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Geography Term 3 Notes

The document provides an overview of settlements, categorizing them into urban and rural types based on physical and social factors. It discusses various land uses, including residential, industrial, and green belts, as well as the patterns and types of rural settlements such as mining, forestry, and farming. Additionally, it touches on urbanization trends in South Africa, highlighting historical developments and migration patterns.

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4 views9 pages

Geography Term 3 Notes

The document provides an overview of settlements, categorizing them into urban and rural types based on physical and social factors. It discusses various land uses, including residential, industrial, and green belts, as well as the patterns and types of rural settlements such as mining, forestry, and farming. Additionally, it touches on urbanization trends in South Africa, highlighting historical developments and migration patterns.

Uploaded by

laikasheik20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geography Notes

Settlement: A place where a group of people live together and function


together as a group

Physical Factors
-Climate
-Water
-Soil
-Relief
-Natural Vegetation
-Resources

Social Factors
-Economy
-Political
-Technology
-Transport and communication
-Infrastructure

Two types of settlements


-Urban settlements
-Rural settlements

Examples of Rural settlements include:


-Hamlets
-Villages
-Isolated farmsteads

Examples of Urban settlements include:


-Towns
-Cities
-Metropolis
Settlements are
classified
according to SIZE
and FUNCTION

Urban Settlements
-Mostly tertiary activity (services and selling of products)
-Multifunctional:
Provides employment
Provides housing
Provides recreational and entertainment activities
Have different transport systems
Contains different essential and non-essential services
Religious services are found here

Land uses within an urban settlement


-Land use zone: an area where land is used for a specific purpose
-Land uses within a city can be seen on an urban profile
-Urban profile: a cross section (side view) through a city
The following can be seen on an urban profile:
-Buildings get older toward the CBD
-Buildings are taller toward the CBD
-Building density increases toward the CBD
-Less space toward the CBD
-Green belts occur in areas where development is restricted

CBD
-Middle of the city
-High buildings due to limited available space
-Land values are high and land is scarce
-Most accessible area
-Most busiest part of the city (a lot of people and vehicles)
-High volume of traffic
Industrial Zones:
1. Light industrial zone
-small to medium industries
-require good transport networks
-need quick access to the CBD
-little to no pollution
2. Heavy industrial zone
-far from CBD and high income residential area
-requires large space and is close to transport
-land has low value
-causes a lot of pollution

Residential Areas
-Areas where people live
-3 groups:
High income areas
Middle income areas
Low income areas

High income areas:


-far away from CBD and industrial zone
-big piece of land with beautiful view
-usually located in estates and security complex’s
-double story houses
-recreational facilities on the premises (tennis courts, swimming pools)

Middle income areas


-located near shopping areas and far from CBD
-ppl in this area can afford market related prices to buy or rent property
-good infrastructure and service delivery

Low income areas


-located near the CBD
-poor living conditions with a lot of crime
-sometimes no basic services are provided
-area is overcrowded
-buildings are poorly maintained
Transition Zone:
-around the old parts of the city
-different functions (residential, financial and retail)
-buildings are old
-high land value

Rural-Urban Fringe:
-mixed land use with both urban and rural functions
-urban functions like rubbish dumped, airports, cemeteries, golf courses
-land use starting to change from rural to urban as the city expands
-large properties because land here is often cheaper
-less developed ares
Plots and small holdings

Green Belt:
-no buildings in this area
-used for public gardens, parks and sports fields
-area has many trees and lawns
-helps to clean the air in urban areas
-calms traffic and reduces noise levels

Rural Settlement:
-small; mostly primary activities
(Fishing, farming, forestry and mining)
-uni-functional
-mostly old ppl and children
-middle aged ppl travel to or stay in a city for better job opportunities
-usually situated far from urban settlements
-basic services (electricity, water, housing, shops, schools, hospitals and
roads) are not always available

Rural Settlement Patterns:


-Pattern 1: Dispersed Pattern
Farmsteads are arranged far apart from one another
-Pattern 2: Nucleated Pattern
Farmsteads are arranged close to one another
Advantages of a Dispersed Pattern:
-More privacy
-Can make your own decisions
-All the profit is your own
-Better use of machinery and tools

Disadvantages of a Dispersed pattern:


-Not enough interaction with other people
-Not safe as it is far from other people
-Have to pay all the cost by yourself
-Difficult to share ideas when you have a problem

Advantages of a Nucleated Pattern:


-More interaction with people
-Safer as there is more people
-Can share ideas on how to solve a problem
-Can share the cost of tools and machinery
Y
Disadvantages of a Nucleated Pattern:
-Not enough privacy
-Many arguments as you have to agree with others
-Have to share profits
-Cannot use tools and machinery when you want
-Occurrence of soil erosion affects all farmers
-Must get consent of certain farming methods

Land Uses in a Rural Settlement:


(depends on the function and type of primary activity that occurs)
-Farm-produce storage structures
-Grazing land
-Mining activities
-Storage buildings and equipment sheds
-Cultivated land
-Water storage areas
-Fishing breading schemes
-Forestry
Types of Rural Settlements

Mining Settlements:
-These areas develop where there is minerals underground
-Mostly away from urban settlements
-Settlements develop around mines
-Settlements develop due to more people working at the mines
-Examples: Phalaborwa, Richards Bay, Rustenburg, Witbank etc.

Forestry Settlements:
-Mostly occur in KZN, Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape
-People that work in plantations formed a settlement to be close to work

Fishery Settlements:
-Primary activity because it is moved DIRECTLY from the ocean
-Fisheries can be subsistence or commercial
-Fish are canned and processed which creates jobs

Farming Settlements:
Most of the rural settlements in SA is due to farming
There are 2 types:
-Subsistence Farming
-Commercial Farming

Subsistence Farming
-Small scale farming
-Produce products to maintain farmer’s family
-No/little surplus available for sake or trade
-Traditional farming methods (plant and plough the land themselves)
-Labour intensive
-Grow flowers, beans, strawberries, tomatoes and chillies that can be
harvested in a short time
Commercial Farmers:
-Large scale farming
-Produce products to sell to the home or the export market
-Engage in crop production and livestock production
-Modern farming methods and irrigation systems
-Big contribution to the GDP: provides food and job opportunities
-Farmers make big profits

Importance of farming
1. Directly contributes to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the country
2. Supply food to the population
3. Creates job opportunities

Types of Aerial Photographs


1. Vertical Aerial Photographs:
-Pic is taken from aeroplane which is flying directly over the landscape
-Pic is taken at a 90 degree angle
-Shows the top view of the landscape
-Has a bigger scale
-Usually printed in black ans white to save costs
-Helps to map large and inaccessible areas

2. Oblique Aerial Photographs


-Pics that are taken from high above the ground at an angle that is not vertical enough
to the ground

2 types:
-High oblique photo
-Low oblique photo
Info from AP’s
-Vertical AP’s are used bcoz they show the layout of all the important info
-Natural and environmental features can be seen on pics
-The AP can give you an idea of what the land is used for

Urbanisation: when more ppl live in urban areas than in rural areas
The process where ppl move from rural areas to urban areas is called:
Rural-urban migration

Push factors push ppl away from rural areas


Pull factors pull ppl towards rural areas
Overview of Urbanisation in SA:
-In 1652 DEIC decided to build a permanent settlement in the Cape in
order to supply passing ships with fresh food and water
-This settlement slowly developed and is now known as Cape Town
-The discovery of gold and diamonds in SA led to the development of
settlements
-First miners lived in temporary shelters (shacks and tents)
-Few years later mining settlements were built
-Later new settlements were formed near harbours where the gold and
diamonds were transported to these areas to sell/export.
-In 1948, the National Party ruled and implemented apartheid
-in 1992 we became a democratic country where every person had the
same rights
-Black and Indian ppl moved to the urban areas in search of better
opportunities
-This led to the expansion of urban areas

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