IGCSE Coordinated Sci: ​ Physics​ ​ ​ ​ Topic 1 ​ Motion forces energy

Booklet 1A (1.1-1.2) ​

Measurements and Motion

1.1 Physical quantities and measurement techniques

1 Describe the use of rulers and measuring cylinders to find a length or a volume
2 Describe how to measure a variety of time intervals using clocks and digital timers
3 Determine an average value for a small distance and for a short interval of time by measuring multiples
(including the period of oscillation of a pendulum)
4 Understand that a scalar quantity has magnitude (size) only and that a vector quantity has magnitude
and direction
5 Know that the following quantities are scalars: distance, speed, time, mass, energy and temperature
6 Know that the following quantities are vectors: force, weight, velocity, acceleration, and gravitational
field strength

1.2 Motion
1 Define speed as distance travelled per unit time; recall and use the equation v = s / t
2 Define velocity as speed in a given direction
3 Recall and use the equation: average speed = total distance travelled / total time taken
4 Sketch, plot and interpret distance–time and speed–time graphs
5 Determine, qualitatively, from given data or the shape of a distance–time graph or speed–time graph
when an object is:
(a) at rest (b) moving with constant speed (c) accelerating (d) decelerating
6 Calculate speed from the gradient of a straight line section of a distance–time graph
7 Calculate the area under a speed–time graph to determine the distance travelled for motion with
constant speed or constant acceleration
8 State that the acceleration of free fall g for an object near to the surface of the Earth is approximately
constant and is approximately 9.8m/s^2
9 Define acceleration as change in velocity per unit time; recall and use the equation a = ∆v / ∆t
10 Determine from given data or the shape of a speed–time graph when an object is moving with: (a)
constant acceleration (b) changing acceleration

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1 Measurement techniques

Complete the following sentences

ruler, (stop)clock, volume, length, time interval, measuring cylinders

We can use a ______________ to measure ______________

We can use a ______________ to measure ______________

We can use a ______________ to measure ______________

Measure the things given and record the value and unit

Quantity (description) Value Unit

Accurate Measurement

To measure small quantities accurately we can often take _________ ________ and _____________.

What to measure How to measure accurately

Time for a pendulum swing

Volume of a drop of water

Length of a step

Distance run per second

Volume of an atom

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Vectors

A vector is something with origin, magnitude (number + unit) and direction.

A scalar has just ____________ ( ___________ + _______)

1)​ Are these vectors or scalars or unitless quantities?

a) ​ 5m​ ​ ​ b) ​ 2m up ​ ​ c)​ 5.23m

d)​ 6​ ​ ​ e)​ (2m, 1m)​ ​ f)​ 5m ------>

Vectors can be shown as arrows with a length (magnitude) and direction.

Common reference frames are Graph axis and Compass points

​ ​

2) ​ Represent these vectors as an arrow from the dot

2cm N ​ ​ ​ ●​ ​
​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ●​ ​ 2cm W ​
​

y = 2m ​ ​ ​ ●​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ●​ ​ (2m, 2m) ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

We can add vectors by putting them nose to tail. The answer is the resultant

​ E.g. ​ ​ +​ ​ ​ =​
​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ resultant

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3) ​ Distance and displacement

To indicate position we use a Vector called displacement.

If we don’t care about direction we use a scalar called distance.​
If we want to know how far it has gone over the ground we call it distance travelled (also a
scalar)

Sometimes we care about direction and sometimes we don’t.

Identify in each situation which we care about

Displacement Distance Distance travelled

Taxi meter​

Escaping a bomb

Long jump

Running for exercise

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2 Changing position

Position of something is given by its displacement (s, x).

Displacement is ______________ + ______________.

Position can change, to help understand what is happening we can use...

Position over time graphs

1) We can plot displacement against time on a graph.

Investigate what effect different motions have on the

graph.

Open the simulation

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/moving-man

Go to charts and close the position and acceleration

charts.

Drag the arrow to a new position. Where is the man?

Arrow above the line.

_______________________________

Arrow near top

____________________________________

Arrow below the line

________________________________

Arrow at center
____________________________________

2) What have you found out about the link between displacement, the graph and the man's
position?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

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3) Reset (Clear) the graph with the man in the middle.

Drag the arrow up smoothly. How does the man move?

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

4) Reset (Clear) the graph with the man on the right.

Drag the arrow down smoothly. How does the man move?

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

5) Experiment until you have a good intuition for velocity / time graphs.

6) On the graph below draw the graph you would expect for the following motion.

a) Stationary to origin for 4 seconds

b) Moving toward the house slowly
c) Stationary at the house for 2 seconds
d) Moving quickly to the left

Now make this motion in the simulation

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3 Calculating Velocity

1) On the displacement / time graph below draw and label lines for someone who is
A Stationary​​ ​ ​ B Moving slowly
C Moving quickly​ ​ ​ D Moving slowly backwards.

2) Complete the sentences below

__________________ is a measure of how fast or slow something is moving

__________________ is a vector showing _____________ and ________________.

3) Complete the equations below ​

∆
𝑣 = ∆
​

v= s= t=

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4) A student runs 15m in a straight line in 5 seconds. Calculate their velocity.

s= t= equation =

𝑣 =

5) A student runs 10m in a straight line in at 2m/s. Calculate the time taken.

s= v= equation =

𝑡 =

6) A student runs at 6m/s in a straight line for 5 seconds.

Calculate their final displacement from starting position.

v= t= equation =

𝑠 =

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4) Calculating Velocity from Displacement time graphs

∆𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑣 = ∆𝑡
​​ ​ 𝑣 = 𝑡
​ ​ 𝑡 = 𝑣
​ ​ 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑡

0. Practice: Calculate velocity

A student runs 27m in a straight line in 9 seconds. Calculate their velocity.

x = 27m t = 9s equation = x / t

𝑣 = x / t = 27 / 9 = 3m/s

1. Drawing graphs of different speeds

A. Fast +ve constant velocity​ ​ B. Slow +ve constant velocity

​ ​

C. Fast -ve constant velocity​ ​ D. Stationary (not moving)

​ ​

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2. Motion from the origin
Calculate the velocity of the object in these graphs.

A.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ B.

​ ​
x=​ ​ t= ​ ​ ​ x=​ ​ t=

v=​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ v=

3. Motion not including origin

Calculate the velocity of the object in these graphs.

A.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ B.

​ ​

∆x = ​ ​ ∆t = ​ ​ ​ ∆x = ​ ​ ∆t =

v=​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ v=

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5 Rate of Change of Velocity
Review: Velocity

Velocity is defined as: Change in displacement over time. v = Δx / Δt

The gradient (slope) of a displacement

Over time graph is velocity

The steeper the graph the faster the object is moving.

Towards the origin/sensor is -ve velocity (downwards)

Velocity over time graphs

We can plot velocity against time on a graph (instead of position).

Investigate what effect different motions have on the

graph.

Open the simulation

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/moving-man

Go to charts and close the position and acceleration

charts.

Drag the arrow to a new position. Leave it there.

Start the simulation. What is the man doing?

Arrow above the line.

_______________________________

Arrow near top

____________________________________

Arrow below the line

________________________________

Arrow at center
____________________________________

What have you found out about the link between velocity, the graph and the man's movement?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
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Reset (Clear) the graph with the man on the left.

Drag the arrow up smoothly. How does the man move?

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

Reset (Clear) the graph with the man on the left.

Drag the arrow down smoothly. How does the man move?

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

Experiment until you have a good intuition for velocity / time graphs.

Extension: Link between graphs.

Add the displacement / time graph (chart). What is the link between the two graphs?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

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6 Acceleration from graphs​

The rate of change of ____________ (or speed) with _______ is called Acceleration.

The greater the acceleration the more something is _______ ___ or getting _______.

Deceleration is slowing down (-ve acceleration is accelerating in the -ve direction)

It can be a vector or scalar.

It is defined as: change in velocity over time

= Δv so v= ｘt or t = v .
Δt .

Solve the problems below. SHOW all working.

1) A car starts from rest (0 m/s) and accelerates to 5 m/s in 10 seconds.

Calculate the acceleration .

2) A car starts from rest (0 m/s) and accelerates to 20 m/s in 100 seconds.
Calculate the acceleration .

3) A car starts from 20 m/s and decelerates to 0 m/s in 80 seconds.

Calculate the deceleration

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4) Drawing graphs of different accelerations

A. High +ve constant acceleration​​ B. Low +ve constant acceleration

​ ​
B

C. Fast -ve constant acceleration​ ​ D. Constant speed

​ ​

5) Acceleration from velocity time graphs.

A.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ B.

​ ​
v=​ ​ t= ​ ​ ​ ∆v = ​ ​ ∆t =

a=​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ a=

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7 Acceleration from graphs 2

The rate of change of velocity (or speed) with time is called Acceleration.
Deceleration is slowing down (-ve acceleration is accelerating in the -ve direction)

It is defined as: change in velocity over time

a = Δv so v = a ｘt or t = v .
Δt a .

Solve the problems below. SHOW all working.

1) Acceleration from velocity time graphs.

A.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ B.

​ ​
v=​ ​ t= ​ ​ ​ ∆v = ​ ​ ∆t =

a=​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ a=

C.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ D.

​ ​
∆v = ​ ​ ∆t = ​ ​ ​ ∆v = ​ ​ ∆t =

a=​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ a=

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2) Relationships between x/t and v/t graphs
a) Draw the displacement / time graph for the velocity time graph below.

_________________________________________________________________________
b) Draw the velocity / time graph for the velocity time graph below.

8) Calculating displacement from velocity/time graphs

∆𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑣 = ∆𝑡
​ ​ ​ 𝑣 = 𝑡
​ 𝑡 = 𝑣
​ 𝑥 = 𝑣. 𝑡

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Practice: Calculate displacement

a) A student runs at 3m/s in a straight line for 9 seconds. Calculate the final displacement.

v= t= equation: x =

b) Calculate the displacement of the object shown in these graphs

v= t= v= t=

x= x=

What is displacement?
Displacement is _______ times ________

We can calculate displacement from the _______

Under a velocity / time graph.

In this example the triangle has:

Height = ___ m/s

Width = ___ s

So the area (displacement, x) is ____ ✕ _____ = ____ m

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1) Calculate the displacement
a) b)

Area = Area =
x= x=

More complicated Graphs

Sometimes the graph is not just a square or a triangle but is

made of smaller shapes

Area of triangle (A) ​​ = _______ m

Area of rectangle (B) ​ = _______ m

Total area = Area A + Area B = _____ m

2) Calculate the displacement

a) b)

Area 1 = Area 2 = Area 1 = Area 2 =

x= x=

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Extension: Velocity and Displacement​ ​ s, u, v, a, t

∆𝑣 𝑣−𝑢
When an object accelerates its velocity increases.​ ​ 𝑎 = ∆𝑡
= 𝑡

We can use this equation to find acceleration, a initial velocity, u, final velocity, v or time t

𝑣−𝑢 𝑣−𝑢
𝑎 = 𝑡
​ ​ v - u = at ​ ​ ​ 𝑡 = 𝑎

1)​ Calculate the unknown values

​ a)​ a=​ ​ ​ v = 20m/s​ ​ u = 10m/s​ ​ t = 2s

b)​ a = 2m/s2 ​ ​ v= ​ ​ u = 10m/s​ ​ t = 2s​ ​

​ c)​ a = 8m/s2 ​ ​ v = 20m/s​ ​ u=​ ​ ​ t = 5s​

​ d)​ a = 5m/s2 ​ ​ v = 20m/s​ ​ u = -20m/s​ ​ t=​

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Falling objects​ ​ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ur40O6nQHsw

Any object in a gravitational field will experience a downwards force called weight.

When falling (down) an object will accelerate while the forces are unbalanced.
As speed increases the drag will increase

Eventually a “terminal” velocity is reached where the forces are balanced.

Draw a graph below to show the motion of a skydiver. [With and without air resistance]

Calculate g

Acceleration of free fall g for an object near to the surface of the Earth is approximately constant and is
approximately ____ m/s2

Use the equipment to calculate the acceleration of free fall on Earth.

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Complete the table for Vectors

Scalars Vectors

force, distance, velocity, speed, time, mass,, acceleration energy, temperature,

weight, and gravitational field strength

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