BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R

Module No: 05
Interfacing 8051 to LCD
LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs for the following reasons:
 The declining prices of LCD
 The ability to display numbers, characters, and graphics
 Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task
of refreshing the LCD
 Ease of programming for characters and graphics
Interfacing LCD with 8051
The LCD requires 3 control lines (RS, R/W & EN) & 8 (or 4) data lines. The number on data
lines depends on the mode of operation. If operated in 8-bit mode then 8 data lines + 3 control
lines i.e. total 11 lines are required. And if operated in 4-bit mode then 4 data lines + 3 control
lines i.e. 7 lines are required.

Figure: Interfacing 8051 with LCD

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R

Pin Description:

LCD timing diagram for reading and writing is as shown in figure

Figure : LCD timing for read

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R

Figure : LCD timing for write

Sending Data/ Commands to LCDs with Time Delay:
To send any of the commands to the LCD, make pin RS=0. For data, make RS=1. Then send a
high-to-low pulse to the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD. This is shown in the code
below. The interfacing diagram of LCD to 8051 is as shown in the figure .

Example 11: Write an ALP to initialize the LCD and display message “YES”. Say the command
to be given is :38H (2 lines ,5x7 matrix), 0EH (LCD on, cursor on), 01H (clear LCD), 06H (shift
cursor right), 86H (cursor: line 1, pos. 6)
Program: Calls a time delay before sending next data/command ;P1.0-P1.7 are connected to LCD
data pins D0-D7 ;P2.0 is connected to RS pin of LCD ;P2.1 is connected to R/W pin of LCD
;P2.2 is connected to E pin of LCD
ORG 0H
MOV A,#38H ;INIT. LCD 2 LINES, 5X7 MATRIX
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
MOV A,#0EH ;display on, cursor on
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
MOV A,#01 ;clear LCD
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
MOV A,#06H ;shift cursor right
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
MOV A,#86H ;cursor at line 1, pos. 6
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
MOV A,#‟Y‟ ;display letter Y

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 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R
ACALL DATAWRT ;call display subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
MOV A,#‟E‟ ;display letter E
ACALL DATAWRT ;call display subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
MOV A,#‟S‟ ;display letter S
ACALL DATAWRT ;call display subroutine
AGAIN: SJMP AGAIN ;stay here
COMNWRT: ;send command to LCD
MOV P1,A ;copy reg A to port 1
CLR P2.0 ;RS=0 for command
CLR P2.1 ;R/W=0 for write
SETB P2.2 ;E=1 for high pulse
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
CLR P2.2 ;E=0 for H-to-L pulse
RET
DATAWRT: ;write data to LCD
MOV P1,A ;copy reg A to port 1
SETB P2.0 ;RS=1 for data
CLR P2.1 ;R/W=0 for write
SETB P2.2 ;E=1 for high pulse
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
CLR P2.2 ;E=0 for H-to-L pulse
RET

DELAY:
MOV R3,#50 ;50 or higher for fast CPUs
HERE2: MOV R4,#255 ;R4 = 255
HERE: DJNZ R4,HERE ;stay until R4 becomes 0
DJNZ R3,HERE2
RET
END
Example 12: Modify example 11, to check for the busy flag (D7=>P1.7), then send the command
and hence display message “NO”.
;Check busy flag before sending data, command to LCD;p1=data pin ;P2.0 connected to RS pin
;P2.1 connected to R/W pin ;P2.2 connected to E pin
ORG 0H
MOV A,#38H ;init. LCD 2 lines ,5x7 matrix
ACALL COMMAND ;issue command
MOV A,#0EH ;LCD on, cursor on
ACALL COMMAND ;issue command
MOV A,#01H ;clear LCD command
ACALL COMMAND ;issue command
MOV A,#06H ;shift cursor right

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R
ACALL COMMAND issue command
MOV A,#86H ;cursor: line 1, pos. 6
ACALL COMMAND ;command subroutine
MOV A,#‟N‟ ;display letter N
ACALL DATA_DISPLAY
MOV A,#‟O‟ ;display letter O
ACALL DATA_DISPLAY
HERE:SJMP HERE ;STAY HERE
COMMAND:
ACALL READY ;is LCD ready?
MOV P1,A ;issue command code
CLR P2.0 ;RS=0 for command
CLR P2.1 ;R/W=0 to write to LCD
SETB P2.2 ;E=1 for H-to-L pulse
CLR P2.2 ;E=0,latch in
RET
DATA_DISPLAY:
ACALL READY ;is LCD ready?
MOV P1,A ;issue data
SETB P2.0 ;RS=1 for data
CLR P2.1 ;R/W =0 to write to LCD
SETB P2.2 ;E=1 for H-to-L pulse
CLR P2.2 ;E=0,latch in
RET
READY:
SETB P1.7 ;make P1.7 input port
CLR P2.0 ;RS=0 access command reg
SETB P2.1 ;R/W=1 read command reg ;
BACK:SETB P2.2 ;E=1 for H-to-L pulse
CLR P2.2 ;E=0 H-to-L pulse
JB P1.7,BACK ;stay until busy flag=0
RET
END
Sending Data/ Commands to LCDs checking the Busy Flag
Example 13: Write an 8051 C program to send letters „P‟, „I‟, and „C‟ to the LCD using the busy
flag method.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sfr ldata = 0x90; //P1=LCD data pins
sbit rs = P2^0;
sbit rw = P2^1;
sbit en = P2^2;
sbit busy = P1^7;

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R
void main()
{
lcdcmd(0x38);
lcdcmd(0x0E);
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x06);
lcdcmd(0x86); //line 1, position 6
lcddata(„P‟);
lcddata(„I‟);
lcddata(„C‟);
}
void lcdcmd(unsigned char value){
lcdready(); //check the LCD busy flag
ldata = value; //put the value on the pins
rs = 0;
rw = 0;
en = 1; //strobe the enable pin
MSDelay(1);
en = 0;
return;
}
void lcddata(unsigned char value){
lcdready(); //check the LCD busy flag
ldata = value; //put the value on the pins
rs = 1;
rw = 0;
en = 1; //strobe the enable pin
MSDelay(1);
en = 0;
return;
}
void lcdready(){
busy = 1; //make the busy pin at input
rs = 0;
rw = 1;
while(busy==1){ //wait here for busy flag
en = 0; //strobe the enable pin
MSDelay(1);
en = 1;
}}
void Msdelay(unsigned int itime){
unsigned int i, j;
for(i=0;i<itime;i++)
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);}

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R
Keyboard Interfacing:
Keyboards are organized in a matrix of rows and columns. The CPU accesses both rows and
columns through ports. Therefore, with two 8-bit ports, an 8 x 8 matrix of keys can be connected
to a microprocessor. When a key is pressed, a row and a column make a contact. Otherwise,
there is no connection between rows and columns. A 4x4 matrix connected to two ports. The
rows are connected to an output port and the columns are connected to an input port.
Scanning and Identifying the Key:

Figure : A 4X4 matrix keyboard

It is the function of the microcontroller to scan the keyboard continuously to detect and identify
the key pressed
 To detect a pressed key, the microcontroller grounds all rows by providing 0 to the output
latch, then it reads the columns
 If the data read from columns is D3 – D0 =1111, no key has been pressed and the process
continues till key press is detected
 If one of the column bits has a zero, this means that a key press has occurred For example, if
D3 – D0 = 1101, this means that a key in the D1 column has been pressed After detecting a key
press, microcontroller will go through the process of identifying the key
 Starting with the top row, the microcontroller grounds it by providing a low to row D0 only.
It reads the columns, if the data read is all 1s, no key in that row is activated and the process is
moved to the next row
 It grounds the next row, reads the columns, and checks for any zero. This process continues
until the row is identified.
 After identification of the row in which the key has been pressed. Find out which column the
pressed key belongs to.

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R
Algorithm for detection and identification of key activation goes through the following
stages:
1. To make sure that the preceding key has been released, 0s are output to all rows at once, and
the columns are read and checked repeatedly until all the columns are high
 When all columns are found to be high, the program waits for a short amount of time before
it goes to the next stage of waiting for a key to be pressed
2. To see if any key is pressed, the columns are scanned over and over in an infinite loop until
one of them has a 0 on it
 Remember that the output latches connected to rows still have their initial zeros (provided in
stage 1), making them grounded
 After the key press detection, it waits 20 ms for the bounce and then scans the columns again
(a) It ensures that the first key press detection was not an erroneous one due a spike noise
(b) The key press. If after the 20-ms delay the key is still pressed, it goes back into the
loop to detect a real key press
3. To detect which row key press belongs to, it grounds one row at a time, reading the columns
each time
 If it finds that all columns are high, this means that the key press cannot belong to that row.
Therefore, it grounds the next row and continues until it finds the row the key press belongs to
 Upon finding the row that the key press belongs to, it sets up the starting address for the
look-up table holding the scan codes (or ASCII) for that row
4. To identify the key press, it rotates the column bits, one bit at a time, into the carry flag and
checks to see if it is low
 Upon finding the zero, it pulls out the ASCII code for that key from the look-up table
 otherwise, it increments the pointer to point to the next element of the look-up table
The flowchart for the above algorithm is as shown below:

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R

Note: The assembly as well as the C program can be written in accordance to the algorithm of
the flowchart shown.
Interfacing 8051 to parallel and Serial ADC
Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) interfacing

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R
ADCs (analog-to-digital converters) are among the most widely used devices for data
acquisition. A physical quantity, like temperature, pressure, humidity, and velocity, etc., is
converted to electrical (voltage, current) signals using a device called a transducer, or sensor
We need an analog-to-digital converter to translate the analog signals to digital numbers, so
microcontroller can read them.
ADC804 chip:
ADC804 IC is an analog-to-digital converter. It works with +5 volts and has a resolution of 8
bits. Conversion time is another major factor in judging an ADC. Conversion time is defined as
the time it takes the ADC to convert the analog input to a digital (binary) number. In ADC804
conversion time varies depending on the clocking signals applied to CLK R and CLK IN pins,
but it cannot be faster than 110μs.

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R
Pin Description of ADC804:

Figure: Pin out of ADC0804

 CLK IN and CLK R: CLK IN is an input pin connected to an external clock source. To use
the internal clock generator (also called self-clocking), CLK IN and CLK R pins are
connected to a capacitor and a resistor and the clock frequency is determined by:

Typical values are R = 10K ohms and C =150pF. We get f = 606 kHz and the conversion
time is 110μs.

 Vref/2 : It is used for the reference voltage. If this pin is open (not connected), the
analog input voltage is in the range of 0 to 5 volts (the same as the Vcc pin). If the analog
input range needs to be 0 to 4 volts, Vref/2 is connected to 2 volts. Step size is the
smallest change can be discerned by an ADC Vref/2 Relation to Vin Range

D0-D7: The digital data output pins. These are tri-state buffered. The converted data is accessed
only when CS =0 and RD is forced low. To calculate the output voltage, use the following
formula

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R

Dout = digital data output (in decimal),

Vin = analog voltage, and
step size (resolution) is the smallest change
Analog ground and digital ground: Analog ground is connected to the ground of the analog
Vin and digital ground is connected to the ground of the Vcc pin. To isolate the analog Vin
signal from transient voltages caused by digital switching of the output D0 – D7. This
contributes to the accuracy of the digital data output.
Vin(+) & Vin(-): Differential analog inputs where Vin = Vin (+) – Vin (-). Vin (-) is connected
to ground and Vin (+) is used as the analog input to be converted.
RD: Is “output enable” a high-to-low RD pulse is used to get the 8-bit converted data out of
ADC804.
INTR: It is “end of conversion” When the conversion is finished, it goes low to signal the CPU
that the converted data is ready to be picked up.
WR: It is “start conversion” When WR makes a low-to-high transition, ADC804 starts
converting the analog input value of Vin to an 8- bit digital number.
CS: It is an active low input used to activate ADC804.
The following steps must be followed for data conversion by the ADC804 chip:
 Make CS= 0 and send a L-to-H pulse to pin WR to start conversion.
 Monitor the INTR pin, if high keep polling but if low, conversion is complete, go to next
step.
 Make CS= 0 and send a H-to-L pulse to pin RD to get the data out
Figure shows the read and write timing for ADC804. Figure 9 and 10 shows the self clocking
with the RC component for frequency and the external frequency connected to XTAL2 of 8051.

Figure : Read and Write timing for ADC0804

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R

Figure : 8051 Connection to ADC0804 with Self-clocking

Figure : 8051 Connection to ADC0804 with Clock from XTAL2 of 8051

Now let us see how we write assembly as well as C program for the interfacing diagram shown
in figure .
Programming ADC0804 in assembly
MYDATA EQU P1
MOV P1, #0FFH
SETB P2.7
BACK: CLR P2.6
SETB P2.6
HERE: JB P2.7, HERE
CLR P2.5
MOV A, MYDATA
SETB P2.5
SJMP BACK

Programming ADC0804 in C
#include<reg51.h>

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R
Sbit RD=P2^5;
Sbit WR=P2^6;
Sbit INTR=P2^7;
Sfr Mydata=P1;
Void main ( )
{
Unsigned char value;
Mydata =0xFF;
INTR=1;
RD=1;
WR=1;
While (1)
{
WR=0;
WR=1;
While (INTR == 1);
RD=0;
Value =Mydata;
RD=1;
}
}

ADC0808/0809 chip:
ADC808 has 8 analog inputs. It allows us to monitor up to 8 different transducers using only
single chip. The chip has 8-bit data output just like the ADC804. The 8 analog input channels are
multiplexed and selected according to the values given to the three address pins, A, B, and C.
that is; if CBA=000, CH0 is selected; CBA=011, CH3 is selected and so on. The pin details of
ADC0808 are as shown in the figure below. (Explanation can be done as is with ADC0804).

Figure : Pin out of ADC0808

Steps to Program ADC0808/0809
1. Select an analog channel by providing bits to A, B, and C addresses.
2. Activate the ALE pin. It needs an L-to-H pulse to latch in the address.
3. Activate SC (start conversion) by an H-to-L pulse to initiate conversion.
4. Monitor EOC (end of conversion) to see whether conversion is finished.

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R
5. Activate OE (output enable) to read data out of the ADC chip. An H-to-L pulse to the OE pin
will bring digital data out of the chip.
Let us write an assembly and C program for the interfacing of 8051 to ADC0808
Programming ADC0808/0809 in assembly
MYDATA EQU P1
ORG 0000H
MOV MYDATA, #0FFH
SETB P2.7
CLR P2.4
CLR P2.6
CLR P2.5
BACK: CLR P2.0
CLR P2.1
SETB P2.2
ACALL DELAY
SETB P2.4
ACALL DELAY
SETB P2.6
ACALL DELAY
CLR P2.4
CLR P2.6
HERE: JB P2.7, HERE
HERE1: JNB P2.7, HERE1
SETB P2.5
ACALL DELAY
MOV A, MYDATA
CLR P2.5
SJMP BACK
Interfacing 8051 to DAC
Digital-to-Analog (DAC) converter:
The DAC is a device widely used to convert digital pulses to analog signals. In this section we
will discuss the basics of interfacing a DAC to 8051.
The two method of creating a DAC is binary weighted and R/2R ladder.
The Binary Weighted DAC, which contains one resistor or current source for each bit of the
DAC connected to a summing point. These precise voltages or currents sum to the correct output
value. This is one of the fastest conversion methods but suffers from poor accuracy because of
the high precision required for each individual voltage or current. Such high-precision resistors
and current-sources are expensive, so this type of converter is usually limited to 8-bit resolution
or less.
The R-2R ladder DAC, which is a binary weighted DAC that uses a repeating cascaded structure
of resistor values R and 2R. This improves the precision due to the relative ease of producing

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R
equal valued matched resistors (or current sources). However, wide converters perform slowly
due to increasingly large RC-constants for each added R-2R link.
The first criterion for judging a DAC is its resolution, which is a function of the number of
binary inputs. The common ones are 8, 10, and 12 bits. The number of data bit inputs decides the
resolution of the DAC since the number of analog output levels is equal to 2 n, where n is the
number of data bit inputs.
DAC0808:
The digital inputs are converter to current Iout, and by connecting a resistor to the Iout pin, we can
convert the result to voltage. The total current Iout is a function of the binary numbers at the D0-
D7 inputs of the DAC0808 and the reference current Iref , and is as follows:

Usually reference current is 2mA. Ideally we connect the output pin to a resistor, convert this
current to voltage, and monitor the output on the scope. But this can cause inaccuracy; hence an
opamp is used to convert the output current to voltage. The 8051 connection to DAC0808 is as
shown in the figure below.

Figure : 8051 connection to DAC0808

Example 9: Write an ALP to generate a triangular waveform.
Program:
MOV A, #00H
INCR: MOV P1, A
INC A
CJNE A, #255, INCR
DECR:MOV P1, A
DEC A
CJNE A, #00, DECR
SJMP INCR
END
Example 10: Write an ALP to generate a sine waveform.
Vout = 5V(1+sinθ)

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R
Solution: Calculate the decimal values for every 10 degree of the sine wave. These values can be
maintained in a table and simply the values can be sent to port P1. The sinewave can be observed
on the CRO.
Program:
ORG 0000H
AGAIN:MOV DPTR, #SINETABLE
MOV R3, #COUNT
UP:CLR A
MOVC A, @A+DPTR
MOV P1, A
INC DPTR
DJNZ R3, UP
SJMP AGAIN
ORG 0300H
SINETABLE DB 128, 192, 238, 255, 238, 192, 128, 64, 17, 0, 17, 64, 128
END
Note: to get a better wave regenerate the values of the table per 2 degree.

Sensor interfacing and signal conditioning

The sensors of the LM34/LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors whose
output voltage is linearly proportional to the Fahrenheit/Celsius temperature. The LM34/LM35
requires no external calibration since it is inherently calibrated. It outputs 10 mV for each degree
of Fahrenheit/Celsius temperature.
Temperature sensors
Transducers convert physical data such as temperature, light intensity, flow, and speed to
electrical signals. Depending on the transducer, the output produced is in the form of voltage,
current, resistance, or capacitance. For example, temperature is converted to electrical signals
using a transducer called a thermistor. A thermistor responds to temperature change by changing
resistance, but its response is not linear.
LM34 and LM35 temperature sensors
The sensors of the LM34 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors whose output
voltage is linearly proportional to the Fahrenheit temperature. See Table 13-9. The LM34
requires no external calibration since it is internally calibrated. It outputs 10 mV for each degree
of Fahrenheit temperature. Table 13-9 is a selection guide for the LM34.

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R
The LM35 series sensors are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors whose output
voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (centigrade) temperature. The LM35 requires no
external calibration since it is internally calibrated. It outputs 10 mV for each degree of
centigrade temperature.
Signal Conditioning
Signal conditioning is widely used in the world of data acquisition. The most common
transducers produce an output in the form of voltage, current, charge, capacitance, and
resistance. However, we need to convert these signals to voltage in order to send input to an A-
to-D converter. This conversion (modification) is commonly called signal conditioning. Signal
conditioning can be a current-to-voltage conversion or a signal amplification. For example, the
thermistor changes resistance with temperature. The change of resistance must be translated into
voltages in order to be of any use to an ADC. Look at the case of connecting an LM35 to an
ADC0848. Since the ADC0848 has 8-bit resolution with a maximum of 256 (2 8) steps and the
LM35 (or LM34) produces 10 mV for every degree of temperature change, we can condition V in
of the ADC0848 to produce a Vout of 2560 mV (2.56 V) for full-scale output. Therefore, in order
to produce the full-scale Vout of 2.56 V for the ADC0848, we need to set Vref = 2.56. This makes
Vout of the ADC0848 correspond directly to the temperature as monitored by the LM35.
Figure 13-21 shows the connection of a temperature sensor to the ADC0848.

Figure. 8051 Connection to ADC0848 and Temperature Sensor

Stepper Motor Interfacing

Stepper motor is a widely used device that translates electrical pulses into mechanical movement.
Stepper motor is used in applications such as; disk drives, dot matrix printer, robotics etc,. The
construction of the motor is as shown in figure 1 below.

Dept. of E&EE
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560 004.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R

Figure: Structure of stepper motor

It has a permanent magnet rotor called the shaft which is surrounded by a stator. Commonly used
stepper motors have four stator windings that are paired with a center – tapped common. Such
motors are called as four-phase or unipolar stepper motor.
The stator is a magnet over which the electric coil is wound. One end of the coil are connected
commonly either to ground or +5V. The other end is provided with a fixed sequence such that
the motor rotates in a particular direction. Stepper motor shaft moves in a fixed repeatable
increment, which allows one to move it to a precise position. Direction of the rotation is dictated
by the stator poles. Stator poles are determined by the current sent through the wire coils.
Step angle:
Step angle is defined as the minimum degree of rotation with a single step.
No of steps per revolution = 360° / step angle
Steps per second = (rpm x steps per revolution) / 60
Example: step angle = 2°
No of steps per revolution = 180
Switching Sequence of Motor:
As discussed earlier the coils need to be energized for the rotation. This can be done by sending a
bits sequence to one end of the coil while the other end is commonly connected. The bit
sequence sent can make either one phase ON or two phase ON for a full step sequence or it can
be a combination of one and two phase ON for half step sequence. Both are tabulated below.
Full Step:
Two Phase ON

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
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One Phase ON

Half Step (8 – sequence):

The sequence is tabulated as below:

8051 Connection to Stepper Motor: (explanation of the diagram can be done)

Figure : 8051 interface to stepper motor

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
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Example 1: Write an ALP to rotate the stepper motor clockwise / anticlockwise continuously
with full step sequence.
Program:
MOV A,#66H
BACK: MOV P1,A
RR A
ACALL DELAY
SJMP BACK
DELAY: MOV R1,#100
UP1: MOV R2,#50
UP: DJNZ R2,UP
DJNZ R1,UP1
RET
Note: motor to rotate in anticlockwise use instruction RL A instead of RR A
Example 2: A switch is connected to pin P2.7. Write an ALP to monitor the status of the SW. If
SW = 0, motor moves clockwise and if SW = 1, motor moves anticlockwise.
Program:
ORG 0000H
SETB P2.7
MOV A, #66H
MOV P1,A
TURN: JNB P2.7, CW
RL A
ACALL DELAY
MOV P1,A
SJMP TURN
CW: RR A
ACALL DELAY
MOV P1,A
SJMP TURN
DELAY: as previous example
Example 4: Rotate the stepper motor continuously clockwise using half-step 8-step sequence.
Say the sequence is in ROM locations.
Program:
ORG 0000H
START: MOV R0, #08
MOV DPTR, #HALFSTEP
RPT: CLR A
MOVC A, @A+DPTR
MOV P1, A
ACALL DELAY
INC DPTR
DJNZ R0, RPT
SJMP START

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Microcontroller [ BEE403]
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ORG 0200H
HALFSTEP DB 09, 08, 0CH, 04, 06, 02, 03, 01
END
Programming Stepper Motor with 8051 C
The following examples 5 and 6 will show the programming of stepper motor using 8051 C.
Example 5: Problem definition is same as example 1.
Program:
#include <reg51.h>
void main ()
{
while (1)
{
P1=0x66;
MSDELAY (200);
P1=0x33;
MSDELAY (200);
P1=0x99;
MSDELAY (200);
P1=0xCC;
MSDELAY (200);
}
}
void MSDELAY (unsigned char value)
{
unsigned int x,y;
for(x=0;x<1275;x++)
for(y=0;y<value;y++);
}

Example 6: Problem definition is same as example 2.

Program:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit SW=P2^7;
void main ()
{
SW=1;
while (1)
{
if(SW==0){
P1=0x66;
MSDELAY (100);
P1=0x33;
MSDELAY (100);

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
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P1=0x99;
MSDELAY (100);
P1=0xCC;
MSDELAY (100);
}
else {
P1=0x66;
MSDELAY (100);
P1=0xCC;
MSDELAY (100);
P1=0x99;
MSDELAY (100);
P1=0x33;
MSDELAY (100);
}
void MSDELAY (unsigned char value)
{
unsigned int x,y;
for(x=0;x<1275;x++)
for(y=0;y<value;y++);
}
DC Motor Interfacing with 8051:
The DC motor is another widely used device that translates electrical pulses into mechanical
movement. Motor has 2 leads +ve and – ve , connecting them to a DC voltage supply moves the
motor in one direction. On reversing the polarity rotates the motor in the reverse direction. Basic
difference between Stepper and DC motor is stepper motor moves in steps while DC motor
moves continuously. Another difference is with stepper motor the number of steps can be
counted while it is not possible in DC motor. Maximum speed of a DC motor is indicated in rpm.
The rpm is either with no load it is few thousands to tens of thousands or with load rpm
decreases with increase in load.
Voltage and current rating : Nominal voltage is the voltage for a motor under normal condition.
It ranges from 1V to 150V. As voltage increases, rpm goes up. Current rating is the current
consumption when the nominal voltage is applied with no load that is 25mA to a few amperes.
As load increases, rpm increases, unless voltage or current increases implies torque increases.
With fixed voltage, as load increases, power consumption of a DC motor is increased.
Unidirectional Control:
Figure 3 shows the rotation of the DC motor in clockwise and anticlockwise direction.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R

Figure 3: DC motor rotation

Bidirectional Control:

 Motor not running (b) Clockwise direction

(a) Counter clockwise direction (d) Invalid state (short circuit)

Figure : H-Bridge Motor Configuration
Figure shows the H-Bridge motor configuration. It consists of four switches and based on the
closing and opening of these switches the motor either rotates in clockwise or anti-clockwise
direction.
As seen in figure 4a, all the switches are open hence the motor is not running. In b, turning of the
motor is in one direction when the switches 1 and 4 are closed that is clockwise direction.
Similarly, in c the switches 2 and 3 are closed so the motor rotates in anticlockwise direction,
while in figure 4d all the switches are closed which indicates a invalid state or a short circuit.
The interfacing diagram of 8051 to bidirectional motor control can be referred to fig 17-18 from
text prescribed.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
Faculty : Lakshmi R
Example 6: A switch is connected to pin P2.7. Write an ALP to monitor the status of the SW. If
SW = 0, DC motor moves clockwise and if SW = 1, DC motor moves anticlockwise.
Program:
ORG 0000H
CLR P1.0
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
CLR P1.3
SETB P2.7
MONITOR: JNB P2.7, CLOCK
SETB P1.0
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
SETB P1.3
SJMP MONITOR
CLOCK: CLR P1.0
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
CLR P1.3
SJMP MONITOR
END

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
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Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
The speed of the motor depends on 3 parameters: load, voltage and current. For a given load, we
can maintain a steady speed by using PWM. By changing the width of the pulse applied to DC
motor, power provided can either be increased or decreased. Though voltage has fixed
amplitude, has a variable duty cycle. The wider the pulse, higher the speed obtained. One of the
reasons as to why dc motor are referred over ac is, the ability to control the speed of the DC
motor using PWM. The speed of the ac motor is dictated by the ac frequency of voltage applied
to the motor and is generally fixed. Hence, speed of the AC motors cannot be controlled when
load is increased.
Figure below shows the pulse width modulation comparison.

Figure : PWM comparison

Example 7 and 8 are the 8051 C version of the programs written earlier.
Example 7: A switch is connected to pin P2.7. Write a C to monitor the status of the SW. If SW
= 0, DC motor moves clockwise and if SW = 1, DC motor moves anticlockwise.
Program:
# include <reg51.h>
sbit SW =P2^7;
sbit Enable = P1^0;
sbit MTR_1 = P1^1;
sbit MTR_2 = P1^2;
void main ( )
{
SW=1;
Enable = 0;
MTR_1=0;
MTR_2=0;
while( )
{
Enable =1;
if( SW==1)
{ MTR_1=1;
MTR_2=0;
}
else
{ MTR_1=0;

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MTR_2=1;
}
}
}
Example 8: A switch is connected to pin P2.7. Write an C to monitor the status of the SW. If
SW = 0, DC motor moves 50% duty cycle pulse and if SW = 1, DC motor moves with 25% duty
cycle pulse.
Program:
# include <reg51.h>
sbit SW =P2^7;
sbit MTR = P1^0;
void main ( )
{
SW=1;
MTR=0;
while( )
{ if( SW==1)
{ MTR=1;
Msdelay(25);
MTR=0;
Msdelay(75);
}
else
{ MTR=1;
Msdelay(50);
MTR=0;
Msdelay(50);
}
}
}
8051 interfacing with the 8255
The Intel 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI) chip, developed and manufactured by
Intel in the first half of the 1970s for the Intel 8080 microprocessor. The 8255 provides 24
parallel input/output lines with a variety of programmable operating modes. The 8255 gives a
CPU or digital system access to programmable parallel I/O. The 8255 has 24 input/output pins.
These are divided into three 8-bit ports (A, B, C). Port A and port B can be used as 8-bit
input/output ports. Port C can be used as an 8-bit input/output port or as two 4-bit input/output
ports or to produce handshake signals for ports A and B.
The three ports are further grouped as follows:
1. Group A consisting of port A and upper part of port C.
2. Group B consisting of port B and lower part of port C.
Eight data lines (D0–D7) are available (with an 8-bit data buffer) to read/write data into the ports
or control register under the status of the RD (pin 5) and WR (pin 36), which are active-low

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Microcontroller [ BEE403]
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signals for read and write operations respectively. Address lines A 1 and A0 allow to access a data
register for each port or a control register.

Figure: Pin diagram of 8255

Figure: Block diagram of 8255

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PA0 - PA7 (8-bit port A): Can be programmed as all input or output, or all bits as bidirectional
input/output.
PB0 - PB7 (8-bit port B): Can be programmed as all input or output, but cannot be used as a
bidirectional port.
PC0 – PC7 (8-bit port C): Can be all input or output, can also be split into two parts.
CU (upper bits PC4 - PC7), CL (lower bits PC0 – PC3) each can be used for input or output
Any of bits PC0 to PC7 can be programmed individually.
RD and WR: These two active-low control signals are inputs to the 8255. The RD and WR
signals from the 8031/51 are connected to these inputs.
D0 – D7: are connected to the data pins of the microcontroller allowing it to send data back and
forth between the controller and the 8255 chip.
RESET: An active-high signal input. Used to clear the control register. When RESET is
activated, all ports are initialized as input ports.
A0, A1, and CS (chip select): CS is active-low. While CS selects the entire chip, it is A0 and A1
that select specific ports. These 3 pins are used to access port A, B, C or the control register.

While ports A, B and C are used to input or output data, the control register must be
programmed to select operation mode of three ports. The ports of the 8255 can be programmed
in any of the following modes:
1. Mode 0, simple I/O: Any of the ports A, B, CL, and CU can be programmed as input out
output. All bits are out or all are in. There is no signal-bit control as in P0-P3 of 8051
2. Mode 1: Port A and B can be used as input or output ports with handshaking capabilities.
Handshaking signals are provided by the bits of port C.
3. Mode 2: Port A can be used as a bidirectional I/O port with handshaking capabilities provided
by port C. Port B can be used either in mode 0 or mode 1.
4. BSR (bit set/reset) mode
Only the individual bits of port C can be Programmed.

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Microcontroller [ BEE403]
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The more commonly used term is I/O.

Mode 0: Intel calls it the basic input/output mode. In this mode, any ports of A, B, or C can be
programmed as input or output . A given port cannot be both input and output at the same time
The 8255 chip is programmed in any of the 4 modes mentioned earlier by sending a byte (Intel
calls it a control word) to the control register of 8255. We must first find the port address
assigned to each of ports A, B ,C and the control register called mapping the I/O port.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGGINERING
Microcontroller [ BEE403]
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Example
Find the control word of the 8255 for the following configurations:
(a) All the ports of A, B and C are output ports (mode 0)
(b) PA = in, PB = out, PCL = out, and PCH = out
Solution:
From Figure 15-3 we have:
(a) 1000 0000 = 80H (b)1001 0000 = 90H.
Example
For Figure shown below
(a) Find the I/O port addresses assigned to ports A, B, C, and the control register.
(b) Program the 8255 for ports A, B, and C to be output ports.
(c) Write a program to send 55H and AAH to all ports continuously.
Solution
(a) The base address for the 8255 is as follows:

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Microcontroller [ BEE403]
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(b) The control byte (word) for all ports as output is 80H.
(c)
MOV A,#80H ;control word;(ports output)
MOV DPTR,#4003H ;load control reg; port address
MOVX @DPTR, A ;issue control word
MOV A,#55H ;A = 55H
AGAIN: MOV DPTR,#4000H ;PA address
MOVX @DPTR,A ;toggle PA bits
INC DPTR ;PB address
MOVX @DPTR,A ;toggle PB bits
INC DPTR ;PC address
MOVX @DPTR,A ;toggle PC bits
CPL A ;toggle bit in reg A
ACALL DELAY ;wait
SJMP AGAIN ;continue.

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