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The document presents mathematical proofs for half-wave and full-wave controlled rectifiers with R-L loads, detailing the formulation and solution of differential equations governing the current through the load. It derives expressions for average output voltage and current for both configurations, highlighting the benefits of full-wave rectification in terms of power factor and ripple factor. Practical applications of each rectifier type are also discussed, emphasizing their suitability for different voltage and ripple requirements.

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ahmed.cool.3999
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4 views3 pages

jh

The document presents mathematical proofs for half-wave and full-wave controlled rectifiers with R-L loads, detailing the formulation and solution of differential equations governing the current through the load. It derives expressions for average output voltage and current for both configurations, highlighting the benefits of full-wave rectification in terms of power factor and ripple factor. Practical applications of each rectifier type are also discussed, emphasizing their suitability for different voltage and ripple requirements.

Uploaded by

ahmed.cool.3999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematical Proof for Controlled Rectifiers with R-L Load

Your Name
November 3, 2024

1 Mathematical Proof for Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier with


R-L Load
In a half-wave controlled rectifier, the SCR is triggered at a phase angle α in each positive half-cycle of
the AC waveform. When the SCR is on, the circuit can be modeled by the following differential equation:

1.1 Formulation of Differential Equation


The voltage across the R-L load is given by:

di(t)
Vm sin(ωt) = Ri(t) + L
dt
where:
• Vm is the peak AC voltage,
• ω = 2πf is the angular frequency,

• i(t) is the instantaneous current through the R-L load.

1.2 Solving for i(t) with Initial Condition i(α) = 0


To solve this, we use the integrating factor approach. Rewrite the equation as:

di(t) R Vm
+ i(t) = sin(ωt)
dt L L
R
The integrating factor is e L t . Multiplying both sides by this factor gives:

Rdi(t) R R t Vm R t
eLt + e L i(t) = e L sin(ωt)
dt L L
Integrate both sides from t = α to t = t:
Z t
R Vm R t′
i(t)e L t = e L sin(ωt′ ) dt′ + C
α L

Applying integration by parts for the right side and considering the initial condition i(α) = 0, we
derive:
Vm  R

i(t) = sin(ωt − ϕ) − sin(α − ϕ)e− L (t−α)
Z
where:  
p −1 ωL
Z = R2 + (ωL)2 and ϕ = tan
R
R
The term e− L (t−α) represents the decaying effect due to inductance. This causes the current to decay
slower than in a purely resistive load, maintaining current flow even when the input voltage is zero.

1
1.3 Average Output Voltage
The average DC output voltage, Vdc , over a half-cycle from α to π is given by:

1 π
Z
Vdc = Vm sin(ωt) dt
π α
Calculating the integral:
Vm π Vm
Vdc = [− cos(ωt)]α = (1 + cos(α))
π π

1.4 Average Output Current


The average output current, Idc , is obtained by dividing Vdc by the impedance Z:

Vdc Vm (1 + cos(α))
Idc = =
Z πZ

2 Mathematical Proof for Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier with


R-L Load
In a full-wave controlled rectifier, both the positive and negative half-cycles contribute to the output,
effectively doubling the average DC output voltage.

2.1 Formulation of Differential Equation


The circuit equation for each half-cycle is the same as in the half-wave case:

di(t)
Vm sin(ωt) = Ri(t) + L
dt
However, in a full-wave configuration, this equation applies to both the positive and negative half-
cycles. The SCRs are triggered alternately in each half-cycle, allowing continuous conduction through
the R-L load.

2.2 Solving for i(t)


Since the current from one half-cycle does not fully decay before the next half-cycle begins, we assume
continuous conduction. The solution for i(t) over one half-cycle is given by:
Vm  R

i(t) = sin(ωt − ϕ) − sin(α − ϕ)e− L (t−α)
Z

2.3 Average Output Voltage


The average DC output voltage over a full wave (from α to π and again from π + α to 2π) is:

2 π
Z
Vdc = Vm sin(ωt) dt
π α
Using the same approach as in the half-wave rectifier, we find:
2Vm
Vdc = (1 + cos(α))
π

2.4 Average Output Current


The average output current Idc for the full-wave rectifier is:

Vdc 2Vm (1 + cos(α))


Idc = =
Z πZ

2
3 Comparative Analysis of Power Factor and Ripple
3.1 Power Factor
The power factor P F is defined as cos(ϕ), where ϕ = tan−1 ωL

R . Inductive loads introduce a lagging
power factor, which is typically improved in full-wave rectification due to more continuous current flow.

3.2 Ripple Factor


The ripple factor γ measures the AC component’s presence in the rectified output. Full-wave rectifiers
have a lower ripple factor due to the continuous flow of current in both half-cycles, resulting in smoother
output compared to the half-wave configuration.

3.3 Practical Application of Derived Expressions


• Half-Wave Rectifier with R-L Load: Useful in applications requiring lower average DC voltage and
simpler control.
• Full-Wave Rectifier with R-L Load: Preferred for applications needing higher average DC voltage
and lower ripple, such as in industrial DC motor drives and power supplies.

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