LESSON 1 Assumption and Nature of Arts  Fostering Open-Mindedness and Appreciation

for Individuality
Art
Creativity
Comes from the ancient Latin, ars which means a“craft
or specialized form of skill, like carpentry or smithing or The use of imagination and skill to create something
surgery. new and unique.

A creative activity that expresses ideas and emotions It helps you disrupt conventions, forge new routes, and
through a physical medium. It is consciously created make free and unique associations between ideas,
through an expression of skill or imagination. concepts, emotions, memories, symbols, imaginative
forms, objects, and words that can be developed into
Other Definitions of Art Emphasize that: the most fulfilling and original artworks.
It is subjective. What makes art creative?
It is a form and content (there is always a concept). Unique Message. Aesthetic appeal
There is a connection between beauty and art and Personal Interpretation. Original. Powerful
beauty is the measure of quality of art. Impact
Types of Art Imagination
Visual Arts The act or power of forming a mental image of
something not present to the senses or never before
Art that uses visual means to express meaning,
wholly perceived in reality.
emotion, and message.
“Imagination is more important than knowledge. For
Performing Arts
knowledge is limited to all we now know and
Art that is created through actions performed by the understand, while imagination embraces the entire
artist or other participants, which may be live or world, and all there ever will be to know and
recorded, spontaneous or scripted. understand.” - Albert Einstein

Literary Arts Imagination Vs. Creativity

Art that focuses on writing and its relationship to Imagination <——> Art
literature, creativity, and other forms of written
ART EXPRESSION
expression.
Art expression is a powerful medium through which
Art Appreciation
individuals communicate thoughts, emotions, and
- The study and understanding of the arts. ideas using various forms such as painting, sculpture,
- It involves learning about the elements and music, literature, and dance.
principles of art, as well as the historical and
It transcends language barriers, evokes emotions, and
cultural context in which works of art were
provokes thought, making it a universal language of
created.
human creativity.
- Its goal is to deepen one’s understanding and
enjoyment of the arts. Artistic expression refers to the creative process
through which artists convey their perspectives,
Importance of Art Appreciation
experiences, and interpretations of the world.
 Historical Perspective and Cultural Insight
It encompasses a diverse range of styles, techniques,
 Developing Critical Analysis Skills
and forms, allowing for boundless innovation and
 Broadening Mindsets and Encouraging Diverse
interpretation.
Perspectives
 Emotional Engagement and Personal
connection
 - Art can help people understand and celebrate their
own distinctiveness.
Examples of Art Expression
- Art can be a way to showcase passions, desires, and
Painting potentials.
Art expression thru creative use of art stroke, color - Art can be a way to express how someone views their
combinations, brushwork, and blending of elements to existence.
create an artwork
3 major kinds of experience involved in the artistic
Sculpture activity:
Creating three-dimensional works of art by shaping 1. An experience which the artist wants to communicate
materials such as metals, wood, clay, stone, or even ice
2. Act of expressing the experience (creating the art
Photography object or form)
Photography is a fascinating and powerful art form that 3. Artist’s gratifying experience of having an
captures moments in time, telling stories through visual accomplishment
imagery.
Examples:
Dance
Masdan Mo Ang Kapaligiran by ASIN
Dance is a powerful form of artistic expression that
involves rhythmic movement of the body to music, Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh
conveying emotions, storytelling, and cultural heritage.
Art as a creative process
Music
- Art can involve the use of skill, imagination,
Music is a universal language, evoking emotions and perception, insights, feelings, and intuition.
creating connections. It involves elements such as
melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre - Art can involve the use of elements of art and
principles of design.
Literature
- Art can be a process that involves surprises along the
Literature is a vast and dynamic form of art that uses way.
written words to explore and communicate ideas,
emotions, stories, and experiences. Elements of Art: Principles of Design:

Films - Line. - Shape - Rhythm - Emphasis

Films, or movies, are a powerful and immersive form of - Color - Space - Contrast - Balance
visual storytelling that combines elements of theater,
- Value - Form - Variety - Movement
literature, music, and visual arts.
- Texture - Unity & Harmony
Nature of Art
Art as a communication tool
Art is everywhere
- Art can communicate within and across cultural,
It can be found in many forms and places. It can be
societal, historical, and even pre-historical contexts.
found in nature, in cities, in everyday objects, and in the
human body. Art can also be found in the way people - Art can be a way to share aesthetic objects,
dress, the music they listen to, and the stories they tell. environments, or experiences with others.
Art as an experience

- Art can be a way to connect with others, past and

present.
Art as a communication tool

Examples: LESSON 2 Functions of Art and Philosophy

Ancient paintings in Magura Cave, Bulgaria LET’S PLAY! TWO TRUTHS ONE LIE

Balloon Girl by Banksy 1. The term "telos" refers to the ultimate purpose
or goal of something.
Spoilarium by Juan Luna According to Aristotle, every substance has a
telos.
Art and nature
Plato believed that art is an accurate
- Art can be a way to interpret nature. representation of reality.

- Artists often use nature’s colors, patterns, and forms NOTE: Plato actually viewed art as an Imitation of reality
to create their work. and lacking true essence.

- Art can help people connect with the natural world. 2. Art can be classified as either functional Or non-
functional.
- Artists can use their work to raise awareness about Functional art serves a direct and ractical use in
environmental issues. everyday life.
Non-functional art has no value or Meaning.
Examples:
NOTE: Non-functional art is often valued for its beauty,
Haystacks Series by Claude Monet originality, or meaning. It is created for aesthetic,
expressive, or symbolic purposes
Nature Forms – Gaspé by Georgia O’Keeffe
3. Art has always been valued for its beauty and
New York City Waterfalls By Olafur Eliasson
originality.
Wheatfield – A Confrontation by Agnes Denes Art can be used to preserve and transmit
culture.
Assumptions of Art One function of art is to evoke aesthetic
appreciation.
ART IS UNIVERSAL
NOTE: Art has been valued for different reasons
Art knows no limit. It transcends cultures, races, and throughout history. While beauty and originality are
civilizations. It reaches the farthest and the most important factors, art’s value can also stem from its
isolated spots in the universe. As long as human beings cultural significance, historical context, or social impact.
exist, art is feasible, alive and dynamic.
4. Philosophy can be used to explain reality.
ART IS MAN-MADE Aristotle believed that art only copies nature.
Philosophy can help us anticipate future
It is a creation of man that may reflect a profound
problems.
skillfulness and craftsmanship. It undergoes process and
planning: a result of study and research. NOTE: Aristotle believed that art represents possible
versions of reality, not just a simple copy
ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE
5. All philosophical perspectives on art agree that
Art is a representation of our experiences. It demands
art is an imitation of reality.
involvement. The only way to find conviction and
Kant argued that the judgment of beauty in art
affirmation in Art is through immersion to the Arts.
can be universal.
Tolstoy believed art is a means of
communicating emotions

NOTE: While Plato believed in art as an imitation, other

philosophers, like Aristotle and Kant, had different
views. Aristotle saw art as a representation, and Kant
emphasized aesthetic judgment and disinterestedness O It helps advance society and preserve important
in appreciating art. events and cultural details.

INTRODUCTION O used to inform, educate, and entertain people

Art and philosophy have played crucial roles in shaping Both directly functional art and directly non-functional
human thought and society. While art expresses art cross each point and tend to change roles or fuse
emotions, culture, and creativity, philosophy seeks purposes.
wisdom and understanding.
What made art relevant is its grasp towards the need of
TELOS the fulfillment. Art “serves basic needs”.

o Aristotle claimed that every substance has a telos Artistic functions can be classified into four (4)
(purpose). according to Ariola: Aesthetic, Cultural, Utilitarian, and
Social functions.
o Telos is closely related to functions. A thing must
perform its function in order for it to achieve its goal. 1. AESTHETIC FUNCTION

o Everything, living or non-living, has a purpose and o An artwork has an aesthetic function when it helps
undergoes change to reach its telos, with every action people recognize the beauty of nature.
serving a meaningful purpose.
o Refers to how art is created primarily for beauty,
o A cocoon can look forward to flying high when it pleasure, and emotional impact.
morphs into a butterfly. A baby will eventually turn into
a grown man or woman. o It evokes joy and appreciation, allowing viewers to
enjoy and connect with nature’s beauty.
o All works of art serve some purpose, whether old or
new. These purposes are known as the functions of art. EXAMPLES:

FUNCTIONS OF ART TAJ MAHAL INDIA

o Every art form has a definite function since it satisfies MONA LISA PAINTING BY LEONARDO DA VINCI
a particular need. To the layman, art may have little
SWAN LAKE
function. Some find meaning in art in the ability to serve
the purpose for which it was designed. 2. UTILITARIAN FUNCTION
1. FUNCTIONAL ART O Art is serving this function when it is utilized to give
comfort, convenience, and happiness to human beings.
O Art that has a direct and practical use in everyday life,
such as architecture, weaving, furniture-making, EXAMPLES:
industrial design, etc.
FURNITURE, GLASSWARES AND CERAMICS, CLOCKS
O It is designed to meet specific needs or solve specific
problems. 3. CULTURAL FUNCTION

2. NON-FUNCTIONAL ART O Art serves as an aperture towards skills, knowledge,

attitudes, customs, and traditions of different groups of
O Art that has no direct and practical use in everyday people.
life, but is created for aesthetic, expressive, or symbolic
purposes. O The art helps, preserves, share, and transmits culture
of people from one generation to another.
O It is often valued for its beauty, originality, or
meaning. EXAMPLES:

O “Perceived through senses” FESTIVALS, STAINED WINDOWS, T’NALAK HANDBAG

O Arts not literally to live and survive, but aid in

expressing ourselves.
 O He believed art only copies nature, which is itself an
imitation of the World of Forms.

O Art is misleading and prevents people from seeking

4. SOCIAL FUNCTION real knowledge.
o It bridges connection to people. ART AS AN IMITATION
o It encourages good relationship-unity and cooperation GIRL WITH PEARL EARRING BY JOHANNES VERMEER
are being facilitated and established.
For example: a painter will paint a cobbler, carpenter or
EXAMPLES: any other artist, though he knows nothing of their arts;
and, if he is a good artist, he may deceive children or
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
simple persons, when he shows them his picture of a
GRAFFITI carpenter from a distance, and they will fancy that they
are looking at a real carpenter.
RICE PLANTING BY FERNANDO AMORSOLO
ARISTOTLE’S VIEW ON ART AS A REPRESENTATION
FUNCTIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
O Like Plato, Aristotle saw art as imitation, but he
O Philosophy has several functions, including explaining believed it reveals truth rather than distorting it.
reality, changing society, and anticipating the future.
Philosophy also helps us understand human nature and O Art does not just copy reality—it represents possible
reality, and can guide our lives. versions of reality.

1. EXPLAINING REALITY O Unlike Plato, Aristotle believed art helps people

understand the world, rather than misleading them.
O Philosophy helps us understand how reality is
organized, how it came to be, and if it has a purpose. o Art does not aim to mirror reality exactly but instead
explores what might be or the many possibilities of
2. CHANGING SOCIETY existence.

O Philosophy helps us identify and solve problems with o Art serves two main purposes:
how we live and how society is organized.
1. Pleasure — Even painful experiences can be turned
3. ANTICIPATING THE FUTURE into something enjoyable, like humor in tragedy.

O Philosophy helps us predict the problems we might 2. Instruction — Art teaches lessons about life and
face in the future and how we might solve them. deepens understanding.

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ART ART AS A REPRESENTATION

O Aristotle claimed that every particular substance in BASKET OF FRUIT BY CARAVAGGIO

the world has an end, or telos in Greek, which translates
into “purpose.” For Aristotle, all kinds of art do not aim to represent
reality as it is, it endeavors to provides a version of what
O Every substance, defined as formed matter, moves might be the myriad of possibilities of what might be.
according to a fixed path towards its aim.
KANT’S VIEW ON ART AS A DISINTERESTED
PLATO’S VIEW ON ART AS AN IMITATION JUDGEMENT

O Art is merely an imitation of reality and lacks true o In his Critique of Judgment, Kant argued that the
essence. judgment of beauty in art can be universal, even though
it is subjective.
O In his ideal Republic, Plato discouraged art in
education and suggested banning artists. o Judgment of taste is personal, while aesthetic
judgment is more objective.
o To make an aesthetic judgment, we need to be arts are basically used to inform, educate, and entertain
disinterested—putting aside personal preferences and people.
tastes.
o Art has several functions. Art functions differ in how
o Being disinterested allows us to appreciate art from a human beings experience or utilize it. It is used to
universal standpoint beyond individual biases. improve our way of life.

ART AS A DISINTERESTED JUDGEMENT o Philosophical perspectives on art exist to explore art’s

purpose, meaning, and impact on individuals and
MONA LISA PAINTING BY LEONARDO DA VINCI society.
Subjective: LESSON 3 SUBJECT AND CONTENT
“I like the painting.” INTRODUCTION
Objective: One of the major hurdles that spoils an individual’s
engagement with an artwork is the notion that in order
“The painting is beautiful.”
to appreciate it, one must be able to extract a specific
The first is clearly a judgment of taste (subjective), while image, isolate the artist or maker’s intention, and
the second is an aesthetic judgment (objective). Making unearth a particular meaning. Failure to do so
and aesthetic judgment requires us to be disintered. automatically implies a failure of comprehension and
therefore, failure of the experience.
TOLSTOY’S VIEW ON ART AS A COMMUNICATION OF
EMOTION In the science, experimentation is the key to proving a
hypothesis or a larger theory. In the arts there are
o Tolstoy believed art plays a key role in communicating observable qualities that the artwork holds that will
emotions that the artist has experienced to the point to its subject, and sometimes even to its content.
audience.
The primary stage of engaging with art is its perception.
o Just like language communicates information, art Looking at art is much like any instance of taking
communicates emotions. information or stimulus that originates from the world
around us. For most art forms, the beginning of
o Art serves as a mechanism for social unity by sharing engagement is through looking at the artwork.
innermost feelings and thoughts, connecting people
across time. In most case, there are clues that mediate between the
artwork and the viewer allowing the viewer to more
o Art is central to human existence because it makes easily comprehend what they are seeing. These clues
the emotions of people both past and present are three (3) basic components of a work of art: subject,
accessible and understandable. form, and content.
ART AS A COMMUNICATION OF EMOTION BASIC COMPONENTS OF ART
POEMS AND PLAYS BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE SUBJECT
In the same way that language communicates The visual focus or the image that may be extracted
information to other people, art communicates from examining the artwork; the “What”. The subject
emotions. of art refers to what the work represents. Some
artworks have subject, others do not.
LESSON TAKEAWAYS:
FORM
o Telos refers to the ultimate purpose or goal of a
person, object, or action, as defined by Aristotle, and is The development and configuration of the art work –
related to functions. how the elements and the medium or materials are
put together; the “How”.
o Art is both directly and indirectly functional.
Functional arts provide us with ease and comfort in CONTENT
living with our everyday lives. Whereas, non-functional
The meaning that is communicated by the artist or the This subject deals with the physical environment – the
artwork; the “Why”. natural world.

TYPES OF SUBJECT LANDSCAPES CAN BE:

REPRESENTATIONAL ART NATURAL

NON-REPRESENTATIONAL ART - is a land formation that is never modified and

distorted.

REPRESENTATIONAL ART

- also known as figurative or objective art, seeks to

depict subjects that are recognizable from the real ARTIFICIAL
world.
-There is human intervention- when man tends to alter
- This form of art portrays objects, people, or scenes in a the natural land formation (with rocks and plants)
way that closely mirrors their actual appearance,
making the subject matter easily identifiable to the 2. ANIMALS
viewer.
- Animals have been a subject of art since prehistoric
Girl with a Pearl Earring (1665) by Johannes Vermeer times, and are a vital part of art across cultures.

The Oxbow (1836) by Thomas Cole - They can be used to convey deeper meanings,
emotions, and symbolism.
ABSTRACT ART
3. PORTRAIT OR HUMAN FIGURES
- Abstract is from the Latin word abstractus
“drawn away”. Abstraction as subject - A whole human figure or just a part of it can
presentation moves away from reality, from represent the self.
presenting the subject as it really is.
- In using this kind of subject, the angle, the distance,
- The artist focuses on specific characteristics of
and the subject or model’s composure are considered.
the subject, often emphasizing emotions,
shapes, or symbolic elements rather than a 4. HISTORY AND LEGENDS
literal representation.
- HISTORICAL events are real stories while LEGENDS are
The Weeping Woman (1937) by Pablo Picasso just imaginary accounts.
Convergence (1952) by Jackson Pollock - Whether history or legends, these stories are used in
any art form to share and transmit the values that are
NON-REPRESENTATIONAL ART
attached with them.
- Also referred to as non-objective art, does not
5. STILL LIFE
depict recognizable subjects from the natural
world. - refers to in-animating objects either in a form of
- It focuses on the use of shapes, colors, lines, drawing, painting or photograph.
and textures to convey emotions, concepts, or
purely aesthetic experiences. - It is done usually in-doors so light source is controlled.

Composition VIII (1923) by Wassily Kandinsky 6. RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY

Composition A (1923) by Piet Mondrian - Religious and mythological themes are subject that are
practiced by religious and tribal groups.
KINDS AND SOURCES OF SUBJECT
- Religious and tribal symbols can be utilized but neither
1. NATURE should be exaggerated nor distorted for aesthetic
purposes.
7. DREAMS AND FANTASIES 4. FAUVISM

- refer to subjects that are inspired by the An art movement that uses bold, vibrant colors to
SUBCONSCIOUS MIND as discovered by Sigmund Freud. express emotions and feelings, rather than focusing on
realistic details.
- Artworks that are inspired by dreams and fantasies
are called SURREALISM. 5. DADAISM

- Dreams and Fantasies can be presented in any style or This is an art movement that doesn’t follow the
form. traditions and principles in art. It is a revolt against
tradition and aims to show the wickedness of society.

WAYS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT

6. SURREALISM
1. REALISM
It emphasized the activities of the subconscious mind.
This depicts the artist’s attempt of portraying the
subject as it is. Realistic try to be as objective as 7. FUTURISM
possible in their subject presentation.
This movement began in Italy. Artist of movement
2. SYMBOLISM wanted their works to capture the speed and force of
the modern industrial society.
the use of symbols, colors, shapes, and images to
convey deeper meanings, emotions, and stories. THE CONTENT OF ART

3. ABSTRACTION The content of art refers to the meaning or message

that the artist aims to convey through their work. It
Abstract art is an art that does not attempt to represent involves subject matter, symbolism, narrative, and
an accurate depiction of a visual reality but instead use context.
shapes, colors, forms and gestural marks to achieve its
effect. Subject Matter

The obvious visual elements that you can see in the

artwork.

Symbolism

Deeper meanings are represented by objects, colors, or

figures within the piece.

Narrative

The story or message the artist is conveying, which can

be explicit or implicit.

Context

The broader circumstances or background related to

the artwork, including the artist’s personal
experiences, cultural background, and historical setting

KEEPING ART

Preserving and appreciating art is essential for

maintaining cultural heritage, inspiring future
generations, and fostering a deeper understanding of
our world.
Proper Storage An artist is a creative individual who produces
aesthetically expressive works, such as paintings,
Temperature and Humidity Control music, dance, or literature, using imagination and
artistic skill (Sharer, 2023).
UV Protection
An artisan is a skilled craftsperson who specializes in
Avoid Direct Sunlight
creating functional and practical objects, such as
Handling and Cleaning pottery or woodworking, using manual skill and
technical expertise (Yankellow, 2018).
Wear Gloves
Importance of Art and Craft in Society
Use Soft Brushes
- Art and craft hold great significance in society,
influencing various aspects of human life.

Display and Framing 1. CULTURAL PRESERVATION

Professional Framing Art serves as a vessel for cultural expression, promoting

mutual respect and understanding among diverse
Secure Hanging groups (Al-Zadjali, 2023).
Documentation and Provenance 2. PERSONAL WELL-BEING
Keep Records Engaging in artistic activities has been linked to
enhanced mental health (Nunez, 2024).
Provenance
3. ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION
Conservation and Restoration
Both art and craft industries contribute to economic
Regular Inspections
development by creating jobs and supporting local
Professional Conservation economies (Munda, 2024).

Digital Preservation Key Differences Between Artists & Artisans

Photograph and Catalog ARTISTS

Backup PURPOSE: Artists focus on self-expression and

conveying ideas or emotions.
Education and Appreciation
PROCESS: Artists often innovate and experiment with
Learn and Share new techniques and concepts.

Visit Museums and Galleries OUTPUT: Artists create unique, non-replicable works
intended for contemplation.
LESSON 4 ARTISTS AND ARTISAN
ARTISANS
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE: Artisans emphasize functionality and
Art plays a vital role in human civilization, shaping practicality in their creations.
culture, identity, and innovation. Throughout history,
artists and artisans have contributed significantly to the PROCESS: Artisans adhere to traditional methods,
development of societies by expressing emotions, ideas, emphasizing skill and precision.
and craftsmanship through their works. However, while
both are creators, their roles, purposes, and approaches OUTPUT: Artisans produce handcrafted items that are
to creativity differ. This report explores the definitions often utilitarian and can be reproduced.
of artists and artisans, their significance in society, and Discussion on Artists & Artisans
the key differences between the two.
ARTIST His works were produced in a technique that grew more
and more impassioned in brush stroke, in symbolic and
A person who paints, draws, or makes sculptures. An intense color, in surface tension, and in the movement
artist is also an actor, musician, dancer, or other and vibration of form and lines.
performer (Cambridge Dictionary).
LEONARDO DA VINCI
The word “artist” is generally defined as an art
practitioner, such as a painter, sculptor, choreographer, Leonardo da Vinci was a Renaissance painter, sculptor,
dancer, writer, poet, musicians, and the like who architect, inventor, military engineer and draftsman —
produces or creates indirectly functional arts with the epitome of a true Renaissance man. He was known
aesthetic value using imagination. for his perspectives: Realism through Observation;
Open Window Perspective; and The Golden Ratio.

The Last Supper, Mona Lisa

Role and Purpose of Artists in Society

PABLO PICASSO
- Artists play a vital role in shaping individuals
and the society as a whole. The following are He experimented with a variety of styles and techniques
their roles. and greatly influenced the course of modern art. He
pioneered the movement known as cubism and
1. CULTURAL PRESERVERS invented the artistic technique of collage. Picasso is
widely acknowledged as the greatest artist of the 20 th
By using their creative practices, artists capture cultural
century.
narratives, preserve traditional techniques, and
generational transmission through storytelling and Guernica
visualizing.
MICHAEL JACKSON
2. EMOTIONAL COMMUNICATORS
Known as the “King of Pop,” Michael Jackson was a
Artists use their creative abilities to express their own best-selling American singer, songwriter, and dancer.
emotions through their art, which can then be Michael’s voice, combined with his signature dance
interpreted by viewers. moves (moonwalk), entertained and thrilled audiences.
Artists touch the heart and soul of viewers as he/she Billie Jean
takes something out of his or her heart and soul and
places it on page, canvas, song, or dance. (Burton, ‘Billie Jean’ was written and composed by Michael
2011). Jackson himself. The song tells the story of a woman
named Billie Jean who claims that the narrator is the
3. SOCIAL COMMENTATORS father of her child.
Through using their works to reflect, critique, and JUAN LUNA
challenge societal norms, issues, and injustices. Artists
serve as mirror to the world. He was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist
of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19 th century.
Luna painted literary and historical scenes, some with
an underscore of political commentary.
Examples of Famous Artists and Their Works
Spoliarium
VINCENT VAN GOGH
FERNANDO AMORSOLO
One of the most well-known post-impressionist artists,
for whom color was the chief symbol of expression. He He was the Philippines’ first National Artist and is
became a leader in the development of expressionism officially recognized as the “Grand Old Man of
in painting. Philippine Art”. Amorsolo’s paintings usually feature
scenes in glowing rural landscapes such as farmers
Starry Night
ankle-deep in rice fields, women in colorful baro’t saya’s These artisans craft traditional knives using materials
sorting through mangoes, and vibrant society portraits. like copper for blades and animal horns for handles,
reflecting centuries-old techniques.
Rice Planting
WHARTON ESHERICK Woodworks
Characteristics and Skills of an Artist
Esherick combined functional design with fine
- Creativity craftsmanship, creating handcrafted, one-of-a-kind
wooden pieces.
- Technical Proficiency
LANG DULAY T’nalak Weaving
- Visual Perception
A T’boli master weaver, Lang Dulay created intricate
- Emotional Expression
T’nalak fabrics from abaca fibers, featuring patterns
- Adaptability and Learning inspired by dreams and nature, thus preserving her
community’s cultural heritage.

ARTISAN
TEOFILO GARCIA Tabungaw Hat
An artisan is someone who works with their hands to
create unique, functional, and/or decorative items using Garcia crafts traditional Ilocano headgear known as
traditional techniques. These individuals are masters of tabungaw from dried gourd, meticulously shaping and
their craft, producing goods such as clothing, toys, tools, varnishing them to create functional and durable hats
or furnishings. that are both practical and artistic.

Role and Purpose of Artisans in Society Characteristics and Skills of an Artisan

- Artisans have been integral to societies - Manual Dexterity

throughout history. Their roles include:
- Creativity and Design Sense
1. ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTORS
- Knowledge of Materials
By creating and selling handcrafted items, artisans
stimulate local economies and provide livelihoods - Attention to Detail
within their communities.
- Cultural Awareness
2. CULTURAL PRESERVERS
SUMMARY
Through their crafts, artisans maintain and pass down
cultural traditions, techniques, and artistic expressions Artists are often seen as individuals who create works
unique to their heritage. primarily for aesthetic, expressive, or conceptual
purposes. They typically focus on unique creations,
3. INNOVATORS & PROBLEM SOLVERS whether in painting, sculpture, music, writing, or other
art forms. Artisans, on the other hand, are typically
Artisans often develop unique solutions and designs,
skilled workers who create functional items, often with
showcasing human creativity and adaptability.
an artistic touch. Their work is usually more craft-based,
Examples of Famous Artisans and Their Works involving techniques like woodworking, pottery,
weaving, and jewelry making.
Murano GLASSBLOWERS
Both artists and artisans contribute to the cultural
Renowned for their exquisite glass creations, Murano richness and heritage of societies. Their dedications and
artisans have been perfecting glassblowing techniques skills are highly evident in their works which
since the 8th century. Their works range from intricate significantly contributed to the different aspects of
jewelry to elaborate chandeliers. society such as,

Tibetan KNIFE MAKERS Cultural – cultural preservation and enrichment

Economic – engages in selling artworks and create job It creates an impression of serenity and perfect
opportunities stability. Rest, calmness, peace, and reposed.

Social – uses art to communicate, personal or c. Diagonal Line

interpersonal
Diagonal lines are slanted and often
Political – convey political views and opinions represent movement, energy, or action.
They can suggest dynamism or instability,
QUOTES ANALYZATION depending on their direction.
1. “I put my heart and my soul into my work, and have d. Zigzag Line
lost my mind in the process.” – Vincent Van Gogh
A series of sharp angles and changes in
2. “Every child is an artist. The problem is how to direction. It shows violence, confusion, and
remain an artist once we grow up.” - Pablo Picasso conflict.
3. “If people knew how hard I had to work to gain my
mastery, it would not seem so wonderful at all.” -
Michelangelo

_____________________________________________ e. Curved Line

LESSON 5 ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ARTS These lines bend smoothly in various
directions, it shows a gradual change of
The elements of art are the visual tools artists use to direction and fluidity. It signifies subtle
create art, while the principles of art are how artists use form.
those tools.
2-3. SHAPE AND FORM
TWO TYPES OF ELEMENTS OF ARTS:
These two are related to each other as they define the
VISUAL space occupied by the object of art. Shape refers to two
dimensions: height and width, while form refers to
- These are the components that can be seen in a
three dimensions: height, width, and depth.
visual artwork, such as painting, sculpture, or
film. TWO CATEGORIES OF SHAPE AND FORM:
AUDITORY a. Geometric
- These are the components related to sound in These shapes find origin in mathematical propositions.
an art form, such as in music, theater, or film. As such, its translation and use are often man-made.
ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS: b. Organic
1. LINE Organic shapes are those readily occurring in nature,
often irregular and asymmetrical.
It refers to a point moving at an identifiable path — it
has length and direction. It also has width. It is the path SPACE
created by a moving point.
Space is related to form and shape. It
a. Vertical Line is usually inferred from a sense of
depth, whether real or stimulated.
Basic framework of all forms, power and
delineation, strength, stability, simplicity, a. Positive and Negative Space
and efficiency.
Positive space refers to the subjects
b. Horizontal Line or areas of interest in a work.
Meanwhile, Negative Space is the empty area that Shades are the darker colors than the hue.
surrounds the subject.
c. Intensity

b. Three-Dimensional Space

Three-dimensional space can be

stimulated through a variety of
techniques such as shading. An Color Intensity is the brightness or
illusion of three-dimensionality can dullness of a color. It describes how vivid or bright a
be achieved in two-dimensional color is. You can tone down the saturation of a color by
work. adding a little grey or a complementary color.
COLOR Color Harmonies are color combinations
Color is one of the elements that that work well together. It is typically
enhances the appeal of art. It composed of two or more colors, and
depicts the emotion of an art. their various tints and shades give an
Color is a property of light as it is overall feel to a painting.
reflected off the object. 1. Complementary Harmonies
Properties of Color: 2. Monochromatic Harmonies
a. Hue. b. Value. c. Intensity 3. Analogous Harmonies
a. Hue Complementary Harmonies involve
Hue is the basic color of an object. It is the property opposite colors on the color wheel and
that distinguishes one color from another. It can be work well together. Since they are at the
subdivided into: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary. contrary positions, they have a high
contrast when placed next to each other.
The Primary Colors are: Red, Blue, and Yellow
Complementary Harmonies involve
The Secondary Colors are: Violet, Green, and Orange opposite colors on the color wheel and
work well together. Since they are at the
The Tertiary Colors are: Red-orange, Yellow-Orange, contrary positions, they have a high
Yellow-Green, Blue-Green, Blue-Violet, Red-Violet. contrast when placed next to each other.
B. Value Monochromatic Harmonies use
only one hue with tints and shades
Value refers to the lightness and of any color.
darkness of color. The value
scale, sometimes referred to as a Monochromatic Harmonies use only one
greyscale, ranges from white to hue with tints and shades of any color.
black, with various strengths of grey in between.
Analogous Harmonies involve similar
Light colors: are taken as the source of light in the colors that are next to each other on
composition. the wheel. This color scheme produces
a harmonious effect when used in a
Dark colors: lack or even the absence of light. painting.
Tints are the lighter colors than the hue. Analogous Harmonies involve similar
colors that are next to each other on the
wheel. This color scheme produces a
harmonious effect when used in a
painting.
 TEXTURE - Beats can be organized into a recognizable current
pattern, which is called the meter.
Texture, like space, can either be real or
implied. This element in an artwork is Classical terms are used to refer to the variations in
experienced through a sense of touch and tempo, some of which are:
sight.
Largo - slowly and broadly
a. Texture in the 2D Plane
Andante - walking pace
Texture can be implied using one
technique or a combination of other Moderato - at moderate speed
elements of art. By creating this visual
Allegro - fast
quality in the artwork, one can
imagine how the surface would feel Vivace - lively
if it were to be touched.
Accelerando - gradually speeding up
b. Surface Texture
Rallentando - gradually slowing down
It is the visual and physical
quality of a work’s surface. It can Allargando - getting slower, broadening
be felt through touch or seen
visually. Rubato - literally "robbed time"; rhythm is played freely
for expressive effect

DYNAMICS
ELEMENTS OF ARTS: AUDITORY
The element of music that refers to the loudness or
Together with literature, music as an art form is quietness of music is dynamics.
classified as auditory art. However, some would argue
that it is under the broad category of performance art. Classical terms are used to refer to the different levels
Either way, music, much like the visual arts, has its own pertaining to this:
building blocks or elements.
1. Pianississimo (ppp) – very quiet
If there is an important quality that music has, it is 2. Piano (p) – quiet
having the capacity to transcend barriers, even that of 3. Mezzo-piano (mp) – moderately quiet
differences in language or conventions in sound. 4. ezzo-forte (mf) – moderately loud
Different demographics, groups, and individuals may 5. Forte (f) – loud
have specific preferences as to the genre of music. 6. Fortissimo (ff) – very loud
However, in order to establish this preference, listeners 7. Crescendo – increase
often take to its elements for its evaluation. 8. Decrescendo/Diminuendo – decrease

Common Elements of Music: MELODY

1. Rhythm 4. Harmony Melody refers to the linear presentation (horizontal) of

pitch. By horizontal, it means that in musical notation, it
2. Dynamics. 5. Timbre is read in succession from left to right.

3. Melody. 6. Texture Pitch is the highness or lowness of musical sound.

RHYTHM HARMONY

Often associated to the terms beat, meter, and tempo, If melody is horizontal, harmony is vertical. It arises
rhythm is the best element of music that situates it in when pitches are combined to form chords. When
time. It is the pulse of the music. several notes are simultaneously played, this refers to a
chord. Harmony can be described in terms of its
- Beat is the basic unit of music while tempo refers to “harshness”: dissonance is the harsh-sounding
its speed (beats/second).
combination while consonance is the smooth-sounding - There is a central point in the composition,
combination. around which elements and objects are
distributed.
TIMBRE
2. SCALE AND PROPORTION
Timbre is often likened to the color of music. It is a
quality that distinguishes a voice or an instrument from Scale pertains to the size in relation to what is normal
another. Dependent on the technique, the timbre may for the figure or object in question.
give a certain tone or characteristics to music, much like
how a painter evokes different effects or impressions
onto the canvas.
Proportion is the size of the components, or of objects
TEXTURE in relation to one another when taken as a composition
or a unit.
The number of melodies, the type of layers, and their
relatedness in a composition is the texture of music. - Egyptian artists, the human form follows a
square grid and is informed by the palm of the
- Monophonic – single melodic line hand as a unit of measure. To complete a
standing human figure, 18 units (squares) are
- Polyphonic – two or more melodic lines
needed from head to foot.
- Homophonic – main melody accompanied by chords - Greeks held that numerical relationships-the
golden ratio-was the key to beauty or to
PRINCIPLES OF ART perfection. It can be valued at 1:1.618.

1. BALANCE EXAMPLE OF GOLDEN RATIO:

This principle refers to the distribution of the visual Vitruvian Man By Leonardo da Vinci
elements in view of their placement in relation to each
other. The Parthenon in Athens by Ictinus, Callicrates, and
Phidias
THREE FORMS OF BALANCE
Proportion can be:
a. Symmetrical
- The elements used on one side are reflected to a. Natural
the other. This offers the most stable visual - Relates to the realistic size of the visual
sense to any artwork. elements in the artwork, especially for
figurative artworks. When it is the accuracy in
EXAMPLE OF SYMMETRICAL ARTS: relation to the real world that the artist is after,
this is now referred to as the principle of scale.
Midnight Meeting by Benedicto Cabrera
Adoration of the Mystic Lamb by Hubert van Eyck and EXAMPLE:
Jan van Eyck
The Oblation by Guillermo Tolentino
b. Asymmetrical
- The elements are not the same (or of the same Mona Lisa By Leonardo da Vinci
weight) on each side, putting the heaviness on
The Answer:
one side.
b. Exaggerated
EXAMPLE OF ASYMMETRICAL ARTS:
- Refers to the unusual size relations of visual
Sabel by Benedicto Cabrera elements, deliberately exaggerating the
immensity or minuteness of an object. In
The Great Wave off Kanagawa by Hokusai relation to this, there are notions in scale that
differentiate when an element is smaller than
c. Radial expected (diminutive), and when something
appears to be larger than what is presumed
(monumental).
EXAMPLE: 7. HARMONY

Steel Balloon Dog by Jeff Koons Like what is hinted above, the unity and variety is
related to the principle of harmony, in which the
A Peep at Christies by James Gillray elements or objects achieve a sense of flow and
interconnectedness.

Bayanihan by Carlos “Botong” Francisco

c. Idealized
- Most common to those that follow canons of 8. MOVEMENT
perfection, the size-relations of elements or
objects, which achieve the most ideal size- This refers to the direction of the viewing eye as it goes
relations. through the artwork, often guided by areas or
3. EMPHASIS elements that are emphasized. These focal points can
be lines, edges, shape, and color within the work of art,
Allows the attention of the viewer to a focal point(s), among others.
accentuating or drawing attention to these elements or
objects. Dance Interpretation by Benedicto Cabrera

4. CONTRAST 9. RHYTHM
- Is the disparity between the elements that
figure into the composition. One object may be This is created when an element is repeated, creating
made stronger compared to other objects implied movement. Variety of repetition helps
(hence, emphasis). invigorate rhythm as depicted in the artwork.
- Specifically the use of negative and positive
space, is an example of contrast. Another
example is the use of lines and complementary 10-11. REPETITION AND PATTERN
colors in a work of art.
Lines, shapes, colors, and other elements may appear
EXAMPLE OF CONTRAST: in an artwork in a recurring manner. This is called
repetition. In addition, the image created out of
Fishermen by Ang Kiukok
repetition is called pattern.
Still Life with Lobster by Anne Vallayer-Coster

5-6. UNITY AND VARIETY

Unless intended to be otherwise, compositions are

intended to imbue a sense of accord or completeness
from the artwork. This is unity.

EXAMPLE OF UNITY:

I Musicisti by Fernando Botero

Starry Night over the Rhone by Vincent van Gogh

Variety is the principle that aims to retain the interest

by allowing patches or areas that both excite and allow
the eye to rest.

EXAMPLE OF VARIETY:

Opulent October by Tom Thomson

Haystacks, (Midday) by Claude Monet