Scribd
Upload
3 views25 pages

lec 1

The document outlines an introductory lecture on Probability and Statistics, covering definitions, sample spaces, events, and counting techniques. It explains key concepts such as random experiments, sample spaces, and the use of Venn diagrams to illustrate events and their relationships. The lecture also discusses operations on events, including intersections, unions, and complements.

Uploaded by

rawashmoaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views25 pages

lec 1

The document outlines an introductory lecture on Probability and Statistics, covering definitions, sample spaces, events, and counting techniques. It explains key concepts such as random experiments, sample spaces, and the use of Venn diagrams to illustrate events and their relationships. The lecture also discusses operations on events, including intersections, unions, and complements.

Uploaded by

rawashmoaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Probability and

Statistics

Dr. Sondos Fadl


Dept. Information Technology,
Faculty of Computers and Information
Menoufia University

Lecture 01
Midterm-1 10
Midterm-2 10
Assignments 10
Sec 10
Final 60
CHAPTER OUTLINE

•DEFINITIONS
•SAMPLE SPACES AND EVENTS
• Random Experiments
• Sample Spaces
• Events
• Counting Techniques
Definitions
• What is the Statistics?
• The field of statistics deals
with the collection,
presentation, analysis of
data
• use of data to make
decisions, solve problems,
and design products and
processes.
• Statistics is the science of
data.
Definitions
• What is the Probability?
• Probability means possibility. It is a branch of mathematics that
deals with the occurrence of a random event.
• Probability is a measure of the likelihood of an event to occur.
Random Experiment:
• All possible outcomes can be defined in advance. And
there is uncertainty about which outcome will occur
when the experiment is performed.

rolling a die tossing a coin

6
Sample Space (𝑺):
• Set of ALL possible outcomes of a random experiment .

For example, when we toss a coin, either we get


Head OR Tail, only two possible outcomes are
possible {H, T}.

𝑆 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

𝑆 = {H,T}
Each outcome in a sample space is called an
element or a member of the sample space,
or simply a sample point.
7
Example:
Find the sample space for the random experiments
of tossing a coin of two times?

8
Answer:
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇}
9
Probability Tree

• The tree diagram helps to organize and visualize the


different possible outcomes.
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇}

11
Find the sample space for the random experiments of tossing a coin of
three times?

𝑆 = {??}

Tossing a coin n times → sample space 𝟐𝒏 Counting Techniques ?


Event (𝑬):
• An event is a subset of the sample space of a random
experiment.

13
Event= occur Even Numbers

𝑆 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

A = {2,4,6}

𝐴′ = {1,3,5}
• If we toss a die one time:
𝑆 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Find the following events:
• Score is even :
𝐴 = {2,4,6}
• Score is less than 5 :
𝐵 = {1,2,3,4}
• Score is odd:
𝐶 = {1,3,5}
• Score is even and less than 5
𝐴 and 𝐵 = {2,4}

Score is even or less than 5


𝐴 or 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,6}

• Score is not less than 5:


𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝐵 = {5,6}
We can also be interested in describing new events from
combinations of existing events. Because events are
subsets, we can use basic set operations such as
intersections, unions, and complements to form other events
of interest. Some of the basic set operations are
summarized here in terms of events:

1. The intersection of two events is the event that consists


of all outcomes that are contained in both of the two
events. We denote the intersection as 𝐸1 ∩ 𝐸2

16
2. The union of two events is the event that consists of all
outcomes that are contained in either of the two
events. We denote the union as 𝐸1 ∪ 𝐸2

3. The complement of an event in a sample space is


the set of outcomes in the sample space that
are not in the event. We denote the
complement of the event 𝐸 as 𝐸′

17
Example2:
Then the subsets 𝐴 = {2, 4, 6} and 𝐵 = {4, 5, 6} are subsets
of the same sample space 𝑆 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6}.

𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 4, 6
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 2, 4, 5, 6

𝐴′ = 1, 3,5
𝐵 ′ = 1, 2,3

18
Mutually Exclusive, or Disjoint:
Two events 𝐴 and 𝐵 are mutually exclusive, or disjoint, if 𝐴
∩ 𝐵 = ∅, that is, if 𝐴 and 𝐵 have no elements in common.

𝐴 = 2, 4,6 and 𝐵 = 1, 3,5


𝐴∩𝐵 = =∅

19
Venn Diagrams
Example1:
𝑆 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

𝐴 = 1, 2, 4, 7
𝐵 = 1, 2, 3, 6
𝐶 = 1, 3, 4, 5

20
Example2:

Events (14/19)

21
Example3:

Events (15/19)

22
Example4:

Events (16/19)

23
Example5:

Events (17/19)

24
Example:
𝑆 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

𝐴 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 7
𝐵 = 1, 2 1
4
𝐶 = 4, 6
2
6

5 7

25

You might also like