Heaven’s Light is Our Guide

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Lab Manual

Course Title: Electronics II Sessional

Course No.: EEE 2104
Course Credits: 1.5

Course Teacher
Professor Dr. Abdul Khaleque
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
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Guidance for report writing:

1. Cover Page: All lab reports should have a uniform cover page. It must contain Exp. No,
name of the experiment, Student’s Name, SID and SID of your group mates.
2. Objective: In the second page, you should briefly write what was the aim of the
experiment. In other words, write what your intent to achieve by doing the experiment.
3. Theory: Next, provide the background information on the experiment or concept under
investigation.
4. List of required apparatus: List all the equipment, components, and materials used in the
experiment. Include model numbers if necessary. Write full specification.
5. Circuit Diagram: Draw appropriate circuit diagram with details. It should be clean and
readable.
6. Experimental Procedure:
• Describe the step-by-step procedure you followed during the experiment.
• Include any diagrams or schematics to illustrate the circuit setup.
• Be specific about measurements, settings, and any adjustments made.
7. Data Collection:
• Present the data you collected during the experiment. This may include tables,
graphs, or charts.
• Ensure all measurements have appropriate units and are labelled clearly.
8. Data Analysis and Results:
• Analyse the data to draw conclusions and support or reject your hypotheses.
• Discuss any patterns or trends you observed.
• Include relevant calculations, equations, and formulas.
• Present the main results of your experiment in a clear and organized manner.
• Discuss any errors or uncertainties in your measurements.
9. Discussion:
• Interpret the results in the context of the experiment's objectives and the underlying
theory.
• Compare your findings with expected or theoretical values.
• Discuss any sources of error and their potential impact on the results.
• Address any unexpected outcomes and offer explanations.
10. Conclusion:
• Summarize the key findings and their significance.
• State whether your experiment supported or contradicted your hypotheses.
• Mention any practical applications or real-world implications.

Pre-laboratory: Read this laboratory experiment carefully to become familiar with the
background procedural steps in this experiment. Download the two user manuals for the function
generator and oscilloscope and become familiar with their use. Using the simulation package of
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your choice in which you are the most familiar with: Multisim, Workbench or LTSpice IV simulate
the following circuits/ experiments. Prepare a one-page report based on pre-laboratory which
includes circuits and input-outputs obtained from the software. For example, if Exp. 1 is due on
Saturday, student should complete prelab and print one page on the circuit and summary of results
before starting Exp. 1 in the lab.

List of the experiments:

Exp. Experiment Name

No.
01 Study of the frequency response of FET amplifier
02 Experimental study of inverting, noninverting, summing, subtracting/differential, and
unity gain buffer amplifier
03 Experimental study of op-amped-based integrator and differentiator
04 Observation the effect of Slew rate of op-amp
05 Design of first order active low pass Butterworth Filter
06 Experimental studies on Precision half wave and full wave rectifier
07 Experimental studies on Op-amp based wave shaping
08 Experimental study on Op-amp based square wave generator
09 Experimental study on Op-amp based triangular wave generator
10 Experimental study on rectangular and square wave generator using 555 timer
11 Experimental study on comparator with positive feedback
12 Experimental study on phase shift oscillator circuit using Op-Amp
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Exp No.: 01

Title: Study of the frequency response of FET amplifier.

Objective: To plot frequency response (gain in dB vs frequency) and measure of bandwidth of
FET amplifier.

Theory: A JFET can be N-channel type or P-channel type. The structure of a P-channel JFET is
similar to that of an N-channel JFET. Except that in its structure, N-type is replaced by P-type and
P-type by N-type. The structure of an N-channel JFET is a bar of N-type silicon. This bar behaves
like a resistor between its two terminals, called source and drain. We introduce heavily doped P-
type region on either side of bar. These P-regions are called gates. Usually, two gates are connected
together. This gate is used to control current flow from source to drain. This flow of electrons makes
the drain current Id. The electrons in the bar pass through the space between the two P-regions. As
width of this space between the p-regions can be controlled by varying gate voltage that is called
a channel. We apply a small reverse bias to the gate. Because of the reverse bias, the width of
depletion increases. Since the N-type bar is lightly doped compared to the P-regions, the depletions
region extends more into the N-type bar. This reduced the width of the channel. Reduction in the
width of the channel (the conductive portion of the bar) increases its resistance. This reduces the
drain current Id. There is one important point about the channel shape. It is narrower at the drain
end. This happens because the amount of reverse bias is not same throughout the length of the P-
N junction. When current flows through the bar, a potential drop occurs across its length. As a
result, the reverse bias between the gate and the drain end of the bar is more than that between the
gate and the source end of the bar. The width of depletion region is more at the drain end than at
the source end. As a result, the channel becomes narrower at the drain end. If the reverse gate bias
is increased further, the channel becomes narrower at the drain end and drain current further
reduces. If the reverse bias is made sufficiently large, the depletion region will extend into channel.
This pinches off all current flow. The gate-source voltage at which pinch-off occurs is called
PINCH-OFF voltage Vp.

Required Apparatus: Circuit Diagram:

1. CRO
2. Signal generator
3. Power Supply
4. Bread-board
5. Resistors (1MΩ, 4.7kΩ, 1kΩ)
6. Capacitors(10µF,100MF)
7. FET-BFW10
8. Connecting wires
Figure 1.1: Single stage RC coupled FET amplifier
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Figure 1.2: Frequency response

Procedure:
(1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
(2) Apply Vi = 10 mv and VDD = +20 v.
(3) Now vary the frequency of the input signal and measure the corresponding amplitude
variation in output at different values frequency.
(4) Note down the readings and plot the graph between gain and frequency. This curve is
known as frequency response curve.
Experimental Data:
Sl. No. Input voltage (Vi) Input frequency (Fi) Output voltage (Vo) Gain (dB)

Result:
Thus plot a graph between gain and frequency to obtain a frequency response curve. The values
of fL and fH from graph are given as
FH =

FL =

BW = FH – FL
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Exp No.: 02

Title: Experimental study of inverting, noninverting, summing, subtracting/differential, and unity

gain buffer amplifier

Objective: To understand the basic operations of an op-amp.

Theory: Identify the pins of the µA741C op-amp as follows:

Rf = 10K
CRO
CH2
+15V
R1 = 3.3K
2 7
6
741
3 V0
4
CRO Vi -15V
CH1

Pin configuration of 741 Op-amp (Sample Circuit diagram of an inverting amplifier)

Circuit Diagrams and operations:

1.Inverting operational amplifier:

1. Generate input signal from function
generator of amplitude 10 V (P-P) with
frequency 1 KHz.
2. Place R1 = 1 KΩ and R2 = 10 KΩ.
3. See the output V0 Figure 2.1
4. Find the gain: -R2/R1.

2.Noninverting operational amplifier:

1. Generate input signal from function
generator of amplitude 10 V (P-P) with
frequency 1 KHz.
2. Place Rg = 1 KΩ and Rf = 10 KΩ.
3. See the output V0
4. Find the gain: 1+Rg/Rf.
Figure 2.2
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3.Summing amplifier:

1. Collect input signals from function

generator each with frequency 1 KHz:
v1 = 2 sin(t )
v2 = 2 sin(t )
v3 = 2 sin(t )
2. Place R1 = R2 = R3 = 1 KΩ and Rf = 10 KΩ.
3. See the output V0
Rf Figure 2.3
5. Find the output: v0 = − (v1 + v2 + v3 )
R1

4.Summing amplifier:
1. Collect input signals from function
generator each with frequency 1 KHz:
v1 = 2 sin(t )
v2 = 2 sin(t )
v3 = 2 sin(t )
2. Place Ri = 1 KΩ, R1 = R2 = R3 = 1 KΩ and
Rf = 10 KΩ.
3. See the output V0
4. Find the gain.
Figure 2.4

5. Differential amplifier:
1. Collect input signals from function
generator each with frequency 1 KHz:
v1 = 2 sin(t )
v2 = 2 sin(t )
2. Place R1 = 1 KΩ and Rf = 10 KΩ.
3. Place R2 = R3 =1 KΩ
Figure 2.5
Rf R3 Rf
v0 = 1 + v1 − v2
R1 R2 + R3 R1
4. See the output V0
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6. Unity gain buffer amplifier:

1. Generate input signal from function
generator of amplitude 10 V (P-P) with
frequency 1 KHz.
2. See the output V0

Figure 2.6

Experimental data Table where applicable:

SI No. Clipping Vi(p-p) V0(p-p) 𝑉0 AV
AV =
𝑉𝑖 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦
1 Before Clipping
2 Just before clipped
3 Too much clipped

Conclusion:
Summarize the key findings of the experiments and discuss the practical applications of op-amp-
based above circuits.

Exp No.: 03

Title: Experimental study of op-amped-based integrator and differentiator

Objective:

The objective of this lab is to understand and experimentally study the behavior of operational
amplifier (op-amp) based integrators and differentiators. Students will gain hands-on experience
in building and testing these circuits, and observe their input-output relationships.

Theory: Write a short theory based on op-amped-based integrator and differentiator.

Required Apparatus:
1. Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) - IC741
2. Resistors (write values)
3. Capacitors (write values)
4. Breadboard
5. Oscilloscope
6. Function Generator
7. Connecting wires
8. Power supply
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Circuit Diagrams:

Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2

Operations:

1. Set up the above circuit on the breadboard.

2. Choose values for the resistor R = 1 kΩ and capacitor C = 0.05 μF for integrator.
3. Choose values for the resistor R = 10 kΩ and capacitor C = 0.1 μF for differentiator.
4. Connect the input signal (sine, square wave and triangular) from the function generator to
the Vin terminal.
5. Connect the oscilloscope probe to the Vout terminal.
6. Power up the circuit and observe the input and output waveforms on the oscilloscope.
7. Change the frequency of the input signal in regular interval and observe how the output
changes.
8. Record your observations and note any observations on the integration/ differentiation
effect.
9. Plot Gain Vs frequency for both integrator and differentiator.

Data Table: Fill up the following data table for both integrator and differentiator.
Frequency on the input signal Vin(p-p) Vout(p-p) Gain = Vout(p-p)/
(KHz) Vin(p-p)

Analysis and Questions:

1. Compare the observed waveforms in both experiments with the theoretical expectations
for integration and differentiation.
2. Explain any discrepancies between theory and experiment.
3. What happens to the output waveform if the values of the resistor or capacitor are
changed?
4. How does the input frequency affect the output waveform in each circuit?

Conclusion: Summarize the key findings of the experiments and discuss the practical applications
of op-amp-based integrators and differentiators. Reflect on the challenges faced during the
experiments and suggest improvements for future work.
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Exp No.:04

Title: Observation of the effect of Slew rate of op-amp

Objective:

In this exercise, the effects of slew rate on pulse and sinusoidal waveforms will be examined. Also,
we will find the maximum input signal frequency that can be applied to op-amp. Slew rate places
an upper “speed limit” on the rate of change of output voltage. This tends to slow the rising and
falling edges of pulse signals, turning them into a trapezoidal shape. In the case of sinusoidal
signals, slew rate limiting tends to turn waves into a more triangular shape. The maximum non-
slewed sine wave frequency for a given output amplitude is termed the power bandwidth, or fmax.
Any output signal that exceeds the power bandwidth at the stated output amplitude will exhibit
slew rate induced distortion. Slew rate is determined by the internal characteristics of a given op
amp. In most op amps, circuit gain or feedback resistor values do not affect the slew rate.

Circuit Diagram:

Rf = 10K
CRO CRO
CH1 CH2
+15V
R1 =10K
2 7
6
741
Vi 3 V0
4
-15V

Figure 4.1 (Another sample Circuit diagram for determining Slew rate)

Required Apparatus:
1. Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) - IC741
2. Breadboard
3. Oscilloscope
4. Function Generator
5. Connecting wires
6. Power supply
Operations:
1. Set up the above circuit on the breadboard.
Step-1: Determination of slew rate of op-amp experimentally
2. Apply 2V (peak-to-peak) square wave of 1 KHz frequency to the noninverting terminal
and see the output.
3. Increase the time scale of the oscilloscope. You will see the following input-output
waveshapes. Using oscilloscope measure ΔV and Δt. Calculate SR = ΔV/ Δt in V/µs.
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Figure 4.2

Step-2: Determination of maximum frequency

4. Apply 2V (peak-to-peak) square wave of 1 KHz frequency to the noninverting terminal
and see the output.
5. Increase the frequency until you get triangular wave output for the square wave input.
Record the maximum frequency (From oscilloscope) for which you get the triangular
wave at the output. Using the triangular wave of the oscilloscope calculate the maximum
frequency. Compare your results with theoretical maximum frequency.
6. Now increase the frequency beyond the maximum frequency and see the distortion.
Compare your results with theoretical frequency for which output is more distorted.
Step-3: Determination of maximum amplitude
7. Apply 2V (peak-to-peak) square wave of 1 KHz frequency to the noninverting terminal
and see the output.
8. Keep the frequency fixed and increase the magnitude of the input until you get the
triangular wave at the output. (NB. If you do not found triangular wave at the output you
can select different higher frequency at the input)
9. Record the maximum input signal magnitude and frequency for which the output become
triangular.
Step-4: Determination the effect of gain on the slew rate
10. Construct any noninverting amplifier with a voltage gain of 2. Measure the SR as like as
Step-1. Now increase the voltage gain and find the effect of voltage gain on the slew rate.
Prepare a table.

Analysis and Questions:

Prepare necessary data table/ input-output figures to calculate maximum input signal
frequency/ input signal magnitude.

Conclusion:
Summarize the key findings of the experiments.

No: 05

Title: Design of first order active low pass Butterworth Filter

Objectives: The main objective of this experiment is to plot the frequency response curve of of
first order active low pass Butterworth Filter.
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Circuit Diagram:

Figure 5.1
Required Apparatus:
1. Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) - IC741
2. Breadboard
3. Oscilloscope
4. Function Generator
5. Connecting wires
6. Power supply
7. Resistors (Write the values)
8. Capacitors (Write the values)

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 5.1.
2. Supply 1(p-p) Volt sine wave from the signal generator to the input.
3. Adjust the CRO to measure the input and output voltage.
4. Observe input-output voltage wave-shapes by gradually increasing the input frequency
from low to high.
5. Fill up the table.
6. Take a semi-log graph paper and plot a curve Gain(dB) versus frequency as per scale.

Data Analysis: Fill up the following Table:

f |Vi| in Volt |𝑣0/𝑣𝑖| 20|𝑣𝑜/𝑣𝑖|
1

Discussion and Conclusion: Summarize the key findings of the experiments.

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Exp. No: 06

Title: Experimental studies on Precision half wave and full wave rectifier

Objective:

The objective of this lab is to understand the operation and characteristics of precision half-wave
and full-wave rectifiers. By performing experiments with these rectifiers, you will gain practical
insights into their functionality, efficiency, and applications.

Experiment 1: Precision Half-Wave Rectifier

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 6.1

Required Apparatus:
1. Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) - IC741
2. Breadboard
3. Oscilloscope
4. Function Generator
5. Connecting wires
6. Power supply
7. Resistors (Write the values)
8. Diode (Write number)
Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 6.1. Connect non-inverting terminal of the op-amp to
ground.
2. Apply 𝑣𝑖 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 V at the input of the circuit from the signal generator, where f= 1
KHz.
3. Use 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅𝐹 = 1𝐾𝛺.
4. Adjust the CRO to measure the input and output voltage.
5. Observe input-output at the oscilloscope.
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Experiment 2: Precision Full-Wave Rectifier

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 6.2

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 6.2.

2. Use 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅𝐹 = 1𝐾𝛺, 𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅𝑦 = 0𝛺 and 𝑅4 = 𝑅3 = 2𝐾𝛺
3. Apply 𝑣𝑖 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 V at the input of the circuit from the signal generator, where f= 1
KHz.
4. Adjust the CRO to measure the input and output voltage.
5. Observe input-output at the oscilloscope.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Discuss practical applications and advantages of precision rectifiers.

Summarize the key findings and any challenges encountered during the lab.

Exp. No: 07

Title: Experimental studies on Op-amp based wave shaping

Objective:

1. Design a circuit using Op-amp to use it as a positive clipper.

2. Design a circuit using Op-amp to use it as a negative clipper.
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Circuit Diagram:

Figure 7.1(a) Figure 7.1(b)

Figure 7.2(a) Figure 7.2(b)

Required Apparatus:

1. Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

2. Diodes (D1) (Write diode number)
3. Resistors (R1 = 1KΩ)
4. Potentiometer
5. Oscilloscope
6. Function Generator
7. Breadboard and Connecting Wires
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Procedure:

Positive Clipper (Fig. 7.1(a)):

1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 1 (a) using op-amp and diode. Chose R1 = 1KΩ.
2. Apply 𝑣𝑖 = 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 V at the input of the circuit, where f= 1 KHz.
3. Use potentiometer and apply 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 1 V.
4. Observe input-output at the oscilloscope.
5. Change the direction of the diode D1 and observe the impact on the input-output
relationship at the oscilloscope.

Negative Clipper (Fig. 7.2(a)):

6. Construct the circuit of Fig. 2(a) using op-amp and diode. Chose R1 = 1KΩ.
7. Apply 𝑣𝑖 = 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 V at the input of the circuit, where f= 1 KHz.
8. Use potentiometer and apply 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = −1 V.
9. Observe input-output at the oscilloscope.
10. Change the direction of the diode D1 and observe the impact on the input-output
relationship at the oscilloscope.

Discussion:
In the positive clipper circuit, the diode is arranged to clip the positive portion of the input
signal. This causes the output signal to be clipped at the reference voltage, resulting in a
waveform with the positive peaks removed. Similarly, in the negative clipper circuit, the
diode is arranged to clip the negative portion of the input signal, leading to a waveform
with the negative peaks removed.

Conclusion:
This experiment demonstrated the design and functionality of op-amp-based positive and
negative clippers. By manipulating the direction of the diode and adjusting the reference
voltage, we observed the clipping behavior and how it affects the input waveform.
Understanding these wave shaping techniques is crucial for various applications in signal
processing and electronic circuits.

Exp. No: 08

Title: Experimental study on Op-amp based square wave generator

Objective: The objective of this lab is to design, construct, and analyze an operational amplifier-
based square wave generator. The square wave generator utilizes an operational amplifier
configured as an astable multivibrator to produce a stable square wave output.
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Circuit Diagram:

Figure 8

Design Procedure:

Required Apparatus:
1. Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) - IC741
2. Breadboard
3. Oscilloscope
4. Function Generator
5. Connecting wires
6. Power supply
7. Resistors (Write the values)
8. Capacitors (Write the values)
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Experimental Procedure:

1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 8 (a) using op-amp.

2. Choose appropriate values for R1, RF, and R, and C to determine the frequency of the
square wave.
3. Observe the output waveform on the oscilloscope.
4. Measure the frequency of the generated square wave.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Compare the frequency obtained from the theoretical calculations with the measured frequency.
Explore potential applications of operational amplifier-based square wave generators.

Exp. No: 09

Title: Experimental study on Op-amp based triangular wave generator

Objective:

The objective of this lab is to design, construct, and analyze an operational amplifier-based
triangular wave generator. The triangular wave generator utilizes an operational amplifier
configured as an astable multivibrator to produce a stable triangular wave output.

Figure 9
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Design Procedure:

Required Apparatus:
1. Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) - IC741
2. Breadboard
3. Oscilloscope
4. Function Generator
5. Connecting wires
6. Power supply
7. Resistors (Write the values)
8. Capacitors (Write the values)

Experimental Procedure:

1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 9 (a) using op-amp.

2. Choose appropriate values for R1, RF, and R, and C to determine the frequency of the
triangular wave.
3. Observe the output waveform on the oscilloscope.
4. Measure the frequency of the generated triangular wave.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Compare the frequency obtained from the theoretical calculations with the measured frequency.
Explore potential applications of operational amplifier-based triangular wave generators.
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Exp. No: 10

Title: Experimental study on rectangular and square wave generator using 555 timer

Objectives: The objective of this lab is to design, construct, and analyze 555 timer-based
rectangular and square wave generators.
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 10.1

Design Procedure:

Design an astable multivibrator so that 𝑘 = 75% and 𝑓𝑜 = 2.5 𝑘𝐻𝑧.

Step 2. Chose a suitable value of 𝐶; Let 𝐶 = 0.1µ𝐹

Step 3. Find the value of RB.

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td 100s
RB = = = 1449
0.69C 0.69  0.1F
Step 4. Find the value of RA.
tc = 0.69( RA + RB )
tc 300s
RA = − RB = − 1449 = 2889
0.69C 0.69  0.1F
Now design an astable multivibrator so that 𝑘 = 50% and 𝑓𝑜 = 2.5 𝑘𝐻𝑧.
tc = td = KT = 0.5  400 = 200s
Chose a suitable value of 𝐶; Let 𝐶 = 0.1µ𝐹
t 200s
RB = d = = 2899
0.69C 0.69  0.1F
tc = 0.69( RA + RB )
tc 200s
RA = − RB = − 2899 = 2901
0.69C 0.69  0.1F

Figure 10.2

Required Apparatus:
1. 555 timer
2. Breadboard
3. Oscilloscope
4. Function Generator
5. Connecting wires
6. Power supply
7. Resistors (Write the values)
8. Capacitors (Write the values)
9. Diode (Write diode number)
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Experimental Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 10.1 using 555 timer.
2. Choose appropriate values for RA, RB, C, and C1 to determine the frequency of the output
wave.
3. Observe the output waveform on the oscilloscope. Measure output signal frequency.
4. Measure the frequency of the generated square wave.
5. Repeat the above procedure and construct the circuit of Fig. 10.2 using 555 timer to
generate the square wave. Measure output signal frequency.

Conclusion:
Summarize the key findings of the experiments.

Exp. No: 11

Title: Experimental study on comparator with positive feedback

Objectives:
1. To Understand Comparator Operation.
2. To Design and Construct a Comparator Circuit.
3. To Understand Schmitt trigger Operation and hysteresis.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 11
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Theory:

Calculate the value of Vth by using the following formula. Consider R1 = 1KΩ, RF = 100 KΩ and
Vsat = 14 V.

R1
vLth = (− Vsat )
R1 + RF
R1
vHth = (+ Vsat )
R1 + RF

Find VH and Vctr by using the following formula

VH = vHth − vLth
vHth + vLth
Vctr =
2

Required Apparatus:
1. Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) - IC741
2. Breadboard
3. Oscilloscope
4. Function Generator
5. Connecting wires
6. Power supply
7. Resistors (Write the values)

Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit as shown in Fig. 11.
2. Apply 𝑣𝑖 = 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 V at the input of the circuit, where f = 1 KHz.
3. Connect the output of the circuit to CRO through probes.
4. Observe the input-output as shown in Figure 11(e).
5. Sketch the input and output waveforms by noting the time period and peak to peak voltage
of the output waveform.
6. Sketch the transfer characteristics of the circuit as shown in Figure 11(d).

Discussion and Conclusion:

Summarize the key findings of the experiments.
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Exp. No: 12

Title: Experimental study on phase shift oscillator circuit using Op-Amp

Objectives: The main objective of this experiment is to observe the oscillating action of a phase
shift oscillator and to determine the oscillation frequency.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 12: Phase shift oscillator circuit

Required Apparatus:
8. Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) - IC741
9. Breadboard
10. Oscilloscope
11. Function Generator
12. Connecting wires
13. Power supply
14. Resistors (Write the values)
15. Capacitors (Write the values)

Procedure:
7. Construct the circuit as shown in Fig. 12.
8. Connect the output of the circuit to CRO through probes.
9. Adjust the potentiometer to get the accurate sinusoidal waveform. Make |RF/R1|=29.
10. Calculate the practical frequency of oscillation f0 by observing the time period of the output
sinusoidal waveform on the CRO and compare it with theoretical frequency of oscillation
fo = 1/2πRC√6.
11. Sketch the output waveform by noting the time period and peak to peak voltage of the
output waveform.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Summarize the key findings of the experiments.
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Report writing marks distribution:

Category Marks
Cover page that must include exp. no., exp. 1
Title, student name, SID, SID of group
members
Theory/ Circuit Diagram + Objectives 1
Experimental Procedure + Related 1
mathematical formulas
Input signals 1
Output Signals 4
Discussion + Conclusion 2
Total 10

Lab Test:

Following the completion of all laboratory experiments, students are required to undergo an
individual lab test. This examination aims to assess each student's competency in applying the
knowledge gained during the experiments.

Lab test marks distribution:

Category Marks
Write Title on answer script 1
Draw Circuit Diagram on answer script 2
Experimental set up Connection 2
Working of Circuit: show input and output 1+2
waves on oscilloscope
Show Data collection/ any output graphs on 2
answer script
Total 10

Quiz:

Upon concluding all laboratory experiments, students must participate in a quiz test. The quiz will
encompass fundamental concepts from the conducted experiments, featuring various question
formats such as short questions, True/False inquiries, and fill-in-the-gaps exercises.

Marks Distribution of this sessional course:

Attendance 10
Report writing 30
Lab Test 10
Quiz 25
Total 75