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SQL_Topic_Wise_Notes_HackerRank

This document provides topic-wise SQL notes for HackerRank certifications, covering essential SQL concepts such as SELECT statements, WHERE clauses, JOINs, and aggregate functions. It includes examples for each topic, demonstrating how to use various SQL commands and functions effectively. Additionally, it touches on advanced topics like CTEs, window functions, and views.

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aicatai890
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7 views3 pages

SQL_Topic_Wise_Notes_HackerRank

This document provides topic-wise SQL notes for HackerRank certifications, covering essential SQL concepts such as SELECT statements, WHERE clauses, JOINs, and aggregate functions. It includes examples for each topic, demonstrating how to use various SQL commands and functions effectively. Additionally, it touches on advanced topics like CTEs, window functions, and views.

Uploaded by

aicatai890
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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📚 Topic-wise SQL Notes for HackerRank

Certifications
1. SELECT Statements
The SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from a database. Basic structure:
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;

2. WHERE Clause
Used to filter records. It extracts only those records that fulfill a specified condition.
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 50000;

3. DISTINCT Keyword
Removes duplicate values from the result.
SELECT DISTINCT department FROM employees;

4. ORDER BY (ASC/DESC)
Sorts the result set in ascending (default) or descending order.
SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC;

5. LIMIT and OFFSET


LIMIT restricts the number of rows returned.
OFFSET skips a specific number of rows.
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 5 OFFSET 10;

6. AND, OR, NOT


Combines multiple conditions in WHERE.
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 30000 AND department = 'IT';

7. Aggregate Functions
COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX() are used with GROUP BY to perform operations on
groups.
SELECT department, AVG(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY department;

8. GROUP BY and HAVING


GROUP BY groups rows sharing a property.
HAVING filters groups (like WHERE for GROUP BY).
SELECT department, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY department HAVING
COUNT(*) > 5;
9. JOINs (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL)
- INNER JOIN: matches rows in both tables.
- LEFT JOIN: all records from left, matched from right.
- RIGHT JOIN: all from right, matched from left.
- FULL JOIN: all from both, matched where possible.

SELECT e.name, d.name FROM employees e INNER JOIN departments d ON e.dept_id = d.id;

10. Subqueries
A subquery is a query nested inside another query.
SELECT name FROM employees WHERE dept_id = (SELECT id FROM departments WHERE
name = 'Sales');

11. CASE Statements


Used to apply conditional logic.
SELECT name, salary,
CASE
WHEN salary > 100000 THEN 'High'
ELSE 'Low'
END AS salary_grade FROM employees;

12. DATE Functions


YEAR(), MONTH(), NOW(), DATEDIFF(), etc.
SELECT DATEDIFF(NOW(), hire_date) FROM employees;

13. CTE (WITH Clause)


Improves readability of complex queries.
WITH TopSales AS (
SELECT name, RANK() OVER (ORDER BY sales DESC) as rnk FROM employees
)
SELECT * FROM TopSales WHERE rnk <= 5;

14. Window Functions


Functions like RANK(), ROW_NUMBER(), DENSE_RANK(), LEAD(), LAG() that operate over a
window of rows.
SELECT name, department, RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary
DESC) FROM employees;

15. UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT


Used to combine results of two SELECTs.
- UNION: combines and removes duplicates.
- INTERSECT: returns common records.
- EXCEPT: records in first but not in second.
16. Self JOIN
A table joined with itself using aliases.
SELECT A.name, B.name FROM employees A, employees B WHERE A.manager_id = B.id;

17. Views
A virtual table based on SQL query.
CREATE VIEW SalesDept AS SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales';

18. Indexes (Conceptual)


Used to speed up retrieval. Not part of most HackerRank problems, but good to know.
CREATE INDEX idx_name ON employees(name);

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