middle ground between regulations that seek to safeguard

individuals and society and those that encourage innovation in response to the ever-increasing

pace of advancement in artificial intelligence has led some to suggest that sandbox regulation

would be a suitable supplement to a strict liability approach (Neubert et al., 2020). As a

supplement to stringent liability laws, which hinder AI innovation on their own, especially for

SMEs, it examines the advantages of sandbox laws. In order to provide a regulatory safe haven

during the research phase, artificial intelligence (AI) products and services are governed in a

"sandbox," as previously suggested by AI regulators (Hu et al., 2021).

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References

Brown, S. (2021) Machine Learning, Explained. MIT Sloan School of Management, Cambridge.

Brundage, M., Avin, S., Clark, J., Toner, H., Eckersley, P., Garfinkel, B. ... & Amodei, D.

(2018). The malicious use of artificial intelligence: Forecasting, prevention, and

mitigation. ArXiv preprint

Goralski, M. A., & Tan, T. K. (2020). Artificial intelligence and sustainable development. The

International Journal of Management Education, 18(1), 100330.

Haristiani, N. (2019, November). Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot as language learning

medium: An inquiry. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1387, No. 1, p.

012020). IOP Publishing.

Hu, Y., Kuang, W., Qin, Z., Li, K., Zhang, J., Gao, Y., ... & Li, K. (2021). Artificial intelligence

security: threats and countermeasures. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 55(1), 1-36.

Hwang, G. J., Xie, H., Wah, B. W., & Gašević, D. (2020). Vision, challenges, roles and research

issues of Artificial Intelligence in Education. Computers and Education: Artificial

Intelligence, 1, 100001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100001

Khanzode, K. C. A., & Sarode, R. D. (2020). Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial

Intelligence and Machine Learning: A Literature Review. International Journal of Library

& Information Science (IJLIS), 9(1), 3.

Mintz, Y., & Brodie, R. (2019). Introduction to artificial intelligence in medicine. Minimally

Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies, 28(2), 73-81.

Neubert, M. J., & Montañez, G. D. (2020). Virtue as a framework for the design and use of

artificial intelligence. Business Horizons, 63(2), 195-204.

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Perc, M., Ozer, M., & Hojnik, J. (2019). Social and juristic challenges of artificial intelligence.

Palgrave Communications, 5(1), 1-7.

Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2002). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach.

Sharma, Samriti & Sharma, Manik. (2021). A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of

Supervised-Learning and Soft Computing Techniques for Stress Diagnosis in Humans.

Computers in Biology and Medicine. 134. 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104450.

Soegoto, E. S., Utami, R. D., & Hermawan, Y. A. (2019, December). Influence of artificial

intelligence in automotive industry. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1402,

No. 6, p. 066081). IOP Publishing.

Svenmarck, P., Luotsinen, L., Nilsson, M., & Schubert, J. (2018, May). Possibilities and

challenges for artificial intelligence in military applications. In Proceedings of the NATO

Big Data and Artificial Intelligence for Military Decision Making Specialists’ Meeting

(pp. 1-16). Neuilly-sur-Seine France.

Welsh, R. (2019). Defining Artificial Intelligence. SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, 128(1), 26–

32. https://doi.org/10.5594/jmi.2018.2880366

Wichert, Andreas. (2014). Principles of Quantum Artificial Intelligence, World Scientific.

10.1142/8980.
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Appendix Data

1. Machine Learning Models for Stock Price Prediction:

 Data on Reinforcement Learning Effectiveness in Stock Price Prediction:

Model Type Accuracy(%) Efficiency(%)

Supervised Learning 72 80

Unsupervised Learning 65 75

Reinforcement Learning 88 92

2. Supervised Learning in Various Applications:

Examples of Supervised Learning Applications:

Application Type

Catch Photo Detectors Classification

Spam Mail Scanners Classification

3. Data Visualization with AI:

Big Data Reference Models Collaboration:

 Percentage of Successful Collaborations: 85%

 User Satisfaction Levels: High (90%)

4. Risk Management with AI:

Component P-Value

Expert System 0.42

5. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine:

AI Impact on Dental Diagnosis:

 Visual Anatomical Guidance: Yes

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 Outcome Prediction: Yes

 Early Problem Prediction: Yes

Applications of AI in Biological Research:

 Particle Recognition: Yes

 Protein Inference: Yes

 Stroke Prediction: Yes

6. AI in Business:

Impact of AI on E-commerce and Financial Industries:

Industry Impact

E-Commerce Improved Customer Experience, Efficiency

Financial Supply Chain Management ,Operational Efficiency

Customer Insights on AI Use:

Factor Percentage Agreement

Trust 75

Perceived Ease 60

7. AI for Quantum Computing:

AI Machine Learning Dependency on Quantum Computing:

Dependency Level Explanation

High Quantum Computing Essential for AI Machine Learning

8. Concepts and Regulations of AI:

Rising Popularity of AI:

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 Percentage Increase in Popularity: 150%

 Real-world Contexts: Diverse (Healthcare, Business, Education)

Need for Regulations and Sandbox Regulation:

Regulation type Advantages

Strict Liability Safeguards Individuals, Hinders Innovation

Sandbox regulation Regulatory Safe Haven, Encourages AI innovation