1.

Sentence Structure (वाक्यरचना)

Marathi follows a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) structure. Here's an outline of different sentence

types:

 Declarative Sentence (साधारण वाक्य): Statements or facts.

o Example: मी शाळेत जातो. (I go to school.)
 Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य): Questions that ask for information.
o Example: तुम्ही शाळेत जात का? (Do you go to school?)
 Imperative Sentence (आज्ञार्थक वाक्य): Sentences that give commands or
requests.
o Example: तुम्ही शाळेत जा. (Go to school.)
 Exclamatory Sentence (विस्मयार्थक वाक्य): Sentences expressing strong feelings.
o Example: अरे! किती सुंदर आहे! (Wow! It's so beautiful!)

2. Nouns (संज्ञा)

Nouns in Marathi are classified based on gender and number. Here's how:

 Gender (लिंग):
o Masculine (पुल्लिंग): Names of male beings or objects associated with
masculinity.
 Example: पुस्तक (book), नदी (river)
o Feminine (स्त्रीलिंग): Names of female beings or objects associated with
femininity.
 Example: महिला (woman), शाळा (school)
 Number (वचन):
o Singular (एकवचनी): Refers to one person or thing.
 Example: पुस्तक (book)
o Plural (बहुवचनी): Refers to more than one person or thing.
 Example: पुस्तके (books)

3. Pronouns (सर्वनाम)

Pronouns are used in place of nouns and are classified into various categories:

 Personal Pronouns (व्यक्तिवाचक सर्वनाम): Used for referring to people or things.

o Example: मी (I), तुम्ही (you), तो (he), ती (she)
 Possessive Pronouns (स्वत्व वाचक सर्वनाम): Used to indicate possession.
o Example: माझा (my), तुमचा (your), त्याचा (his)
  Reflexive Pronouns (पुनरुक्ति वाचक सर्वनाम): Used when the subject and the
object are the same.
o Example: स्वत:ला (himself, herself)
 Demonstrative Pronouns (निर्देश वाचक सर्वनाम): Used to point out specific
things.
o Example: हा (this), ती (that)
 Interrogative Pronouns (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम): Used to ask questions.
o Example: कोण (who), काय (what)

4. Verbs (क्रिया)

Verbs describe actions or states of being. In Marathi, verbs are categorized based on tenses,
aspects, and moods.

 Tenses (काल):
o Present Tense (वर्तमान काल): Describes actions happening now.
 Example: मी खातो. (I eat.)
o Past Tense (भूतकाल): Describes actions that happened in the past.
 Example: मी खाल्ले. (I ate.)
o Future Tense (भविष्यत काल): Describes actions that will happen in the future.
 Example: मी खाईल. (I will eat.)
 Imperative Mood (आज्ञार्थक): Used for commands or requests.
o Example: जाऊन ये. (Go and come.)
 Conditional (परिस्थितिक वाक्य): Describes actions that are dependent on some
condition.
o Example: जर तो आला, तर मी जाणार. (If he comes, I will go.)

5. Adjectives (विशेषण)

Adjectives describe or modify nouns. They are of two types:

 Qualitative Adjectives (गुणवाचक विशेषण): Describe the quality or nature of a noun.

o Example: सुंदर (beautiful), उत्कृष्ट (excellent)
 Quantitative Adjectives (परिमाणवाचक विशेषण): Indicate quantity or extent.
o Example: अधिक (more), काही (some)

6. Adverbs (क्रियाविशेषण)
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, telling how, when, where, or to what extent
something happens.

 Example:
o तो खूप वेगाने चालतो. (He walks very fast.)

7. Prepositions (पूर्वसर्ग)

Prepositions describe the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other elements in a
sentence.

 Example: मी तिथे जातो. (I am going there.)

o तिथे (there) is a preposition.

8. Conjunctions (संयोजक)

Conjunctions connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.

 Example: मी शाळेत जातो आणि अभ्यास करतो. (I go to school and study.)

o आणि (and) is a conjunction.

9. Interjections (विस्मयादिबोधक शब्द)

Interjections are words or phrases used to express strong feelings or sudden emotions.

 Example: आह! किती सुंदर! (Ah! How beautiful!)

10. Participles (कृदंत)

A participle is a word formed from a verb that functions as an adjective or noun. In Marathi,
participles are used to describe actions in different ways.

 Example:
o उदाहरण दिलेलं आहे. (The example given is here.)
o धावत असलेला विद्यार्थी (the student who is running)
11. Syntax (वाक्यरचना)

The arrangement of words in a sentence to create meaning, keeping in mind that Marathi uses
Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order.

12. Case System (विभक्ती)

Marathi has eight cases that modify the noun based on its function in a sentence. They are as
follows:

1. Nominative Case (समीपवाचक): Indicates the subject of the sentence.

o Example: राजा खूप चांगला आहे. (The king is very good.)
2. Accusative Case (कर्मवाचक): Indicates the object of a sentence.
o Example: मी पुस्तक वाचतो. (I read the book.)
3. Instrumental Case (साधनवाचक): Indicates the means or instrument.
o Example: त्याने पेनाने लिहिले. (He wrote with a pen.)
4. Dative Case (संबंधवाचक): Indicates the recipient of an action.
o Example: मी त्याला पुस्तक दिले. (I gave the book to him.)
5. Ablative Case (संप्रेषणवाचक): Indicates the source or origin.
o Example: त्यांनी घरातून बाहेर गेले. (They went out of the house.)
6. Genitive Case (संपत्तीवाचक): Indicates possession.
o Example: तिच्या पुस्तकाची रचना सुंदर आहे. (The design of her book is
beautiful.)
7. Locative Case (स्थानवाचक): Indicates the location of an action.
o Example: तो शाळेत आहे. (He is at school.)
8. Vocative Case (संबोधनवाचक): Used to address someone directly.
o Example: राजा, कृपया ये. (King, please come.)

एकवचन (Singular) आणि बहुवचन (Plural)

In Marathi, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs change based on whether they are referring to
one thing/person (singular) or multiple things/persons (plural). Here's a breakdown of
Ekvachan (Singular) and Anekvachan (Plural):

1. Nouns (संज्ञा)

Singular (एकवचन):

 पुस्तक (book)
 घर (house)
 मुलगा (boy)
  गाडी (car)
 प्राणी (animal)
 रस्ता (road)

Plural (बहुवचन):

 पुस्तके (books)
 घरे (houses)
 मुलगे (boys)
 गाड्या (cars)
 प्राणी (animals)
 रस्ते (roads)

Note: In Marathi, plural forms often end in -e (for masculine and neuter) or -ya (for feminine
nouns), but the plural form can also vary based on the noun.

2. Pronouns (सर्वनाम)

Singular (एकवचन):

 मी (I)
 तुम्ही (you - singular polite)
 तो (he)
 ती (she)
 हे (this - for neuter)

Plural (बहुवचन):

 आम्ही (we)
 तुम्ही (you - plural or formal)
 ते (they - masculine or mixed group)
 ती (they - feminine)
 हे (these - for neuter plural)

3. Verbs (क्रिया)

In Marathi, verbs change based on the subject's singular or plural form.

Singular (एकवचन):

 मी जातो. (I go - masculine)
  तो जातो. (He goes)
 ती जाते. (She goes)

Plural (बहुवचन):

 आम्ही जातो. (We go - masculine/mixed group)

 ते जातात. (They go - masculine/mixed group)
 ती जातात. (They go - feminine)

Note: When the subject is plural, the verb changes its form, ending in -त or -त in present tense
for the plural subject.

4. Adjectives (विशेषण)

Adjectives also change in form based on whether they are modifying a singular or plural noun.

Singular (एकवचन):

 सुंदर मुलगा (handsome boy)

 लहान घर (small house)

Plural (बहुवचन):

 सुंदर मुलगे (handsome boys)

 लहान घरे (small houses)

Examples with Different Types of Words

Type of Word Singular (एकवचन) Plural (बहुवचन)

Noun मुलगा (boy) मुलगे (boys)

Pronoun तो (he) ते (they - masculine)

Verb तो खेळतो (He plays) ते खेळतात (They play)

सुंदर मुलगा (handsome सुंदर मुलगे (handsome

Adjective
boy) boys)

Noun कागद (paper) कागदांचे (papers)

Important Notes on Marathi Plurals:

1. Masculine Nouns: Most masculine nouns add -e in the plural form.

o बाग (garden) → बागे (gardens)
o मुलगा (boy) → मुलगे (boys)
2. Feminine Nouns: Feminine nouns generally add -e or -ya.
o मुलगी (girl) → मुलगी (girls)
o शाळा (school) → शाळा (schools)
3. Neuter Nouns: Neuter nouns usually add -e for plural.
o पुस्तक (book) → पुस्तके (books)
o कुत्रा (dog) → कुत्रे (dogs)

In Marathi grammar, sentences (वाक्य) can be classified into various types based on their
structure, function, and purpose. Here's a detailed explanation of the different types of sentences
(वाक्य प्रकार) in Marathi:

1. साधारण वाक्य (Declarative Sentences)

 Definition: A declarative sentence (साधारण वाक्य) is used to make statements or

convey information.
 Purpose: To state a fact, opinion, or observation.

Examples:

 तो शाळेत जातो. (He goes to school.)

 मी अभ्यास करत आहे. (I am studying.)

2. प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य (Interrogative Sentences)

 Definition: An interrogative sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) is used to ask questions

or seek information.
 Purpose: To inquire or ask something.

Examples:

 तुम्ही शाळेत जात का? (Do you go to school?)

 तुमचा नाव काय आहे? (What is your name?)
 तो का आला नाही? (Why didn't he come?)

Interrogative words: काय (what), कोण (who), किती (how much), कधी (when), कस (how), का
(why)
3. आज्ञार्थक वाक्य (Imperative Sentences)

 Definition: An imperative sentence (आज्ञार्थक वाक्य) is used to give orders,

instructions, requests, or advice.
 Purpose: To command, request, or suggest something.

Examples:

 तुम्ही तिथे जा. (Go there.)

 पाणी प्यावं. (Drink water.)
 तुम्ही चांगला वागा. (Behave well.)

Note: Imperative sentences do not need a subject, as the subject is often implied, such as
तुम्ही (you) in Go there.

4. विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य (Exclamatory Sentences)

 Definition: An exclamatory sentence (विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य) is used to express

strong feelings, emotions, or reactions.
 Purpose: To show excitement, surprise, admiration, or any other strong emotion.

Examples:

 आहे! किती छान आहे! (Wow! How beautiful it is!)

 अरे! तू तर विसरलास! (Oh! You forgot!)
 वाह! हे अप्रतिम आहे! (Wow! This is amazing!)

Note: Exclamatory sentences are often followed by ! to denote the emotion or exclamation.

5. सांघिक वाक्य (Compound Sentences)

 Definition: A compound sentence (सांघिक वाक्य) is a sentence made by joining two

or more independent clauses with a conjunction.
 Purpose: To connect two or more simple sentences.

Examples:

 मी शाळेत जातो आणि तो कॉलेजला जातो. (I go to school and he goes to college.)

 तुम्ही खेळा किंवा वाचा. (You play or read.)
 ती गाणं ऐकत आहे, मी नृत्य करीत आहे. (She is listening to music, and I am
dancing.)
Conjunctions used: आणि (and), किंवा (or), पण (but), म्हणजे (that is), त्यामुळे
(therefore), etc.

6. लक्षण वाचक वाक्य (Descriptive Sentences)

 Definition: Descriptive sentences (लक्षण वाचक वाक्य) are used to describe something
or give details about a person, object, or situation.
 Purpose: To describe or provide detailed information.

Examples:

 तो एक हुशार मुलगा आहे. (He is a smart boy.)

 तिचं घर खूप सुंदर आहे. (Her house is very beautiful.)
 तो रोज शाळेत जातो. (He goes to school every day.)

7. बोधक वाक्य (Optative Sentences)

 Definition: An optative sentence (बोधक वाक्य) expresses a wish, hope, or desire.

 Purpose: To wish or express a desire for something to happen.

Examples:

 तुम्हाला सुखी जीवन मिळो! (May you have a happy life!)

 तो चांगला होवो! (May he become good!)
 आपला देश पुढे जावो! (May our country progress!)

Note: These sentences often end with "होवो" or "मिळो" (may).

8. कारणात्मक वाक्य (Causal Sentences)

 Definition: A causal sentence (कारणात्मक वाक्य) explains a reason or cause for

something.
 Purpose: To explain why something happens or is happening.

Examples:

 त्यामुळे मी घरी राहीलो. (Therefore, I stayed at home.)

 तो आज शाळेत आलेला नाही कारण तो आजारी आहे. (He didn't come to school today
because he is sick.)
  माझा अभ्यास खूप चांगला आहे, त्यामुळे मी परीक्षेत उत्तीर्ण होईल. (My
studies are very good, so I will pass the exam.)

9. परस्पर वाक्य (Reciprocal Sentences)

 Definition: Reciprocal sentences (परस्पर वाक्य) describe actions that are done in
return or by two or more people.
 Purpose: To show mutual action or relationship.

Examples:

 त्यांनी एकमेकांना मदत केली. (They helped each other.)

 आपण एकमेकांना आदर करावा. (We should respect each other.)

10. प्रतिबंधात्मक वाक्य (Negative Sentences)

 Definition: A negative sentence (प्रतिबंधात्मक वाक्य) expresses negation,

meaning something is not happening, or something is not true.
 Purpose: To indicate that something is not the case.

Examples:

 मी शाळेत जात नाही. (I do not go to school.)

 तो पुस्तक वाचत नाही. (He does not read books.)
 तुम्ही घरी नाही. (You are not at home.)

Table of Sentence Types

वाक्य प्रकार उदाहरण

साधारण वाक्य (Declarative) मी शाळेत जातो. (I go to school.)
प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य
तुम्ही शाळेत जात का? (Do you go to school?)
(Interrogative)
आज्ञार्थक वाक्य
शाळेत जा. (Go to school.)
(Imperative)
विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य
अरे! किती सुंदर आहे! (Wow! How beautiful it is!)
(Exclamatory)
मी शाळेत जातो आणि तो कॉलेजला जातो. (I go to school,
सांघिक वाक्य (Compound)
and he goes to college.)
लक्षण वाचक वाक्य तो एक हुशार मुलगा आहे. (He is a smart boy.)
 वाक्य प्रकार उदाहरण
(Descriptive)
बोधक वाक्य (Optative) तुमचं आयुष्य सुखी होवो! (May your life be happy!)
कारणात्मक वाक्य (Causal) त्यामुळे मी घरी राहीलो. (Therefore, I stayed at home.)
परस्पर वाक्य (Reciprocal) त्यांनी एकमेकांना मदत केली. (They helped each other.)
प्रतिबंधात्मक वाक्य
मी शाळेत जात नाही. (I do not go to school.)
(Negative)

In Marathi grammar, अव्ययी अव्यय (Avyayi Avyay) refers to invariable words that serve
specific grammatical purposes like conjunctions, adverbs, or prepositions. These words do not
change their form based on gender, number, or case and are used to link sentences, provide
additional information, or specify time, place, manner, etc.

Types of Avyayi (अव्ययी अव्यय)

1. कालवाचक अव्यय (Time-Related Avyay)

o These are used to refer to time or tense.

Examples:

o आधी (before)
 आधी शाळेत जा. (Go to school first.)
o नंतर (after)
 नंतर भेटूया. (Let’s meet later.)
o कधी (sometimes)
 तो कधी येतो. (He comes sometimes.)
o जरी (although, even though)
 जरी तो थकलेला असला तरी तो काम करतो. (Although he is tired, he
works.)

2. स्थानवाचक अव्यय (Place-Related Avyay)

o These express location or place.

Examples:

o तिथे (there)
 तो तिथे आहे. (He is there.)
o इथे (here)
 इथेच राहा. (Stay here.)
o सर्वत्र (everywhere)
 सर्वत्र फूल आहेत. (There are flowers everywhere.)
o कोठे (where)
  तुम्ही कोठे राहता? (Where do you live?)

3. परिमाणवाचक अव्यय (Quantitative Avyay)

o These words express quantity, extent, or degree.

Examples:

o खूप (much, a lot)

 खूप काम आहे. (There is a lot of work.)
o थोडे (little, few)
 माझ्याकडे थोडे पैसे आहेत. (I have a little money.)
o सर्व (all)
 सर्व लोक गप्प आहेत. (All the people are silent.)
o अल्प (few, little)
 अल्प लोक येणार आहेत. (Few people will come.)

4. प्रश्नवाचक अव्यय (Interrogative Avyay)

o These words are used to ask questions about time, place, reason, etc.

Examples:

o कस (how)
 तुम्ही कस जिंकलं? (How did you win?)
o का (why)
 तुम्ही का आलात? (Why did you come?)
o कोण (who)
 कोण येणार आहे? (Who is coming?)
o किती (how much)
 तुम्हाला किती वेळ लागेल? (How much time will it take?)
o कधी (when)
 तुम्ही कधी येणार आहात? (When will you come?)

5. नैतिक / साधारण अव्यय (Moral/General Avyay)

o These words express moral or general aspects of a sentence.

Examples:

o सतत (always)
 तो सतत अभ्यास करतो. (He studies all the time.)
o कधीही (never, anytime)
 तो कधीही मला मदत करतो. (He helps me anytime.)
o अचानक (suddenly)
 अचानक वारा लागला. (Suddenly, the wind started.)
o मुळीच (not at all)
 मुळीच काहीच करायचं नाही. (Don’t do anything at all.)

6. संबंधवाचक अव्यय (Relation/Connection Avyay)

o These words indicate relationships between different parts of a sentence.

Examples:

o आणि (and)
 तो आणि मी शाळेत जातो. (He and I go to school.)
o पण (but)
 मी शाळेत जातो, पण तो घरात आहे. (I go to school, but he is at home.)
o किंवा (or)
 तुम्ही शिकू शकता किंवा खेळू शकता. (You can either study or
play.)
o तर (then)
 मी येईन, तर तुम्ही लवकर निघा. (I will come, then you leave early.)

Summary of Types of Avyayi Avyay (अव्ययी अव्यय)

Type of Avyayi Avyay Examples Meaning/Usage

कालवाचक अव्यय (Time- आधी, नंतर, कधी,
Indicates time or tense
related) जरी
स्थानवाचक अव्यय (Place- तिथे, इथे,
Indicates place or location
related) सर्वत्र, कोठे
परिमाणवाचक अव्यय खूप, थोडे, सर्व,
Indicates quantity, extent, or degree
(Quantitative) अल्प
प्रश्नवाचक अव्यय कस, का, कोण, किती,
Used to ask questions
(Interrogative) कधी
नैतिक / साधारण अव्यय सतत, कधीही, Describes moral, habitual, or general
(Moral/General) अचानक, मुळीच actions
संबंधवाचक अव्यय Indicates relation or connection
आणि, पण, किंवा, तर
(Relation/Connection) between words/sentences

Conclusion:
अव्ययी अव्यय (Avyayi Avyay) are an essential part of Marathi grammar, connecting parts of
sentences, expressing time, place, quantity, and much more. Understanding these helps in
forming more complex and meaningful sentences.

In Marathi grammar, लिंग (Ling) refers to the gender of a noun, which determines how the
noun interacts with other parts of a sentence, such as adjectives and verbs. Marathi has three
genders:

1. पुंलिंग (Masculine)
2. स्त्रीलिंग (Feminine)
3. नपुंसकलिंग (Neuter)

1. पुंलिंग (Masculine)

 Definition: Nouns that refer to male beings, or objects that are grammatically considered
masculine.
 Characteristics: Masculine nouns typically end in -ा or -e in their singular form.

Examples of Masculine Nouns:

 मुलगा (boy)
 पुस्तक (book)
 शाळा (school)
 आदमी (man)
 वृक्ष (tree)
 कुत्रा (dog)
 रस्ता (road)

Adjective Agreement: Adjectives will change based on the gender of the noun they describe.

 उंच मुलगा (tall boy)

 कठीण पुस्तक (hard book)

2. स्त्रीलिंग (Feminine)

 Definition: Nouns that refer to female beings or are grammatically considered feminine.
 Characteristics: Feminine nouns often end in -ी, -ा, or -न.

Examples of Feminine Nouns:

 मुलगी (girl)
  आणि (woman)
 सतरा (lamp)
 वृत्तपत्रिका (newspaper)
 गाडी (car)
 फुल (flower)
 हत्ती (elephant)

Adjective Agreement: Adjectives will change to agree with the feminine noun.

 सुंदर मुलगी (beautiful girl)

 कठीण गाडी (hard car)

3. नपुंसकलिंग (Neuter)

 Definition: Nouns that are neither masculine nor feminine, and generally refer to things,
places, or concepts.
 Characteristics: Neuter nouns generally end in -े, -त or -न in their singular form.

Examples of Neuter Nouns:

 वृक्ष (tree)
 कुत्रा (dog)
 घरा (house)
 झाल्या (strips)
 चंद्र (moon)
 आकाश (sky)

Gender Agreement in Marathi:

1. Adjectives: In Marathi, adjectives change based on the gender of the noun they describe.
For example:
o पुंलिंग (Masculine):
 तो सुंदर मुलगा आहे. (He is a handsome boy.)
 तो उंच मुलगा आहे. (He is a tall boy.)
o स्त्रीलिंग (Feminine):
 ती सुंदर मुलगी आहे. (She is a beautiful girl.)
 ती उंच मुलगी आहे. (She is a tall girl.)
o नपुंसकलिंग (Neuter):
 हे सुंदर पुस्तक आहे. (This is a beautiful book.)
 हे उंच पुस्तक आहे. (This is a tall book.)
How to Identify Gender of Nouns in Marathi:

1. Masculine Nouns (पुंलिंग):

o Generally refer to males or objects that are perceived as masculine.
o Often end in -ा, -े, -न (in the singular form).
 Example: मुलगा (boy), पुस्तक (book), रस्ता (road).
2. Feminine Nouns (स्त्रीलिंग):
o Refer to females or feminine objects.
o Usually end in -ी, -ा, -न (in the singular form).
 Example: मुलगी (girl), शाळा (school), फुल (flower).
3. Neuter Nouns (नपुंसकलिंग):
o Refers to non-living things or abstract concepts.
o Often ends in -े, -त, -न (in the singular form).
 Example: वृक्ष (tree), चंद्र (moon), आकाश (sky).

Examples of Gender Classification:

Noun Gender Example Sentence

पुस्तक पुस्तक वाचत आहे. (The book is being
Masculine
(book) read.)
o