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memory 2

The document discusses the concepts of memory and sleep, highlighting the processes of encoding, storing, and retrieving information, as well as the importance of sleep for overall health. It outlines various memory theories, types of sleep disturbances, and the significance of dreams according to different theories. Additionally, it provides tips for improving memory and sleep quality.

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5 views35 pages

memory 2

The document discusses the concepts of memory and sleep, highlighting the processes of encoding, storing, and retrieving information, as well as the importance of sleep for overall health. It outlines various memory theories, types of sleep disturbances, and the significance of dreams according to different theories. Additionally, it provides tips for improving memory and sleep quality.

Uploaded by

johnbenedictflores12345
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Who am I?

What brought me here?

Gloria Marisse Babanto-Gamalo


Father Saturnino Urios University
MEMORY
internal record of some prior event or
experience; a set of mental processes
that receives, encodes, stores,
organizes, alters, and retrieves
information over time
Learning and Memory Linked
• Learning relies on memory.
 Learning requires the storage and retrieval of
information.
• Memory relies on learning.
 An individual’s established
knowledge base provides a
structure of past learning.
 Incoming data attaches to that
structure though association.
Memory Process
• Encoding
• Storing
• Retrieving
Three-System Memory Theory
• Sensory memory –initial,
momentary storage of sensory
information
• Short-term memory – holds
information for up to 25 seconds
and stores it according to its
meaning
• Long-term memory – relatively
permanent storage
– Explicit
– Implicit
Bilateral damage to the hippocampus
results in anterograde amnesia
A Chunk
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PBS FOX CNN ABC CBS GMA NBC


Retention
• Encoding does not ensure retention.
 80% of learning is forgotten within 48 hours.
• Need to activate storage and retrieval
processes:
 Review: retrieval of information temporarily
copies it into working memory for further
processing in hippocampus.
 REM sleep: memories are replayed
and reinforced in hippocampus.
Forgetting typically Forgetting within
within a second 15-25 seconds

Sensory Memory
Short-Term Long-Term
Memory Memory
Iconic – 2-3
Holds Information Stores
seconds
for 15 to 25 information on a
Echoic – 2 seconds
seconds permanent basis
Theories of Forgetting
• Proactive interference: old information interferes with
recall of new information
• Retroactive interference: new information interferes
with recall of old information
• Decay theory: memory trace fades with time
• Motivated forgetting: involves the loss of painful
memories (protective memory loss)
• Retrieval failure: the information is still within LTM, but
cannot be recalled because the retrieval cue is absent
Improving your Memory
• Organization cues
• Keywords (Carney & Levin, 2020)
• Elaborative Rehearsals
• Effective Note taking (Feldman, RS 2021)
• Rest
SLEEP and DREAMS

Gloria Marisse Babanto-Gamalo


Father Saturnino Urios University
What is SLEEP ?
• is a naturally recurring state
characterized by reduced or
absent consciousness, relatively
suspended sensory activity, and
inactivity of nearly all voluntary
muscles. (Macmillan Dictionary for
Students, 2020)
Why SLEEP is important?
Mike Trevino, 29, slept 9 hours in
9 days in his quest to win a 3,000-
mile, cross-country bike race. For the
first 38 hrs and 646 miles, he skipped
sleep entirely. Later he napped-with
no dreams he can remember-for no
more than 90mins a night. Soon, he
began to imagine that his support
crew was part of a bomb plot.
(Springen, 2004)
WHY DO WE SLEEP AND HOW MUCH
SLEEP IS NECESSARY?
• Experiments with rats show that total sleep
deprivation results to death (Rechtschaffen et
al., 2002)
• Studies of sleep deprivation in humans show
that we experience weakened immune
systems, difficulty concentrating, and are
more easily irritated. (Hui et al., 2007)
• Some researchers have proposed that the
reduced activity of the brain during non-REM
sleep may give neurons a chance to repair
themselves.
• Another hypothesis suggests that the onset of
REM sleep stops the release of
neurotransmitters. (McNamara, 2004;
Siegel,2003; Steiger, 2007)
Stages of Sleep
Number of Hours
People Sleep Each Night
Hours of Sleep Percentage of People
4 1%
5 3%
6 4%
7 11%
8 32%
9 46%
10 9%
11 2%
Source: Borbely, 1986
What People Dream About?
Source: Schmeigler & Domhoff, 2002

Aggression
47 % Males
44% Females
What People Dream About?

Friendliness
38% Males
42% Females
What People Dream About?

Misfortune
36% Males
33 Females
What People Dream About?

Sexuality
12% Males
4 % Females
What People Dream About?

Success
15% Males
8% Females
What People Dream About?

Failure
15% Males
10% Females
Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory
Sigmund Freud proposed that dreams
represent unconscious wishes that dreamers
desire. (Freud, 1900)
– Latent
– Manifest
Dreams-for-Survival Theory
Information relevant to daily survival is
reconsidered and reprocessed.
Dreams are seen as consistent with
everyday living and represent key concerns.
(Ross,2006; Winson, 1990).
Activation-synthesis Theory
Dreams are result of random activation of
various memories, which are tied together in a
logical story line. (Hobson,2005; Porte &
Hobson,1996)
Sleep Disturbances
Insomnia
About one in three
people will experience
insomia at some point
of their lives. (American
Insomnia Association,2005;
Bains,2006)
Sleep Disturbances
Sleep Apnea
Difficulty breathing
while sleeping.
May also play a
role in SIDS. (Aloia &
Ardent, 2007)
Sleep Disturbances
Narcolepsy
Uncontrollable
sleeping that
occurs for short
periods while a
person is awake.
(Mahmood, 2005)
Sleep Disturbances
Nightmares
are vivid
nocturnal events
that can cause
feelings of fear,
terror,
and/or anxiety.
Sleepwalking
• Occurs when a
person appears to
be awake and
moving around but
is actually asleep.
Sleepwalkers have
no memory of their
actions.
Do you have trouble
sleeping?
• Exercise during the day
• Choose a regular bedtime and
stick to it
• Avoid drinks with caffeine after
lunch
• Drink a glass of warm milk before
bedtime
Do you have trouble
sleeping?
• Try not to sleep (Smith, 2001)

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