0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views85 pages

UNIT_5

The document discusses Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs), highlighting their importance, identification, cultivation, and processing. MAPs are crucial for traditional healthcare systems globally, with significant economic potential, especially in Nepal, where they contribute to local livelihoods and the national economy. The document emphasizes the need for sustainable practices and government policies to enhance the trade and conservation of MAPs.

Uploaded by

mailanshusharma9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views85 pages

UNIT_5

The document discusses Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs), highlighting their importance, identification, cultivation, and processing. MAPs are crucial for traditional healthcare systems globally, with significant economic potential, especially in Nepal, where they contribute to local livelihoods and the national economy. The document emphasizes the need for sustainable practices and government policies to enhance the trade and conservation of MAPs.

Uploaded by

mailanshusharma9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 85

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)

B.Sc. 3rd year 2nd Semester

Ir. Dhakal BP
Assistant Research Officer
[email protected]
Unit-5

MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS (MAPs)

5.1 Importance and scope


5.2 Identification of MAPs
5.3 Nursery and cultivation of important MAPs
5.4 Collection, extraction and processing
MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS (MAPs)
What is Medicinal Plants (MAPs)?
The term “medicinal plant” includes various types of plants used in herbalism
("herbology" or "herbal medicine"). It is the use of plants for medicinal purposes,
and the study of such uses.

According to the World Health Organization, "a medicinal plant is any plant which, in
on

e or more of its organs, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic
purposes, or which are precursors for chemo-pharmaceutical semi synthesis".

Medicinal plants are defined as plants and mushrooms traded to produce


pharmaceuticals, dietary supplement products, natural health products, cosmetics
and other personal care products, and culinary products (definition adopted from
What is Medicinal Plants (MAPs)?
The term ‘medicinal and aromatic plants’ (MAP) is defined to cover the whole range
of plants used not only medicinally sensu stricto (strictly speaking) but also in the
neighboring and often overlapping fields of condiments (a substance such as salt,
mustard, or pickle that is used to add flavour to food), food and cosmetics.

 MAP is not a well defined term in literature. Any plant used in any type of medical
system, such as Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha, Tibetan, or in the ethnic healing system is
generally categorized as medicinal plants. Aromatic plant is one having aroma in any
of its parts. Categorization of plants as MAP is not always easy as plants tend to
have at least some properties of medicinal value or aroma.

Aromatic plants are a special class of plants used for their aroma and flavour. Many
of them are exclusively used also for medicinal purposes in aromatherapy as well as
in various systems of medicine.
What is Medicinal Plants (MAPs)?

MAPs are botanical raw materials, also known as herbal drugs, that are primarily
used for therapeutic, aromatic and/or culinary purposes as components of
cosmetics, medicinal products, health foods and other natural health products.
They are also the starting materials for value-added processed natural ingredients
such as essential oils, dry and liquid extracts and oleoresins (a natural or artificial
mixture of essential oils and a resin, e.g. balsam).
Importance and scope
MAPs are gaining popularity globally as a source of raw material for
pharmaceuticals and traditional health care system (Maikhuri et al 1998; Diallo
et al 1999; Azaizeh et al 2003; Kandari et al 2012).
 Plants are the primary source of all medicines in the world and provide
mankind with new remedies(Beyene et al.,2016).

 More than 80%of herbal medicines used in traditional health care systemsare
derived from medicinal plants (Phondani et al., 2014) and ensure the livelihoods
of millionsof people.

 The use of MAPs isnot limited to regions or countries with prominent indigenous
cultures such as in Africa, Asia, Australia and North America: itisexpanding to
developed Western co untriessuch as in Europe, where over 100million citizens
use MAPs in their healthcare (WHO 2013).
Importance and scope-World wide export of MAPs
Importance and scope-MAPs Value
Importance and scope-MAPs-ValueTotal world trade
‘Plants used primarily for perfumery, pharmacy or
similar purposes
Importance and scope-MAPs-Total world imports and
exports of ‘Plants used primarily for perfumery, pharmacy or
similar purposes
Importance and scope-MAPs : Nepal's total
exports by value (2009-15)
 Nepal is one of the World’s 49th largest exporter of MAPs
Importance and scope-MAPs : Nepal's total
trade of essential oils, by value
 The Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association (NEHHPA) reports a 15 percent
increase in domestic trade of MAPs as inputs and final goods over the past 10
years for its members.
Importance and scope-MAPs : Nepal total
exports of medicaments, by value
 The Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association (NEHHPA) reports a 15 percent
increase in domestic trade of MAPs as inputs and final goods over the past 10
years for its members.
Importance and scope
MAPs have been the historical mainstay of traditional healthcare practices across
major societies and are stillused today by 75–80%of the world population for their primary
health care needs (Majaz & Khurshidn, 2016).

 The global market for the MAPs was USD 1.1 billion in 1999, USD 1.8 billion in 2009 and
USD3billion in 2015 (TRAFFIC, 2018).

 Thisisfurther expected to reach USD 35.4billion by 2020 with a compound annual growth
rate of 6.6%from 2015 to 2020 (BCC, 2015).

 NTFPs including medicinal plants remained as important source or raw material for
traditional systems of medicines like Ayurveda, Chinese, Unani, Sidha, Tibetan and
others across the globe. Infact, the percentage of people using traditional medicines
is40%-50%in Germany, 42%in USA, 48%in Australia and 49%in France. (Pandey et al., 2016).
Importance and scope

 There is a promising future of medicinal plants as there are about half million
plants around the world, and most of them are not investigated yet for their
medical activities and their hidden potential of medical activities could be
decisive in the treatment of present and future studies(Singh, 2015).
 MAPs have a potential for contributing to the local economy, subsistence
health needs, and improved natural resource management, leading to the
conservation of ecosystem and biodiversity of an area (Subedi1997).
 The majority of Nepal's population, especially the poor, tribal and ethnic
groups, and mountain people, relies on traditional medical practices. A large
number of products for such medical practices are derived from plants
Importance and scope

 The flora of Nepal contains about 7000 species of flowering plants, of which 246-310
are national endemics (according to various estimates). The great majority of these
endemics are high altitude plants, very few being known from the terai (Shrestha and
Joshi, 1996).

 Estimates for the number of medicinal plant species in Nepal range from 593 to 1624
(figures that include about 60 imported species) (Shrestha et al.,2001).

 To address the issues of MAPs and NTFPs in Nepal, the government has adopted the
Herbs and NTFP Development policy, 2061. it has rightly emphasized conservation
and sustainable utilization of NTFPs and simultaneously giving importance to
c ommercial plantations.
Importance and scope
 Government of Nepal has identified 33 commercially important MAPs for further
research and management. Thirteen of these plants are further identified for
development of agro-technology.
 Itishigh time that Nepal keeps its policies favourable and create environment for new
investment in this field in order to benefit from the developing world-wide demands for
MAPs and associated products.

 The revenue from medicinal plants co n tributes more than 10% of the total revenue
generated by the government from the forest- based products (HMG/N 2004).

 MAPs have expanded its contribution to the economy of Nepal, with elevated
prices than forestry goods (Acharya et al., 2015; Kalauni and Joshi, 2018).
Importance and scope
 Nepal isestimated to export around 33,000mt of MAP products withan annual revenue amountof around
19-60millionUS$(MoFSC ,2009).

 The export value increased from US$27.49million in 2005to US$60.09millionin2014.Nepal on average exported
13,230 mtworthUS$39.34millionper yearequivalent of MAP products during the last10years(Kalauni and Joshi,
2018)to more than50countries.

 More thanone-tenthof plant speciesare used indrugs and health


 products, withmore than 50,000species being used.

 However, the distribution of medicinal plants isnot uniform across the world. For example, China and India have
the highest numbers of medicinal plants used, with 11,146and 7500species, respectively, followed by
Colombia,SouthAfrica, the United States,and another 16countries with percentages of medicinal plants
ranging from 7%in Malaysiato 44%inIndiaversustheirtotal numbersof plant species.

 The following figure shows the Number and percentage of medicinal plantspecies indifferent countries(
Source :Chen et al.,2016).
How many plants are used medicinally worldwide?
How many plants are used medicinally worldwide?
 In Nepal, a number of floristic regions meet and there are huge variations in
climates and physiographic conditions. This has resulted in a rich flora: some 7000
species of plants are represented in Nepal (including 252 endemic species) of
which over 819 species are used medicinally.
 MAPs are an important part of the Nepalese economy, with exports to India, Hong
Kong, Singapore, Japan, as well as France, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands,
the USA, and Canada. These plants have a potential for contributing to the local
economy, subsistence health needs, and improved natural resource management,
leading to the conservation of ecosystem and biodiversity of an area (Subedi 1997).
 Nepal’s ethnic diversity is also remarkable; so are the traditional medical practices.
About 80% of total population inhabit in rural areas, and many of them rely on
traditional medicines, mostly prepared from plants for health care.
How many plants are used medicinally worldwide?
 The majority of Nepal's population, especially the poor, tribal and ethnic groups,
and mountain people, relies on traditional medical practices. A large number of
products for such medical practices are derived from plants.
 The knowledge of such medical practices has been developed and tested through
generations. In many cases, this knowledge is transmitted orally from generation to
generation and confined to certain people.
 Nepal has significantly diverse ecosystems (Chaudhary, 1998; Subedi, 2000, 2004),
producing a wide range of unique and valuable medicinal plant resources.
Representing only 0.01% of earth’s land area, Nepal is gifted by nature with 2.6% of
all flowering plants, 9.3% birds, and 4.5% of mammals of the world. Out of an
estimated 9,000 species found in the eastern Himalaya as a whole, 39% are
endemic to this mountain range (Myers 1988; Myers 1990; Bajracharya et al. 1998;
IUCN 2000).
How many plants are used medicinally worldwide?
 Nearly 7,000 species of higher plants are found in Nepal, of which 5% are endemic to
Nepal and 10% are medicinal and aromatic plants. With 75 vegetation types ranging
from dense tropical forests to alpine vegetation that covers over 50% of the total
geographical area of the country forms the land resource base for the provision of
medicinal and aromatic plants.
 The use of medicinal plants in ancient cultures is well documented in the "Rigveda,“
part of the Hindu scriptures. The traditional method of healing, or "Ayurveda," is
stillpracticed today in Nepal, India and Sri Lanka. It has been reported that almost 30
percent of modern allopathic drugs are either directly or indirectly derived from plants
(Marino-Bettolo, l 980). Thus, the significance of medicinal plants in contributing to
health needs is self-evident.
 The history of cultivation and use of MAPs is quite ancient. In one way or other, many of
these plants have been an integral part of Nepalese health and livelihood systems.
How many plants are used medicinally worldwide?
 Most of the people residing in hilly and Himalayan regions of Nepal rely on
medicinal plants for their livelihood support because of remoteness, inadequate
land for agriculture and limited livelihood diversification opportunities. As a result,
10-100% of the population are engaged in collection and trade of MAPs and the
trade contribute up to 50% of the total annual family income (Olsen and Larsen
2003).
 MAPs can provide new opportunities to increase national income as well as the
incomes of common farmers by many folds. The growth of many pharmaceutical
and agro based industries specially in the developed countries is the assuring sign
that MAPs are going to be more valuable for their genetic materials and associated
knowledge in the future.
How many plants are used medicinally worldwide?
 Studies reveal that about 7000 to 27000 tons of medicinal plants are annually
collected and traded from Nepal. The total export value is expected to be about
US$ 60 million. Most of the collected medicinal plants are exported to India and
China in raw form. But with the expansion of road network and technological
advancement in recent years, processing was initiated for some medicinal plants,
notably the essential oil yielding plants. In FY 2015/016, 36.8 tons of essential oils
worth US$2.6 million was exported from Nepal (TEPC data) from 21 species of wild
and cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants. Thus medicinal plants are becoming
the major exporting commodity of Nepal.
 It is high time that Nepal keeps its policies favorable and create an environment for
new investment in this field in order to benefit from the developing world-wide
demands for MAPs and associated products.
How many plants are used medicinally worldwide?

 To address the issues of MAPs and NTFPs in Nepal, the government has adopted
the Herbs and NTFP Development policy, 2061. it has rightly emphasized
conservation and sustainable utilization of NTFPs and simultaneously giving
importance to commercial plantations.
Why Nepalese MAPs are important?

Nepalese MAPs are unique in the sense;

 Strictly available in Himalaya,

 Nurtured by the nature, organic and are beyond the human

interventions,

 Herbs with highly potential principle constituents (chemicals) due to

inherent tendencies to grow in harsh environment of the Himalayas

(Gurung, 2008).
NTFPs Identification
Difficult to identify because:
 Large diversity.
 Fake names.
 Different parts used.
Some important basis of identification can be used:
 Altitudinal range
 Vegetation types
 use of sense organs
 Morphological study
 Sharing idea with local people ,Yamchi and experts
 Own experience
 Studying books , Samples ,Herbarium ,Field visit.
 Anatomical structure
 Chemical composition
Identification of NTFPs
 There are 33 NTFPs species are
categorized as economic importance
species in Nepal.
1. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Ex Royal
Family: Ranunculaceae
Nepali : Atis, Bikh Use
English: Aconite, Atis root
Roots and tubers are
Distribution: Himalaya (Ksmir to Sikkim), China expectorant, antipyretic,
antidysenteric, antidiarrhoeal
Distribution in Nepal: C, Subalpine-Alpine and antiemetic, antiperidic,
Occurrence: 3000 to 3600 m . stomachic, tonic, also used in
dyspepsia, cough, hysteria,
Flowering: August - September. loss of memory, piles, and
Description: Herb, root biennial, paired, cylindric – throat disease
oblong. Leaves 5-10 cm long, acute or obtuse, cauline
leaves sharply toothed, lowest long petioled,
lanceolate. Flowers in raceme, more than 2.5 cm long,
bright blue to greenish-blue with purple veins.
Part used: Tubers, roots
Application: Root paste, powder
Identification of NTFPs
2. Phyllanthus emblica L. Emblica officinalis Use
Gaertn. Root bark is astringent, and is used
in ulcerative stomatitis, and
Family: Ericaceae
gastrohelicosis. Bark is useful in
Nepali : Amala, Aurra, Dhaatri, Amrit Phal gonorrhea, jaundice, diarrhea, and
myalgia. Leaves are useful in
English: Gooseberry, Emblic myrobolan, Amioki conjunctivitis, inflammation,
dyspepsia, diarrhea and
Distribution: Himalaya (Utter Pradesh to Bhutan), NE dynsentery. Fruits are sour,
India, N Myanmar, S China, Indo-China, Malaysia astringent, acrid, cooling,
refrigerant, diuretic, laxative,
Distribution in Nepal: WEC, Tropical-subtropical ophthalmic. They are a rich source
Occurrence: 100 to 1500 m . of Vitamin C;useful in
haemorrhage, diarrhea and
Flowering: August - September. dysentery, in combination with iron
used for anemia, jaundice,
Description: Deciduous shrub or tree. Leaves dyspepsia, colic, flatulence,
pinnate, leaflets small, sub-sessile, 9-12 mm long, hyperacidity, peptic ulcer, skin
pale green; stipules minute, Flowers greenish yellow, diseases, leprosy, leucorrhoea,
racemed on the branches, male flowers many; female menorrhagia, cardic disorders,
flowers few. Fruit obscurely 6-lobed. intermittent fevers and greyness of
hair. Raw fruit is aperient, its juice
Part used: Root bark, bark, leaves, fruits with that of lemon and sugar is
taken to arrest bacillary dysentery.
Application: Fresh and dried fruits, juice, powder, leaf Leaf juice is laxative, cerebral,
decoction gastro-intestinal and cardio-tonic. It
is antibacterial, antipyretic and
antidiabetic.
Nursery Techniques of MAPs
PROPAGATING STRUCTURES:-

Propagating structures are needed for


-Enabling environment for germination and growth.
-getting enough temperature ,moisture, air and light.
-protection from enemy (invadors , insects ,pest and deases)

1. Green houses
1.1 Plastic covered green houses
• managing temperature, light, air keeping ventilators.
• not suitable for windy area.
Nursery Techniques of MAPs
1.2 Polyethylene covered
-cheaper, temporary, small scaled

1.3 Fiber glass


-strong ,costly but permanent.

1.4 Lath houses


-made from flak
-useful in the place where strong sun light and warm exist.
-use to keep poly bag seedlings
-not common in Nepal
Nursery Techniques of MAPs

1.5 Propagating cases


 small structure small polythene or plastic sheets or box
 useful for high mountain
 Portable
 may be Doko covered with plastic or long plastic tunnel
 useful for herbaceous plant propagation.
Nursery Techniques of MAPs

Propagating media
Propagating media should be
 dense to hold the germinating seeds or roots of cutting.
 water retaining potential
 good aeration ,water percolation and coarse textured.
 free from weed seeds ,nematodes and noxious organisms.
 no strong salinity.
Nursery Techniques of MAPs
Propagating media ; -

Soil : Sand, Loamy sand, Silt loam, Clay loam / Clay are soil
texture
Sand : smaller rock particle
Peat : soil made from decomposition of vegetation i.e. mud at
bottom of pond.
Sphagnum moss : a kind of lichen having high water absorbing capacity.
Vermiculite : a kind of micaceous silica
Perlite : a brown white dust(silica) released from volcanic
eruption , highly porous an d light.
Compost : organic fertilizer and should be used after sterilize
because contains micro organisms.
Shredded bark, Saw dust, Wood Sharing( used in soil mixture with nitrogen)
Nursery Techniques of MAPs
Soil mixture :
essential for plants for easy rooting and for air , water and heat.
common soil Mixture :-
1. For potting rooted cuttings and young seedlings.
1 or 2 parts sand.
1 part loam soil.
1 part peat moss (or shredded bark or leaf mold)

2. For general Container- grown nursery stock.


1 part sand.
2 parts loam soil.
1 part peat moss (or shredded bark or leaf mold)
Nursery Techniques of MAPs
Preconditioning
Mechanical scarification:
-Rubbing the seeds on sand paper
-Cutting with a file
-Cracking the seed covering with a hammar
-Seed tumbled in drums lined with sand paper (for large scale scarification).
Soaking seeds in water:
-Hot water soaking (77O to 100O c) 12 to 24 hours.
Ex: Seabuckthorns, Siris)
- Cold water soaking- Conifer seeds for 24 hours
Acid scarification -
Softening the hard impermeable seed covering dipping in to Conc. H2SO4 (1
part seed and 2 parts acid)
Nursery Techniques of MAPs
Moist chilling
 for woody trees and shrubs, moist chilling is necessary.(soaking in water for 12-24
hrs),for this mixing of moist washed sand ,peat moss and well weathered saw
dust.
 keeping seeds in to jute gunny bags and dipping in to water.
Combination of two or more pre germination treatments) :
 Mechanical scarification or acid scarification or Hot water soaking or moist chilling.
Chemical Stimulants

Gibberellins) : Gibberellic acid (GA3) soaking of seed in to solution of GA and water for
24 hrs.
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) 1% water + KNO3 Solution
Nursery Techniques of MAPs

Asexual Propagation
 Root cutting .Shoot cutting, Root shoot cutting , Layering ,Grafting , Leaf cutting ,
 Clone (vegetative seed) - Bulbs, Rhizomes, Runners, Stolons and Tip layers
separates from mother plants as vegetative seeds.
 cutting should be from juvenile, free from disease, meristems ,
Nursery Techniques of MAPs

Treating cuttings with growth regulators.


Rooting hormone(Auxin)
IAA (Indoleacetic acid)
IBA (Indole -3- butyric acid)
NNA (Napthaleneacetic acid)
PBZ (Paclobutazol)
TRF ( Triademonophon)
Nursery Techniques of MAPs

Stem cuttings :-
1. Hard wood
2. Semi hard wood
3. Soft wood
4. Herbaceous
General considerations :-
1. 4 - 30 cm long
2. 1 -2 cm diameter
3. Basal cut enough lower from node
4. At least 2 nodes in a cutting.
5. End of winter season
6. Scion less than one year.
7. Branch facing towards sun.
8. Juvenile stage.
Nursery Techniques of MAPs

Hard wood cutting (Deciduous sps):-


-branch spreading towards sun
-keep the cutting bundle in sand or . peat moss or Sphagnum moss in
winter.
-Treat with root promoting chemical
-keep in 18-21 degree c for 3 to 5 weeks moist.
• Hard wood cuttings (Narrow-leaved evergreen species):
• Conifers slow growth,
• Rooting in Moist condition .
• in between late fall and winter
• Rooting in green house,
• treating Cuttings with Fungicide ,requires enough light and misting
• bottom heating produce good rooting
Nursery Techniques of MAPs
Semi hard wood cutting:
•cutting 3- 6 " long
•leave some leaf in the cuttings.
•use shoot terminal
•rest techniques as hard wood.
Soft wood cutting:
-end of winter
-cutting 3-4" long, more than 2 nodes
-cutting having no leaves and flower
-fungicidal spray
-23 to 27 degree c
-sprouting in 2 - 4 weeks
Nursery Techniques of MAPs
• Soft wood cutting:
-same as semi hard wood
-rooting material not needed but its use gives good result.
• Root cutting :-
-late winter or early summer. Plant modifications for Natural layering
-cutting leaving tip or root -runners
• Propagation by specialized stems and root -stolen
1. Propagation by separation- -suckers
-bulbs -offsets
-crowns
-corms
-bulbils
-pseudo bulbs
2. Propagation by cutting
-rhizomes
-tubers
-tubercles
-tuberous roots and shoots.
Nursery Techniques of MAPs
-tuberous roots and shoots.
Plant modifications for Natural layering
-runners
-stolen
-suckers
-offsets
-crowns
Nursery Techniques of MAPs

Separation of
Bulbs :-underground modified stem , common in monocot , every bulb produces
offset bulbet used in spring to propagate.
bikh. lasun. jimbu
corms (gano):-underground modified stem with stem axis covered with dry scale-
like leaves having node and inter node . Axillary buds germinate in favorable
environment called New corm or cormels.
Division of corm:- Division of big corm in to smaller corms so that each corm
contains bud and planted treating with fungicide.
owl , keshar,
Nursery Techniques of MAPs
Division of
Rhizome :- contains node. bud. scale leaves ,common in monocot and lower plant
group . It is cut down so that each piece contains bud or eye.
atish, kurilo , kutki , pakhanbed , satuwa , sugandhwal.bamboo.
Tubers:- Underground swollen stem , a kind of swollen stolon having eye(node) and
adventitious root. Tubers or pieces of tubers used for propagation.
kurilo, satuwa, panch aulen,potato
Crowns:-seedlings germinate in collar zone in bunch. common in herbaceous
perennials. (graminaceae). Individual is called slip and separated from herbaceous
perennials for propagation.
lemon grass ,citronella,
Suckers:- Roots running parallel to ground and new seedling arises from the main
root.
seebakthron , kutki ,lokta , Aloevera
Nursery Techniques of MAPs

Offset:-Lateral root or new branch comes from base of the main stem. It
is thick and short when touches on soil produces roots . Daughter plant
is separated from mother plant. (tulip ,lily)
Nursery Techniques of some important
NTFP species
1.Sarpgandha (Rauvolfia serpentina). Family - Apocynacaea.
Sarpgandha is propagated by seed , stem cutting ,root cutting ,stump cutting.
However seed propagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation.
1. Germination by seed : -
-seeds are highly viable.
-seed collection in March
-seed sowing in end of April with line to line distance 6 cm and seed to seed 5 cm. in shallow
furrow . then covered with the mixture of soil and FYM.
-seed soaked in 1% Bevestin before sowing for 1/2 an hour and dry in shade.
-germination bed is prepared with 4 kg FYM , Forate or furadon 100-200 gram per square meter.
keep the bed just moist by light watering.
-germination starts after 3 weeks and continue up to 8 weeks.
-seedlings are ready for plantation within 6 months.
-transplanting of young seedling in July from bed to poly bags.
-shading of poly bags from 8 am to 4 pm .
-root pruning and grading
1.Sarpgandha (Rauvolfia serpentina).
2. propagation by stem cutting:-
cutting period - June
size of cutting - 15 to 22 cm long and 3 to 6 cm diameter.
plant in nursery bed in June and spranckle water.
Maintain continuous moisture.
shading during day .
3. Propagation by root cutting :-
cutting period - spring season
size of cutting - 5 cm long and 2 to 4 cm diameter.
plant in nursery bed.
keep the bed moist ,sprout within 3 weeks.

4. Propagation by root stump :-


About 5 cm of roots intact with a portion of stem above the collar are directly transplanted in the
field having irrigation facility.
2.Chiraito (Swertia chiraita) Family- Gentianacaea.
It can only be propagated through seeds.
1 gram seed contains 32,000 to 35,000 seeds.
seed viability 1 year.
seed collection - Kartik to Mansir
seed sowing within 1 week from seed collection.
prepare seed tray for seed broad casting.
prepare mixture of 1 part dust of FYM, 1 part sand and 1/2 part forest soil and
sterilize on karahi.
keep the mixture in to the seed tray.
Mix 1 gram seed and 100 gram of sterilized sand.
2.Chiraito (Swertia chiraita) Family- Gentianacaea.
cool the seeds and keep on perforated seed tray.
Broadcast seeds on the tray on the line.
keep the tray moist (spray water 3 times in a day.)
Maintain 20 degree centigrade by covering with plastic shade.
Prepare transplant bed :- prepare bed of 1 m x5 m
Prepare the mixture of 1:1:1 FYM ,sand , and forest fertile sieved soil and keep on
the transplant bed.
Transplant the seedlings after 2 weeks of germination so that plant to plant distance
2 " and line to line 3 "
Water 3 to 4 times very lightly in a day.
Shading :- use shade to protect from direct Sun. Remove the shade after 8 am and 4
pm . cover at night to save from frost.
Hardening :- 1 to 2 weeks practice hardening before planting in the field.
3.Timur (Zanthoxylem armatum.) Family-Rootacaea.
Timur is propagated through seeds and stem cuttings.
1. Germination by seeds :-
Seed collection November- December (Asoj -Kartik)
Viability - 3 to 5 days.
Germination - 15 - 20 %
Seeds should be soaked in hot water for 24 hrs before sowing.
Seeds sowing on germination bed on line. Furrows are made and seeds sown in 2 - 3
cm space and lightly covered with sand.
Mulching is done and moisture maintained.
Three leaved seedlings are transplanted in to poly bags.
3.Timur (Zanthoxylem armatum.) Family-Rootacaea.
2. Propagation by root cutting :-
cutting time - Feb to March (before flowering)
cutting size - 12 to 15 cm long twigs with 3 -4 nodes from 6 to 1 year juvenile plant.

Treating the cutting with 200 PPM TRF (triademophone) or 25 PPM PBZ
(paclobutrazole) or 300 PPM IBA or NNA for obtaining good rooting.

They can be planted directly in poly bags or in the seed pan/root trainers filled with
the potting mixture of sand ,FYM and red earth in the ratio of 1:1:1.

After 45 days transferred in to poly bags.


4.Lauth salla(Taxus baccata) Family-Taxacaea.
Propagation through seed and stem cuttings.
1. Propagation through seeds :-
 picking of seeds from trees prior to dispersal.
 seed coat is very hard so , stratification process is to be done . This process is only
effective if the process is commenced immediately after collection and the
stratifying media has adequate peat and kept sufficiently moist and warm
temperature is maintained.
 stratified seed is sown 12 month after collection so that the embryo dormancy
can be overcome by chilling in the seed bed over the winter period.
 As the seed is relatively large ,it should be pressed in to the seed bed to to
maintain its ability to take up water. usually germination is 40-80% .It can be
highest when some nutrient medium contained sucrose and calcium or K ions.
4.Lauth salla(Taxus baccata) Family-Taxacaea.
Propagation through seed and stem cuttings.
1. Propagation through seeds :-
 substrate with high % age of white peat and sandy loam loam soil gave good
germination.
2. Through cuttings:-
 propagated by hard wood cutting taken in late fall.
 Recently ,it was shown that these plants can be propagated in early spring in
insulated ,heated mist beds.
 Cuttings of 25 cm in length and 4-6 mm in diameter at the base with foliage .
stripped from the basal 5 cm and treated with NNA or IBA (1250 and 2000 ppm
respectively) for 5 seconds, in a 40 % solution of polyethylene glycol.
4.Lauth salla(Taxus baccata) Family-Taxacaea.
Propagation through seed and stem cuttings.
2. Through cuttings:-
 The cuttings are placed on a raised green house bench in a rooting medium of
sharp bank sand 30 cm deep and kept at a minimum temperature of 18 degree c .

 Cuttings taken in Sept. -Oct. and treated with 20000 ppm deep in a IBA solution
and inserted in a mixture of 60-70 % peat and 40-30 % perlite .

 Laboratory tests conform the presence of inhibitor in the outer tissue ( bark ,
phloem and cambium)
5.Kutki(Picrorhiza scrophulariflora). Family-Scrophulariaceae.
It is propagated through seeds and stolon segments.
1. Propagation through seeds :-
 seed collection during September-October.
 seeds are sown during November-December in poly house at lower altitude ,
during March- April in middle altitude(2200 m) and during May in alpine area.
 seeds soaked in cold water for 24 hrs and sown in upper soil surface in
Styrofoam seedling trays and covered with thin layer of moss increases the germ
inability of seeds.
 Moss layer retain moisture and avoid water splash of the seed
 Transplant the seedlings in poly pots.
5.Kutki(Picrorhiza scrophulariflora). Family-Scrophulariaceae.
2. propagation through Stolon :-
 Vegetative propagation was done successfully through stolon segments by
simple method viz., water dip treatment and use of high moisture trenches for
rooting of stolon cuttings which can be easily used for cultivation purpose by
local growers.
 Top segments of stolons were found more suitable for multiplication.
 Cuttings were kept under soil in trenches or covered with moss with high
moisture content, 90% rooting was observed in top segments after 2 weeks.
6.Pakhanbed.(Bergenia ciliata.) Family- Saxifragacaea.
Pakhanbed is propagated by seed and corm
Propagation by seeds :-
 Seed collection in Ashoj and Kartik .
 Seed sowing in kartik -Mansir
 seeds soaking in water and sowing in nursery bed in furrows and covered lightly with soil and mulching .
 light watering regularly and removing mulching after seed germination.
 Picking out the seedlings in to poly pots.
 Propagation by roots (gano)
 Root cutting is made in spring season.
 Each cutting contains more than 2 Ankhla.
7.Okhar(Juglans regia) Family-Juglandacaea.
Commonly okhar is propagated in nursery from seed.
Seed collection:
 seed collection in aswin -kartik.
 outer cover of the fruit is removed after keeping the fruit in
water.
 Seed treatment:
 The fruit is kept in a gunny jute bags and dipped in a ditch
containing cow dung and water for 10-15 days. Every day
seeds are dipped in the ditch at night and spread out on earth
at day for 10-15 days.
 Seed sowing:
 Seeds are kept in seed bed digging in soil and covered with
soil. Regular watering is done.
 seeds germinates in 1 month. It is then picking out in poly
bags.
Jatamansi (Nordostachys grandiflora) Family -Valerianacaea.
 It is propagated from seeds and rhizomes.
 Propagation through seeds:-
 Propagation through seeds are not very common.
 seed collection -Aswin
 Viability- One year and rotation 4 yrs.
 Seed sowing in Nove-Dece in in law altitude , March-April in medium altitude and
May in Alpine. Seeds are sawn in line to line 10 cm and seed to seed 5 cm. Nursery
is kept in moist area . It thrives well in light acidic loam soil.
 Seed soaked in water for 12 hrs before sowing . Seeds are mixed with 5 parts loam
soil or sand and sown in nursery bed. Regular light watering is needed. Seedlings
are ready in 6-8 weeks for plantation.
Jatamansi (Nordostachys grandiflora) Family -Valerianacaea.
vegetative Propagation :-
 Splitting of Rhizomes is found most successful . Old rhizomes are collected and
are slips are separated and planted in beds.
 Bed needs excessive watering to decrease mortality but water logging is
prohibited.
Harvesting of MAPs
Develop sustainable harvesting methods

 Phenology, ecology, reproduction biology of the MAPs are the key


determining factor for best harvesting practices, species and best
suiting areas.
 The determination of a sustainable harvesting level depends on
information on volume and reproduction. The lack of MAPs resource
assessment methodologies hampers the determination of such
sustainable harvesting levels.
Current Situation of MAPs harvesting
 Unprocessed medicinal and aromatic plants constitute more than 90
percent export from Nepal. Because of production in economies of
scale, technological capabilities and large consumer demand India
imports MAPs from Nepal and processed and sell to USA and European
countries.
 Collecting NTFPs can be time consuming and labor intensive, so usually
do when there is little demand for farm labor. Moreover, they tend to
harvest only when they need the cash rather than during the
appropriate season (Chandrasekharan, 1998).
 Similarly Behari (1994) argued that the collection methods of forest
products are based on traditional system. Very little attention is paid to
the quality aspects while pickings/plucking.
Current Situation of MAPs harvesting
 Further, the season of collection has a direct bearing on the maturity
and availability of the products.
 Physiologically immature collection may lead to total destruction of the
habitat particularly for medicinal plants and herbs.
 Likewise the destructive harvesting and overexploitation of MAPs
adversely affects the environment and genetic composition of the
plants (Charles, 1994).
 According to the Charles for the sustainable use of MAPs there are
many things that should be considered, among them harvest
assessment and harvest adjustment are important.
Harvesting Tools and Techniques
Fruit, Seed, Oils, Fiber, Flosses, Bark, Gum, Resin, Fats.
Harvesting techniques:
 Basically for the collection of seed and fruits of NTFPs, Branch cutter
(Long pole, mostly bamboo spp., with attached small saw) and Delimber
are use to cut the branch with fruit or seeds from the tall trees.
 The area under a fruiting tree should be cleared of litter and vegetation,
or covered with sheeting and fruit or seed are collected with the help of
branch cutter or Delimber.
 In the case of small bushed tree fruit or seed are prick by hand to
collect.
 Knocking or beating the seed coat helps to release the seed.
ICIMOD Guideline for MAPs Harvesting
Techniques
1. Harvest mature plants, after seeds are mature.
2. Employ enrichment plantation in case of immature and poor populated
sites.
3. Underground parts: Harvesting 66% of the resource
 Leaves: 75-80 %
 Fruits/seeds. 90-95 %
 Conduct periodic regeneration surveys and, if needed, enrichment
plantations in the harvested sites.
 Use traditional knowledge and data from the experimental plots on the
optimum productivity of a species in relation to time period which,
according to them, varies from species to species.
 ‘Rotational Harvesting Practices’ to give sufficient time for the
vegetative growth of the species as well as to get the increased amount
of the harvest.
ICIMOD Guideline for MAPs Harvesting
Techniques
1. Harvest mature plants, after seeds are mature.
2. Employ enrichment plantation in case of immature and poor populated
sites.
3. Underground parts: Harvesting 66% of the resource
 Leaves: 75-80 %
 Fruits/seeds. 90-95 %
 Conduct periodic regeneration surveys and, if needed, enrichment
plantations in the harvested sites.
 Use traditional knowledge and data from the experimental plots on the
optimum productivity of a species in relation to time period which,
according to them, varies from species to species.
 ‘Rotational Harvesting Practices’ to give sufficient time for the
vegetative growth of the species as well as to get the increased amount
of the harvest.
ICIMOD Guideline for MAPs Harvesting
Techniques
1. Harvest mature plants, after seeds are mature.
2. Employ enrichment plantation in case of immature and poor populated
sites.
3. Underground parts: Harvesting 66% of the resource
 Leaves: 75-80 %
 Fruits/seeds. 90-95 %
 Conduct periodic regeneration surveys and, if needed, enrichment
plantations in the harvested sites.
 Use traditional knowledge and data from the experimental plots on the
optimum productivity of a species in relation to time period which,
according to them, varies from species to species.
 ‘Rotational Harvesting Practices’ to give sufficient time for the
vegetative growth of the species as well as to get the increased amount
of the harvest.
Examples of some NTFPs rotation periods

 Annual harvesting for Zanthoxylum armatum (Tree; fruits)

 Two years for Swertia chirayita (Biennial herb: whole • plant)

 Two years for Valeriana jatamansii (Perennial herb: • rhizome)

 Three years for Angelica glauca (Perennial herb: root)

 Three years for Paris polyphylla (Perennial herb: rhizome)


Processing of MAPs

 What is Processing?
 Why is Processing?
 Theory of Processing
 What to Process?
 How to process?
 Quality aspects of processing
 Quality control
What is Processing?

Processing is a process of converting raw material into semi or


finished product for marketing and wider application/use.
Why is Processing?

To reduce the volume of raw materials for easy transportation


To add the value of product and quality product
To market the product (import and export)
To provide employment opportunities
To obtain maximum yield in some cases
For easy application and use of the plant/plants
Products
To increase longevity and strength of material
THEORY OF PROCESSING:
THE PROCESS OF EXTRACTION DEPENDS ON THE SUBSTANCES TO BE TAKEN OUT:
Examples:
•Potato slices when left in cold water, lots of white starch grains are deposited in the dish.
•Sugandh kokila seeds when passes between pieces of paper oils (lids are deposited on the paper.
•Swertia chiraita stems when left in a bowel of water and left in a bowel of water and left over night. The filtrate
water in the morning is bitter.
•Meat while cooked in the kitchen the smell disfusses all along.
•These are some of the common examples of processing at home.
In the above examples:
•Potato slices have naturally hydrolyzed starch that gives monomers of sugars which dissolve in water and in turn
trap polymers of sugars i. e starch.
•Oozing out of oils from cells of seeds involves no chemical process but a physical (mechanical) process only.
•Bitterness of water in case of chiraita is due to swertia compounds in water, that are of flavnoid type.
•Odorous compounds of meat, onion, garlic and spices co- distill in vapour of water present in the stuff.
WHAT TO PROCESS?

Medicinal and aromatic plants and their different parts of health and personal care, value addition,
quality, export – import and marketing of products should be processed.

Tips from the market what to process


 Plant material must be available in abundance (wild, culivated)

 Product processed must have enough price that can cover he cost of production +
expected return.

 Processing technique must be known

 Product quality desired by the buyer must be known

 Demand of the market must be enough to cover volume produced.


HOW TO PROCESS?

PROCESSING OF MEDICINAL PLANTS:


Taxus baccata ----- harvested ------ leaves and twigs ----- Pulverized ----- Plant
material ------ sieved ----- Charged in the Still ---- extracted with menthol----
methanolic Extract—filtered---- filtrate ---- concentrated to obtain taxus resin
(a material of export)

PROCESSING OF AROMATIC PLANT:

Jatamasi ---- harvested ---- shade dried ----- brought to factory ---
dried----dedusted ---- charged in the still ---- distilled -----
distilled ----- oil + water –separated ---- essential ---- soil -----
dried on dehydrant --- Essential oil ( A product of export)
QUALITY ASPECTS OF PROCESSING

Unlike our country, several advanced countries have regulations that control the movement of plant
and processed plant materials. Processed plant products are used as food, drug, cosmetic etc and
controlled accordingly.
International Standard Organization (ISO) has also given standard for these products. U.S buyers
prefers crude herbs and spices of
ASTA (American Spice Traders Association) grade.
Extracts of FEEMA (Federation of Essential Oil and extract manufacturer association) and
IFEAT (International Federation of essential oil and aroma traders) or EEC (European Economic
Community ) standard or
AOAC (Association of official analytical chemist) /
FDA ( Food and Drug Adminitration) are required by buyers of Europe and America. Essential Oil and
extracts if required for pharmaceutical preparation needs to meet the respective pharmacopeia
standards.
Quality control
 It is the responsibility of distiller produce oil that meets the International standards of Odour, color,
physico-chemical characteristics, chemical composition and over all quality at competitive price
 Distller should have specimen or sample of good qualityoils/products for comparision with freshly
prepared products which are acceptable in commerce.
 Physico chemical specification
 Specific gravity generally at 25 degree C or density 9wt/ml)
 refractive index (generally at 25 DC)
 Optical rotation (generally at 20 DC) in addition specific tests such as solunility in alcohols, acid
value, percent alcohols, ester value, phenols, aldehydes and ketones assay for measure
constituents. Are well used analytical tests to determine oil quality
 Over the past 20 years GC profile, IR spectrum, GC/MS analyseshave become routine procedures for
assesing the quality of oils (K. Tuley, 1995)
Importance of Processing
Processing adds to the value of products and provides multi- products
 Leads to byproducts
 Reduces volume of raw materials-economic,
 easy transportation
 creates opportunities to employment, income generation and livelihoods
 provides opportunities to establishment of entrepreneurships
 Processed products creates market- increased demand and supply
 converts raw material to finished products
Attracts consumer
Allow rural communities more involved in value addition and NTFP trade
 processing and value addition satisfy customers
 ensure greater financial return and generation of income and employment- eg banana flour, pickles,
chips, jam, juice, jam, sauce, dehydrated banana,, candy, fibric biscuits.
Challenges and opportunities of processing

• Challenges • Opportunities
• skilled manpower, • Knowledge of international market
• proper training • market competition
• continuous flow of raw materials • Collection time, season of raw
• technology for processing materials and their parts
• quality and standard products • advertisement of processed
• develop skilled person products and value added
• chemical marker and chemical hot • customers satisfaction
spots
• NTFP certification
• local processing
• Knowledge of international market
• attractive packaging, required std
labeling • research and development division in
the processing industry
Opportunities
• To increase demand on the • Multiproduct output
domestic and export market • Potential for increasing
• Improved technology can income
improve productivity • Develop commercially
• Improve packaging ,labelling valuable BY-products
• Low cost technology for small • Diversify products processed
scale pre-processing and • Reducing processing costs or
processing increase productivity
• Techniques for conserving • Promote the purchase &use
semi-processed, processed of sustainably produced
products & transport, storage products
under remote conditions.
Thank you!!!

You might also like