Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET) Rajshahi-6204

Department of Mechatronics Engineering

Lecture on
Overview of Engineering Drawing

Md. Robiul Islam

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechatronics Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET)
Rajshahi-6204
5/26/2025 1
What will you learn in this course?
You will learn - How industry communicates technical information.
• Visualization – the ability to mentally control visual information.
• Graphics theory – geometry and projection techniques.
• Standards – set of rules that govern how parts are made and
technical drawings are represented.
• Conventions – commonly accepted practices and methods used for
technical drawings.
• Tools – devices used to create technical drawings and models.
• Applications – the various uses for technical drawings.
Drawing
Describing any object/ information diagrammatically.
Drawing: Graphical representation of an OBJECT .
Drawings are the road maps which show how to manufacture products and
structures.

Engineering Drawing
An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing that is used to convey
information about an object.
Engineering Drawing of an object contains all the necessary information,
required for the construction/fabrication of the object, like
➢ actual shape,
➢ accurate sizes,
➢ manufacturing methods,
➢ materials to be used etc.
Technical drawing, drafting or drawing, is the act and discipline of composing
drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is constructed.

A common use is to specify the geometry necessary for the construction of a

component and is called a detail drawing.

Usually, a number of drawings are necessary to completely specify even a

simple component. These drawings are linked together by a "master drawing."
This "master drawing" is more commonly known as an assembly drawing.

Graphic Language: Mode of communication through SKETCHES

Impossible to describe the details
of the building
Difficult to describe the details of the machine
Electrical circuit
Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language and word
language.
Graphics language: Describe a shape (mainly).
Word language: Describe an exact size, location and specification of
the object.
 Engineering Drawing

Manual Drawing CADD

Computer has a major impact on the methods used to design and

create technical drawings.
Design and drafting on computer are cheap and less time
consuming.
Why we go for manual drawing?
Why we go for manual drawing?
Computer cannot replace the drafting board and equipment as a
learning tool.

Once you have learned the basics of mathematics, now after

class 12, you are allowed the use of calculator and computer.

If basic fundamentals are clear, better use can be made of the

power of the software.
To be an expert in technical drawing, this first course on
Engineering (manual) Drawing is the first step.
Items required for drawing Items required for drawing
1. Drawing board
2. Drawing sheet
3. T- square
4. Instrument box containing compass, divider, etc.
5. Scales
6. Protractor
7. French curves
8. Drawing pencils
9. Eraser
10. Drawing clip/pin/adhesive tape
11. Sharpener
12. Duster
 Working edge

Drawing board must be placed on the table

with working edge always to be at the left
side.
Mini-drafter – a miniature version of the drafting machine
T- square
Some drawing instruments
 Layout of the title box to be adopted in this course

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR 20

15
TITLE:

SCALE:
10

ROLL NO:
NAME: 10

PLATE NO:
EVALUATED BY 10

110 60
Title Block:
The title block should lie within the drawing space at the
bottom right hand comer of the sheet. The title block can have
a maximum length of 185 mm and width of 65 mm providing
the following information.
 Title of the drawing.
 Drawing number.
 Scale.
 Symbol denoting the method of projection.
 Name of the firm, and
 Initials of staff, who have designed, checked and approved.
Title box – An important feature – a must in every drawing
sheet – for technical and administrative details
• Location - Bottom right corner – 185 mm x 65 mm (BIS)
• Divided into two zones
• Identification zone
• Registration or identification number
• Drawing title
• Name of the legal owner of the drawing, i.e., name of the
firm or the company

Contd…
 Title box….. contd

Additional information zone

• Indicative items –symbol indicating the system of
projection, main scale of drawing, etc.
• Technical items – method of indicating surface
texture, geometric tolerances, etc.
• Administrative items
Drawing Pencils

Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers and letters

• 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness and
blackness
• HB to F – Medium grade
• H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of
hardness.

Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with H

and HB pencils – to be practiced in this course.
Grades and designation of wooden pencils
Pencil drawing –
In finished drawing, all lines (except construction lines-
used to construct the drawing) should be dense, clean and
uniform.
Construction line should be drawn very thin and should be
hardly visible in the finished drawing ( they should not be
erased).
Line types
Line types….CONTD
Examples of good and poor drawing techniques for
lines and arcs
Lettering – Writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions,
scales and other details on a drawing

• Essential features of lettering – legibility, uniformity,

ease, rapidity, and suitability for photocopying/any other
photographic processes

• No ornamental and embellishing style of letter

Plain letters and numerals which are clearly
distinguishable from each other in order to avoid any
confusion even in case of slight mutilations
Classification of Lettering
The lettering, in general, is classified in two categories :-
1.Gothic Lettering.
2.Roman Lettering.
•Gothic Lettering
Lettering having all the alphabets or numerals of uniform
thickness is called Gothic Lettering.
1.Vertical Gothic Lettering
2.Italic or Inclined Gothic Lettering.
•Single Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering
These are vertical letter having thickness of each line of alphabet or numerals
etc. Same as the single stroke of a pencil. Since Stroke means that the letter
is written with one or more stems or curves and each made with single stroke.
Single stroke does not mean – entire letter written without lifting the
pencil/pen
• Single Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering
These are single stroke letter inclined at 75⁰ to the Horizontal.
• Double Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering
Vertical letter drawn by double Stroke of pencil with uniform thickness
between these strokes are called Double Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering.
• Double Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering
Double stroke gothic when inclined at an angle of 75⁰ is called Double Stroke
Inclined Gothic Lettering.
Single Stroke Capital
Vertical Lettering taking
Height 40 mm and ratio
8:6 (Height: Wide)
Double Stroke Capital Vertical Lettering taking
Height 35 mm and ratio 7:4 (Height: Wide)
Size of Letters:
 Size of Letters is measured by the height h of the CAPITAL
letters as well as numerals.
 Standard heights for CAPITAL letters and numerals
recommended by BIS are given below:
1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6, 10, 14 and 20 mm
Note: Size of the letters may be selected based upon the size of
drawing.
Guide Lines:
In order to obtain correct and uniform height of letters and
numerals, guide lines are drawn, using 2H pencil with light
pressure. HB grade conical end pencil is used for lettering.
The following are some of the guide lines for lettering
• Drawing numbers, title block and letters denoting cutting planes,
sections are written in 10 mm size.
• Drawing title is written in 7 mm size.
• Hatching, sub-titles, materials, dimensions, notes, etc., are
written in 3.5 mm size.
• Space between lines = 3/4 h
• Space between words may be equal to the width of alphabet M
or 3/5 h.
Lettering types
• Lettering A – Height of the capital letter is divided into
14 equal parts
• Lettering B – Height of the capital letter is divided into
10 equal parts
Specifications of A -Type Lettering
Specifications of B -Type Lettering
 Practice
Write Single Stroke Capital Vertical
Lettering taking Height 35 mm and ratio 7:4
(Height: Wide)

Write Double Stroke Capital Vertical

Lettering taking Height 40 mm and ratio 8:6
(Height: Wide)
Standards and Conventions
Standards and Conventions

No effective communication without an agreed upon

standard of signs or symbols.

Standards and conventions are the alphabet of technical

drawing, and plane, solid, and descriptive geometry are the
science(grammar) which underlies the graphics language.
Following the standard rules (grammar) of any language
(Hindi/English) – communication of thought between
people becomes easier.
If words in a sentence were presented randomly –
understanding becomes very difficult.
For effective communication of technical (graphics)
information– set of standards and conventions – a must.
Standards and Conventions – very important
Conventions – commonly accepted practices, rules,
or methods.
Dashed lines are used
to represent hidden
features of an
engineering drawing..

Hidden lines – location

of drilled hole’s
diameter, in a view
where the hole cannot
be directly seen.
Standards – set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented..

Drawings are dimensioned using an accepted set of

standards such as placing the dimension text such that
it is read from the bottom of the sheet.
Drawing standards
ANSI – American National Standards Institute
ANSI Y14.1 1980 (R1987) – Drawing sheet size
and format
ANSI Y 14.2M-1979 (R1987) – Line conventions
and lettering
ANSI Y14.5M-1982(R1988) – Dimensioning and
tolerances
ANSI Y 14.3-1975(R1987) – Multi view and sectional view drawings

ISO – International Standards Organization

JIS – Japanese Standards
BIS – Bureau of Indian Standards
Units of Measure
International systems of units (SI) – which is based on
the meter.
Millimeter (mm) - The common SI unit of measure on
engineering drawing.
Individual identification of linear units is not required if
all dimensions on a drawing are in the same unit (mm).
The drawing shall however contain a note:
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM. (Bottom left
corner outside the title box)
Drawing scales
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an
object shown in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the
same element of the object.

Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE” followed by

the indication of its ratio, as follows:

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing correspond to “true size”

of the object and they are independent of the scale used in creating
that drawing.
Dimensioning

Indicating on a drawing, the size of the object and

other details essential for its construction and
function, using lines,numerals, symbols, notes, etc.

Dimensions indicated on a drawing should be those

that are essential for the production, inspection and
functioning of the object and should not be mistaken
as those that are required to make the drawing of an
object.
Size dimensions – give the size of the component.
Solid:
Every solid has three dimensions,each of the geometric
shapes making up the object must have its height,
width, and depth indicated in the dimensioning.
Location dimensioning
After the basic geometric shapes have been
dimensioned for size, the location of each relative to the
others must be given.
Locations must be established in height, width and
depth directions.
Rectangular faces are positioned with reference to
their faces, cylinder and conic shapes with reference to
their center lines and their ends.
Terminology for
dimensioning practice
Dimension – numerical
value that defines
the size or geometric
characteristics of a
feature – size 3.5 mm
and space between
lines of text 1.5 mm.
Dimensions showing the
sizes of features, such
as width, height and
depths of the parts and
the diameter of the hole

Dimensions showing the

location and orientations
of features, such as
location of the center of
the hole
Basic dimension – a numerical value defining
theoretically exact size of a feature.
Reference dimension – a numerical value enclosed in
parenthesis, provided for information only and not
directly used in the fabrication of the part – is a
calculated size used to show the intended design size
of a part.
Dimension line
A thin, solid line that shows the extent and direction of
a dimension. Dimension lines are broken for insertion of
the dimension numbers.
Should be placed at least
10 mm away from the
outline and all other
parallel dimensions should
be at least 6 mm apart,
or more if space permits.
Arrows – 3 mm wide and should be 1/3rd as wide as
they are long - symbols placed at the end of dimension lines
to show the limits of the dimension. Arrows are uniform in
size and style, regardless of the size of the drawing.
Extension line – a thin, solid line perpendicular to a
dimension line, indicating which feature is associated
with the dimension.
Visible gap – there should be a visible gap of 1.5 mm
between the feature’s corners and the end of the
extension line.
Leader line
− A thin, solid line used to indicate the feature with
which a dimension, note, or symbol is associated.
− Generally a straight line drawn at an angle that is
neither horizontal nor vertical.
− Terminated with an arrow touching the part or detail.
− On the end opposite the arrow, the leader line will
have a short, horizontal shoulder. Text is extended
from this shoulder such that the text height is
centered with the shoulder line.
Diameter symbol – φ - a symbol which precedes a
numerical value, to indicate that the dimension shows
the diameter of a circle.
Radius symbol – R 0.5
Various types of dimension lines
Important elements of a dimensioning
Important elements of a dimensioning
Dimensioning of angles
Aligned method Unidirectional method
How to begin your drawing?
•Clean the drawing board and all the drawing
•instruments using duster.
•Fix the drawing sheet on the drawing board.
•Fix the mini-drafter in a convenient position.
•Draw border lines using HB pencil..
•Complete the title box using HB pencil .
•Plan spacing of drawings b/n two problems/views
beforehand.
•Print the problem number on the left top and then
•commence the drawing work.
 Thank you

Source:
Engineering Graphics Communication, Gary R. Betoline, IRWIN
Graphics Series
Engineering Drawing: plane and Solid Geometry, N.D. Bhatt, Charotar
Publishing House, Anand