MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

* MATTER: Anything which occupies space (volume) and has mass is known as matter.
e.g.: chair, table, air, human beings etc.

* Can we regard friendship, affection, happiness as matter? Give reason.

* No, friendship, affection, happiness cannot be regarded as matter because they do not
occupy space and also don't have mass.

(CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER)

As per Ancient Philosopher Concept matter can be classified as

* Air
* Water
* Earth
* Fire
* Sky
All the above five elements i.e., Air, Water, Earth, Fire, Sky are known as the "Panch Tatva".

⬇️ ⬇️
CLASSIFICATION ON MODERN CONCEPT
.

⬇️ ⬇️ ⬇️
Physical properties. Chemical properties
* Solid. . .
* Liquid. Element Compound Mixture
* Gas. *Metals *Acid. *Homogenous
*Non metal *Base *Heterogenous
*Metalloids *Salts

* CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER:
* Particles of matter are continuously moving.
* Particles of matter have space between them.
* Particles of matter are small in size.
* Particles of matter attract each other.

ACTIVITY-1
* AIM:To prove that particles of matter are small in size.

* APPARATUS:Req: 4-5 beakers, crystals of potassium permanganate.

* PROCEDURE:
* Take 2-3 crystals of potassium permanganate and dissolve them in 100 ml of water.
* Take out approx 10 ml of this solution and put it into 90 ml of pure water.
* Take out 10 ml of this solution and put it into another 90 ml of water.
 * Keep diluting the solution like this 5-8 times.

* OBSERVATION: We will observe that as we keep on diluting the liquid (water), the intensity of
purple / pink color decreases.

* CONCLUSION: So we can conclude that matter is made up of extremely small particles

whose small crystal can impart color to so many beakers.

ACTIVITY-2
* AIM:: To prove that particles of matter continuously moving.

* APPARATUS REQ: Beaker, crystal, potassium permanganate, water.

* PROCEDURE:
* Drop a crystal of potassium permanganate into a glass of water.
* Do not stir the solution.

* OBSERVATION: We will observe that the colour of water changes to pink.

* This happens because when we add potassium permanganate to the water, tiny crystals
break down into small particles and mix with moving particles of water. (hence the colour of
water changes to pink).
* CONCLUSION: This proves that particles of matter are continuously moving.

ACTIVITY-3
* AIM: To prove that particles of matter have spaces between them.
* MATERIAL REQ: Beaker, water, spoon, sugar
* PROCEDURE:
* Take a 100 ml beaker.
* Fill half of the beaker with water and mark the level of water.
* Dissolve some sugar with the help of a spoon.
* Again check the level of the water.
* OBSERVATION: We will observe that the level of water remains the same in the beaker after
adding sugar because when we add sugar it breaks into small particles of water. Therefore the
level of water remains the same.
* CONCLUSION: This proves that particles of matter have spaces between them.

ACTIVITY-4
* AIM: To prove that particles of matter attract each other.
* MATERIAL REQ: Iron nail, chalk, hammer
* PROCEDURE:
* Take iron nails & pieces of chalk.
* Now, apply a hammer on them.
 * OBSERVATION: We will observe that after hammering, iron nail bends but the piece of chalk
becomes powder. This happens because the force of attraction between the particles of iron nail
is much more than that between the particles of chalk.
* CONCLUSION: This proves that particles of matter attract each other.

DIFFUSION:
* The spreading out and mixing of a substance with another substance due to the motion of the
particle is known as diffusion.

Q.1: GIVE REASONS:

* When an incense stick is lighten in the corner of theroom.
* This happens because of diffusion. The gases particles comes out of incense stick mixes
with the moving particles of air and reach every part of the room.
* The smell of food being cooked in the kitchen reaches us from a considerable distance.
* This happens because of diffusion. The particles of hot food that is being cooked in the
kitchen mixes with the particles of air that reaches us. So, the smell of food being cooked in the
kitchen reaches us from a considerable distance.
* When a bottle of perfume is opened in a room we can smell it even from a considerable
distance.
* This happens because diffusion. The particles of perfume mixes with the particles of air. So,
when a bottle is opened in a room we can smell it even from a considerable distance.

Q2: Why diffusion occurs more quickly in gases than in liquids than in solids.
* This is because of kinetic energy of gases. More will be the kinetic energy more will be
diffusion.

Q3: When a crystal of copper sulphate is placed at the bottom of the beaker containing water
the water slowly turns blue. Why?
* This is because of diffusion. When we put a crystal of copper sulphate into the beaker of
water, it breaks into small pieces which mixes with moving particles of water and hence water
becomes blue.

STATES OF MATTER
*solid
*liquid
*Gas

1. SOLID:
(A) Solids have fixed shape.
* REASON: Because the particles of solids are closely packed and they have strong force of
attraction between them.
(B) Solids has a fixed volume.
* REASON: Because the particles of spaces are fixed.
(C) Solid has high density.
 * REASON: This is because its particles are closely packed.
(D) Solid cannot be compressed as much.
* REASON: This is because particles of solids are closely packed and there are hardly any
space between them.
(E) Solid doesn't fill its container completely.
* REASON: This is because particles of solids are held tightly by strong inter particle force of
attraction and cannot leave their position to fill the container.
(F) Solids doesn't flow.
* REASON: This is because particles of solids are held tightly by strong interparticle force of
attraction and cannot move. The particles to fill the container.

Q4. Why rubber band is considered as solid?

* Rubber band is considered as solid because it changes its shape when external force is
applied and when this force is removed it regain back its original shape.
Q5.Why do we call sponge a solid when we know it can be compressed easily?
* Sponge is considered to be solid because its compressibility is due to minute pores in it which
are filled with air. When we press the sponge, air is expelled from its holes making it highly
compressible.

2. LIQUIDS:
(A) Liquid does not have a fixed shape.
* REASON: This is because the position of particles are not fixed due to comparatively less
force of attraction between them.
(B) Liquids have a fixed volume.
* REASON: This is because at a given temperature the spaces between its particles are fixed.
(C) Liquids cannot be compressed much.
* REASON: This is because particles of liquid are still closed together and have very small
spaces between them.
(D) A liquid has comparatively high density.
* REASON: This is because its particles are close together.
(E) A liquid does not fill the container completely.
* REASON: This is because its particles are held strongly by interparticle forces and hence
cannot leave their position to fill the whole container.
(F) Liquids can flow easily.
* REASON: This is because its particles are able to slide over each other due to slightly weak
force of attraction between them.

3. GASES:
(A) A gas doesn't have a fixed shape.
* REASON: This is because position of its particles are not fixed.
(B) A gas doesn't have a fixed volume.
* REASON: This is because the spaces between the particles are not fixed.
(C) A gas can be compressed easily.
 * REASON: This is because its particles are far apart and there are large spaces between
them.
(D) A gas has a very low density.
* REASON: This is because its particles are far apart.
(E) A gas fills the container completely.
* REASON: This is because its high kinetic energy and negligible force of attraction between
the particles.
(F) Gas flow easily.
* REASON: This is because its particles are free to move anywhere.

* TEMPERATURE AND IT’S SI UNIT

* Degree of hotness and coldness is known as temperature. The SI unit of temperature is
kelvin (K). The other units of temperature is celsius (C) and temperature on kelvin scale = Temp.
on C scale + 273
* K = 273 + C (approx)
Q1: Convert the temperature of 23°C on kelvin scale.
* K = 273 + C
* K = 273 + 23
* K = 296K
Q2: Convert the temperature of 300K to celsius scale.
* K = 273 + C
* 300 = 273 + C
* C = 300 - 273
* C = 27°C
Q3: What is the boiling point of water in kelvin scale.
* Boiling point of water on celsius scale = 100°C
* K = 273 + C
* K = 273 + 100
* K = 373K

* CHANGE OF STATE OF MATTER:

* The state of matter can be changed in 2 ways:
* By changing temperature.
* By applying pressure.

* CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE:
* MELTING: The process in which a solid changes into liquid on heating.
* MELTING POINT: The temperature at which a solid substance melts and changes into liquid
at atmospheric pressure is called melting point.
* Eg: The melting point of ice is 0°C.

* VAPORIZATION: The process by which a liquid changes into gas on heating.

* BOILING POINT: The temperature at which a liquid boils and changes into gas at
atmospheric pressure is called boiling point.
* Eg: Boiling point of water is 100°C.

* CONDENSATION: The process in which gas changes into liquid on cooling is called
condensation.

* FREEZING: The process in which liquid changes into solid on cooling is freezing.
* Eg: water freezes on the freezing point of water is 0°C.

* LATENT HEAT
* Hidden heat: The heat energy which has to be supplied to change the state of substance is
called latent heat.
* Latent heat which we supply is used in overcoming or breaking the force of attraction
between the particles of that state.

⬇️ ⬇️
TYPES OF LATENT HEAT
.
* OF FUSION. * OF VAPORIZATION

Latent heat of fusion:

* It is the quality of heat required to convert 1 kg of solid to liquid without any change in temp.
is called latent heat of fusion.
* Eg: latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 X 10^5 joules/kg.
Latent heat of vaporization
* Heat required to convert 1 kg of liquid to gas without any change in temp. is called latent heat
of vaporization.
* Eg: latent heat of vaporization = 22.5 X10^5 joules/kg.

Q1: Why does the temperature remain the same during the change of state?
* This happens because the heat supplied is used in changing the state of the substance by
overcoming the force of attraction between its particles.

Q2: Which is more effective on cooling?

1. Ice at 0°C or
2. Water at 0°C
* Ice at 0°C is more effective because when we place ice on our hand or any other substance
ice will take latent heat of fusion from that substance and changes its state to water hence
causing more cooling.

Q3: Which causes more severe burns?

1. Water at 100°C or
2. Steam at 100°C
 * Steam at 100°C causes more severe burns because steam will give heat to the substance
and changes itself into liquid causing more severe burns. This involves latent heat of
vaporization.

Q4: Why our hand feel cool when we put a drop of acetone or perfume on it?
* When we put acetone or perfume on our hand both of them will take latent heat vaporization
from our hand and vaporise into gas. Hence we feel cool.

SUBLIMATION
* The changing of solid directly into vapour on heating and of vapours into solid on cooling is
known as sublimation.
* Example of substance which show sublimation
* Camphor
* Iodine
* Anthracene
* Naphthalene Balls

Q13.Why Naphthalene balls kept in a stored clothes in our homes disappear after some time?
* Naphthalene balls undergo sublimation in which they form vapours which slowly disappear
into air.

* CHANGE IN PRESSURE:
Q14.How can we liquefy a gas? or how ammonium gas can be liquefied?
* We can liquefy gas by applying pressure and lowering the temperature.

* EVAPORATION: The process of a changing into vapours even below its boiling point is called
evaporation.

FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION:

* Temperature: More will be temperature more will be evaporation. Another way to say this is
that an increase in temperature will lead to increased evaporation.
* Surface area: More will be the surface area more will be evaporation. This is why clothes dry
faster when spread out.
* Wind speed: More will be the wind speed, more will be the evaporation.
* Humidity: The presence of water vapour in air is called humidity. More will be the humidity
less will be the evaporation.

Q15.Why water is usually kept in earthen pot in summers?

* The earthen pot has a large number of small pores in its walls through which water
continuously evaporates taking heat of evaporation from earthen pot and water inside. This
makes the water cool.

Q16.Why people living in villages usually sprinkle water on the ground in front of their home
during summers?
 * They do so because the water evaporates by taking a large amount of latent heat of
vaporization on cooling and surrounding air. By using heat, the place becomes cool and
comfortable.
Q17.Sweating keeps us cool. How?
* When we sweat, this sweat evaporates by taking latent heat of vaporisation from our body.
This keeps our body cool.
Q18. What types of clothes do we prefer in summers?
* We prefer cotton clothes in summer as cotton is a good absorber of sweat and it to the air. Air
for evaporation. This makes our body feel cool.

Q19.Why a desert cooler cools better on hot and dry day?

* On a hot and dry day, temperature is very high which increases the rate of evaporation. So,
the desert cooler cools better.

Q20.Why we able to sip hot tea faster from a saucer than from a cup?
* Saucer has a large surface area due to which evaporation of a hot tea is faster which further
cools hot tea making it convenient to drink.

Q21. Why do we see water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing ice-cold water?
* Take a crushed ice into a steel tumbler and clean its outer surface to dry. Now, allow it to
stand. We will observe that a few drops of water appears on the outer surface of tumbler.
* This happens because air around the steel tumbler contains water vapour. When these water
vapours comes in contact with cold surface of tumbler, they condense to form tiny droplets of
water.

CH-1
QUESTIONS / ANSWERS:
Q1: Convert the foll to celsius scale:
(a) 293 K
* 293 - 273 = 20°C
(b) 470 K
* 470 - 273 = 197°C

Q2: Convert the foll to Kelvin scale:

(a) 25°C
* 25 + 273 = 298 K
(b) 373°C
* 373 + 273 = 646 K

Q3: Give reasons:

a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
* Naphthalene balls undergo sublimation. Therefore it changes into vapours completely
disappear into the air and no solid is left.
b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several meters away.
* The smell of perfume reaches us due to diffusion of perfume vapours into air. When the bottle
of perfume is opened, then the liquid perfume quickly changes into vapour and those vapours
move very rapidly and mix with the air particles and hence spread.

Q4.Arrange the following substances in increasing order of force of attraction between the
particles.
Water, sugar, oxygen
* Oxygen, water, sugar

Q5. What is the physical state of water at:

a) 25°C
* Liquid
b) 0°C
* Solid & Gas
c) 100°C
* Gas / Liquid

Q6: Give two reasons to justify:

a) Water at room temperature is a solid.
* Because the boiling point of water is more than room temperature and melting point is less
than room temperature. It has fixed volume but no definite shape.
b) An iron almirah is solid at room temperature.
* Because it has a fixed volume and definite shape. It is a rigid and cannot be compressed
easily.

Q7.Why is ice at 273K more effective in cooling than water at same temperature?
* Ice at 273K will take latent heat from the medium to convert itself into water so cooling takes
place when heat is removed from a system.

Q8.What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?

* Steam because steam has more heat energy stored in it than boiling water at the same
temperature due to latent heat of vaporization.
Q9. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in following diagram:
Discussed in class
Do it yourself.