Strength of Materials Lecture 5 Dr.

Ali Ajaam

Torsion

Torsion deformation of a circular shaft

Torque is the moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal axis,

(Example, design of drive shafts used in vehicles).

External torque applied on the shaft causes a corresponding internal torque (shear

stress). If the material linear-elastic, Hook’s law applies:

The shear stress will vary from zero at the shaft longitudinal axis (center of the

circular cross-section) to a maximum value at the outer surface, as shown

above. Using proportionality of triangles we can write:

( ) (1)

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Strength of Materials Lecture 5 Dr. Ali Ajaam

Where

is the intermediate radial position

c is the outer radius

Each element of area dA, located at , is subjected to a force of

The torque produced by this force is

( )

For the entire cross-section we integrate

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

Since ⁄ is constant, ∫ , here the integral depends on the

geometry of the shaft, which is represented by the polar moment of inertia (J), so

(2)

Where

is the maximum shear stress in the shaft, which occurs at the outer surface

T is the resultant internal torque acting at the cross-section

J is the polar moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area

c is the outer radius of the shaft

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Strength of Materials Lecture 5 Dr. Ali Ajaam

Combining equations (1) and (2),

The polar moment of inertia for solid shaft is , and that for tubular shaft

with outer radius of and inner radius of is ( )

Problem 1

The solid shaft of radius c is subjected to a torque T, shown below, determine the

fraction of T that is resisted by the material contained within the outer core of the

shaft, which has an inner radius of c/2 and outer radius c.

Solution

Stress varies linearly in the shaft, ( )

Take an element area within the outer core, the torque in that ring is

( ) ( ) ( ) , integrate for the entire outer core

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Strength of Materials Lecture 5 Dr. Ali Ajaam

∫ |

The torque can be expressed in terms of the applied torque T

Substitute in the previous equation

Problem 2

The shaft shown below is supported by two bearings and is subjected to three

torques. Determine the shear stress developed at points A and B, located at section

a-a.

Solution

Internal torque: from the free-body diagram we find torque at a-a

∑ ,

Section property: calculate polar moment of inertia of the shaft

( )

Shear stress: since point A located at

( )( )
( )

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Strength of Materials Lecture 5 Dr. Ali Ajaam

( )( )
( )

Note: the direction of these stresses on each element at A and B are established

from the direction of resultant internal torque T.

Problem 3

The pipe shown below has an inner diameter of 80 mm and an outer diameter of

100 mm. if its end is tightened against the support at A using a torque wrench at B,

determine the shear stress developed in the material at the inner and outer walls

along the center portion of the pipe when the 80 N forces are applied to the

wrench.

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Strength of Materials Lecture 5 Dr. Ali Ajaam

Solution

Internal torque: from the free-body diagram

∑ ( ) ( )

Section property:

( ) (( ) ( ) ) ( )

Shear stress:

For any point laying on the outside surface of the pipe,

( )
( )

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Strength of Materials Lecture 5 Dr. Ali Ajaam

For any point laying on the inside surface of the pipe,

( )
( )

Angle of Twist (phi)

Consider the shaft below with a circular cross section that can gradually vary

along its length. The material is assumed to be homogeneous and to behave in a

linear-elastic manner when the torque is applied.

As for the derivation of the elastic deformation of the axially loaded member, we

developed last lecture, the effect of stress concentration due to Saint-Venant’s

Principle that occurs at points of loading concentration will be neglected.

Using the method of sections, we sliced a differential disk with a thickness of dx,

located at position x. The internal resultant torque is T(x). As a result of this

torque the disc will twist (one face relative to the other ).

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Strength of Materials Lecture 5 Dr. Ali Ajaam

For an element located at radius within the disk will undergo a shear strain , the

values of (determined by proportion).

(3)

Using Hook’s law:

Torsion formula:

( )
Substitute into Hook’s law
( )

( )
Substitute into Eq. (3)
( ) ( )

( )
( )

To calculate the angle of twist for the entire shaft, we integrate over the entire

length

( )
∫
( ) ( )

Where

is the angle of twist of one end of the shaft with respect to the other end, in

radian.

( ) is the internal torque at position x.

( ) is the polar moment of inertia of the shaft as a function of x.

( ) is the shear modules of elasticity for the material as a function of x.

For a constant torque and cross-section aria:

This equation can also be used to determine the shear modulus of elasticity, by

twisting a specimen shaft to a known angle and measure the resulting torque.

I case a shaft is subjected to several different torques or shear modulus change

abruptly, the above equation can be applied to each segment.

Problem 4

The gears attached to the fixed end steel shaft are subjected to the torques shown

below. If the shear modulus of elasticity is 80GPa and the shaft has a diameter of

14mm, determine the displacement of the tooth P on gear A. the shaft turns free

within the bearing B.

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Strength of Materials Lecture 5 Dr. Ali Ajaam

Solution

Internal torque: From the free-body diagram

Section property:

( ) ( )

Angle of twist;

( )( )
∑
( ) ( ) ⁄

( )( )
( ) ( ) ⁄

( )( )
( ) ( ) ⁄

Note: the answer is negative means that the shaft

At A will rotate to the opposite direction of that

Indicated.

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Strength of Materials Lecture 5 Dr. Ali Ajaam

Problem 5

The 2-in. diameter solid cast-iron post shown below is buried 24 in. in soil. If a

torque is applied to its top using a rigid wrench, determine the maximum shear

stress in the post and the angle of twist at its top. Assume that the torque is about to

turn the post, and the soil exerts a uniform torsional resistance of t lb.in./in. along

its 24-in. buried length. ( ) .

Solution

Internal torque: free-body diagram

∑ ( )

The magnitude of uniformly distributed torque

Along the buried segment BC is determined from

Equilibrium of entire post:

∑ ( ) ( )

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Strength of Materials Lecture 5 Dr. Ali Ajaam

New we plot a free-body diagram for the buried segment at only position x:

Maximum shear stress: occurred in segment AB (max. torque)

( )

Angle of twist: the twist of the top is calculated relative to the bottom of the post,

since the post is fixed and yet is about to turn.

( )
∫ ∫

( )
( ) ( )

Statically indeterminate Torque loaded members

If the moment equation of equilibrium is not sufficient to determine the

unknown torques, the member is statically indeterminate. To overcome this

problem, we need to use compatibility equations.

Problem 6

The solid steel shaft shown below has a diameter of 20 mm. if it is subjected to two

torques, determine the reaction at the fixed supports A and B.

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Strength of Materials Lecture 5 Dr. Ali Ajaam

Solution

Equilibrium : two unknowns and only one equation, statically indeterminate

∑ (1)

Compatibility: since both end are fixed, the relative twist must be zero

( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

So that

From Eq.(1)

(negative means that it acts on

The opposite to the indicated direction)

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Strength of Materials Lecture 5 Dr. Ali Ajaam

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