Chapter 1

Introduction to Computer
Raden Nur Tsawaabit Faheim Yasin, M. TI
 Objectives

Learning Outcomes
In this lesson, you will:
● Explain the history of computer
● Compare the differences of computer generations
● Describe the classifications of computer

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 Activity 1

The computer explained

Watch the video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5nskjZ_GoI

Whilst watching, keep thinking about the starter

questions.

Who is the father of computing?

Who is the first programmer?

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 OK the question is what is the relationship between Herman Hollerith with IBM that's my question

Tree of
Computer
History

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 Abacus

History of Computers - Long, Long Ago

● beads on rods to count and calculate
● still widely used in Asia!
 Napier’s Bone

History of Computers
Napier’s Bone

● Invented by John Napier in 1614

● Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and
calculate square and cube roots by moving the
rods around and placing them in specially
constructed boards

John Napier

Napier’s Bone
 Slide Rule

History of Computers
Slide rule

● Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.

● is based on Napier's ideas
about logarithms.
● Used primarily for
● multiplication
● Division Slide rule William Oughtred
● Roots
● Logarithms
● Trigonometry
● Not normally used for addition or
subtraction.
 Pascaline

History of Computers
Pascaline

● Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.

● It was its limitation to addition
and subtraction.
● It is too expensive.

Pascaline Blaise Pascal

 Stepped Reckoner

History of Computers
Stepped Reckoner

● Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in

1672.
● The machine that can add, subtract,
multiply and divide automatically.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Stepped Reckoner
 Jacquard Loom

History of Computers
Jacquard Loom

● The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.

● It an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.

Joseph-Marie Jacquard
Jacquard Loom
 Arithometer

History of Computers
Arithometer

● A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de

Colmar in 1820,
● The first reliable, useful and commercially successful
calculating machine.
● The machine could perform the four basic Arithometer Thomas de Colmar
mathematic functions.
● The first mass-produced calculating machine
 Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

History of Computers
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

● It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to

tabulate polynomial functions.
● Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
Charles Babbage
● It is the first mechanical computer for general
purposes.

Difference Engine - 1822 Analytical Engine - 1834

 First Computer Programmer

History of Computers
First Computer Programmer

● In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron or Ada Lovelace suggests

to Babbage that he use the binary system.
● She is English mathematician.
● She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.

Augusta Ada Byron

 Scheutzian Calculation Engine

History of Computers
Scheutzian Calculation Engine

● Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.

● Based on Charles Babbage’s difference engine.
● The first printing calculator.

Scheutzian Calculation Engine Per Georg Scheutz

 Scheutzian Calculation Engine

History of Computers
Tabulating Machine

● Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.

● To assist in summarizing information and accounting.

Herman Hollerith
Tabulating Machine
 Activity 2

History of Computer

Visit https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/

Timeline of Computer History from 1937 onwards.

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 Generations of Computer

Generations of Computer

There are five generations of computer:

● First generation – 1940 - 1956
● Second generation – 1956 - 1963
● Third generation – 1964 - 1975
● Fourth generation – 1975 - 1989
● Fifth generation – 1982 to future

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Summary of
Computer
Generations

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 First Generation of Computer

First Generation of Computer

● The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and
magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous,
taking up entire rooms.
● They were very expensive to operate and in addition to
using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat,
which was often the cause of malfunctions.

Vacuum Tubes

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 Firstt Generation of Computer

First Generation of Computer

● First generation computers relied on machine language, the
lowest-level programming language understood by
computers, to perform operations, and they could only
solve one problem at a time.
● Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and
output was displayed on printouts.
● Examples:
– ENIAC
– EDSAC
– UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101

ENIAC

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 Second Generartion of Computer

Second Generation of Computer

● Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the
second generation of computers.
● One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.
● Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,
more energy-efficient and more reliable.
● Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the
computer

The First Transistor

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 Second Generartion of Computer

Second Generation of Computer

● Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary
machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages,
which allowed programmers to specify instructions in
words.
● Second-generation computers still relied on punched
cards for input and printouts for output.
● These were also the first computers that stored their
instructions in their memory, which moved from a
magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
● Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000,
UNIVAC III
NCR 300 series, IBM 7030 Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090
series.
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 Third Generartion of Computer

Third Generation of Computer

● The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark
of the third generation of computers.
● Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips,
called semiconductors, which drastically increased the
speed and efficiency of computers. It could carry out
instructions in billionths of a second.
● Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second
generation computers. The First Integrated Circuit

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 Third Generartion of Computer

Third Generation of Computer

● Users interacted with third generation computers
through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an
operating system, which allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory.
● Computers for the first time became accessible to a
mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper
than their predecessors.
● Examples: Burroughs 6700, Control Data 3300, 6600,
7600, Honeywell 200, IBM System/360, System 3, IBM System/360
System 7.

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 Fourth Generartion of Computer

Fourth Generation of Computer

● It used microprocessor (thousands of integrated circuits were built
onto a single silicon chip)
● The size and cost of the computer was decreased.
● It used RAM that it allowed the computers to access the stored
information at a rapid pace and increased productivity.
● The Fourth generation also include the following developments:
● Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
● New operating system
● Invention of various secondary storage and I/O devices
● Local Area Network. The first micropressor 4004 – Intel
● Example: IBM PC, IBM PC/AT, Apple and CRAY-1. 1971

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 Fifth Generartion of Computer

Fifth Generation of Computer

● It is based on the Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) Technology that allows almost 10,000,000 electronic
components to be fabricated on one small chip (Bio Chip).
● the 5th generation computers are faster, cheaper, anmore officient.
● Some of the development made during this generation of computer are as follows :
● various portable computers
● parallel processor
● centralized computers call at servers.
● invention of optical disc technology
● invention of the Internet and its different service.
● Artificielle intelligence
● expert system applications

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Classifications of Computer

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References
● https://computerhistory.org/stories/
● https://tyrocity.com/topic/generation-of-computer/

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