See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/267841526

Exploratory Factor Trait Sports Confidence Inventory(TSCI) Scale among

Adolesent Taekwondo Players

Article in Middle East Journal of Scientific Research · January 2012

CITATIONS READS

10 5,845

4 authors, including:

Soumendra Saha Asok Kumar Ghosh

Techno India Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Belur Math, Howrah, India.
137 PUBLICATIONS 385 CITATIONS 68 PUBLICATIONS 819 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Soumendra Saha on 16 November 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 11 (1): 106-112, 2012
ISSN 1990-9233
© IDOSI Publications, 2012

Exploratory Factor Trait Sports Confidence Inventory(TSCI)

Scale among Adolesent Taekwondo Players
1
Tahereh Bagherpour, 1Hairul Anuar Hashim, 2Soumendra Saha and 1Asok Kumar Ghosh

1
Sports Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
16150, Kubang kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
2
School of Health sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Abstract: The present study investigated the psychometric properties of Malaysian and Iranian trait sports
confidence inventory scale. The questionnaire was administered to 267 Malaysian participants with the mean
age = 13.33 and 261 Taekwondo athletes participants with the mean age = 12.47 from different level of
experience. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach’s alpha were used to determine the factorial validity
and internal consistency of the questionnaire respectively. Factor analysis of results on the 13 items suggested
that 13 items in one factor were most interpretable in Malay and Persian versions. Alpha coefficient was 0.91
for Malay and 0.94 for Persian. In conclusion, the results of the current study indicated that the one-factor with
13 items model each and are scored on a 9-point scale ranging from low confidence (score of 1) to high
confidence (score of 9) of the TSCI possessed a more satisfactory factorial validity in Malaysian and Iranian
Taekwondo players and can be used as a scale instrument of trait sport confidence.

Key words: Exploratory factor % Trait sport confidence % Taekwondo athletes

INTRODUCTION trait sports confidence. The relationship between these

constructors is mediated by a number of factors such as
Sport psychology helps the athletes for obtained a competitive orientation. The understanding of the
optimal level of skills that are depends on three factors; interaction between general trait and state self-confidence
physical, skill and mental preparation. It seems that and understanding further will help coaches to monitor
different performance in champions depends on mental and enhance the athletes’ self confidence. Fundamental
preparation, [1]. Sports confidence is an important mental in understanding athlete’s mental state such as self-
skill and it has important roles in the success of athletes’ confidence, is the measurement instrument. To identify
performance [2]. Self confidence has been discussed from this instrument, we need psychometric. In this regard, self
several points of views such as Bandura’s self efficacy confidence questionnaires were developed. Vealy (year)
theory, Harte’s competence motivation theory and has shown the potential of using it to demonstrate self-
Vealey’s sports confidence [3]. confidence. Development of self-confidence has been
According to Vealey (year), self confidence is a belief done in several steps [4].
that an individual is certain of their ability to be She revised the questionnaire in 1986 and 1998.
successful in sports. Vealey postulated that athlete’s self Her questionnaire included 20 items but after a
confidence is both general and specific. Specifically, the review by expert judges of sport psychology, the final
general self confidence among athletes is their belief version was upgraded to 13 questions. She also
about general sports such football match. However sports modified the original TSCI format from 5 degree Likert
confident athletes believe their abilities in a specific scale to 9 degree Likert scale and it catered to a wider
situation such as penalty shoot outs. Athletes’ specific response. Vealey (year) replaced the labels liker from
self- confidence or state sports confidence is largely “extremely, moderately, not at all to High, Medium and
influenced by their level of general sports confidence and Low” [5].

Corresponding Author: Tahereh Bagherpour, Sports Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

106
 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 11 (1): 106-112, 2012

Cranbach’s (1951) alpha coefficient and internal confidence and in another study between Spanish and
consistency for TSCI was r =.93. She also used this U.S. demonstrated higher sport-confidence in U.S.
question for 109 high school and 110 college athletes compared to Spanish athlete [10]. Differences in
students 1 hour before starting the match to take the skill levels also seem to affect levels of self-confidence.
reliability by test re test. Results showed it was Skilled or elite athletes have shown higher self-confidence
above accepted (.86). Vealey (year) investigated than novice or non-elite athletes, For example, Perry and
concurrent validity by second phase participants. The Williams (1998) compared level of confidence in tennis
participants completed the TSCI and SCAT and physical players with different skill levels (novice, intermediate,
self-efficacy scale 1 hour before competition. He advanced). Advanced skilled level athletes reported
understood the TSCI was positively related (r =.18) to higher self-confidence than intermediate and novice
physical activity [5]. skilled athletes [11]. The types of sport in some previous
To investigate about predictive validity Trait and studies have been shown that, there were not significant
state Sports Confidence (Vealey) had done it between differences between athletes but most of them found
marathon running performance. Result showed trait sport different psychological characteristics in type of sport
confidence was a better predictor of performance (Gayton [12].
and Nickless, 1987). In this theme Martin and Gill (1991) In summary, sport confidence is the main factor to
found the trait had validity in running players and athletes help in obtaining points among athletes, although in
had more confidence to run faster than those with less previous study, sports confidence questionnaire had the
confidence. In a further Meta analysis study by validity and reliability, now two research questions were
Woodman and Hardy (2003) 48 subjects were tested on raised: is the trait sport confidence valid in taekwondo
the relationship between state cognitive anxiety and adolescent athletes in Malaysia? And (2) is the trait sport
performance and between self- confidence and confidence valid in taekwondo adolescent in Iran? To
performance. They found the mean effect size for self- answer these questions, the questionnaire used in two
confidence and performance was larger than the cognitive versions for validity and reliability among taekwondo
anxiety and performance [6], Similarly, Feltz,s (1982) athletes. So we hypothesized the trait sport confidence is
reported a positive relationship between confidence and valid as well as in the original version as this research
performance and it is also confirmed that confidence is a investigated about psychometric properties among
stronger performance predictor than anxiety. Yoo (1994) adolescent Taekwondo players in Malay and Persian
investigated between 257 college varsity athletes and the version. It will be suggested to compare sport confidence
results showed athletes had less sport competition type between kinds of sports in future time.
anxiety more than sports confidence. In muscular leg-
endurance task, they found individuals who have higher MATERIALS AND METHODS
self-confidence they have improved in performance [7].
Also the personality characteristics investigated by Gould The investigation of the psychometric properties
and colleagues (2002), they found confidence was a includes two phases, first study is in the Malay version
shared characteristic of these athletes in Olympic and second study is in the Persian version.
champions. In addition, the results from the qualitative
interviews showed that athletes concerned to confidence Study 1
as an important factor for their successes. [8]. Participants: Two hundred sixty seven subjects
Various studies had found effects of different culture participated (109 girls, (%41.6). Mean = 14.04 years. SD
on confidence. Six mental qualities differences =2.725 and 158. Boys, (%58.4). Mean = 12.67 years. SD =
(competitive trait anxiety, trait self-confidence, 2.984) selected among adolescent Taekwondo athletes
concentration, mental preparation skills, achievement from different level of experience.
motivation and leadership skill) had been discovered in The participants’ ages are between 7- 21 years. All
expert athletes from Singapore, North America, China and participants are participated regular in physical activity as
Nigeria [9]. Specifically, North American athletes had the club member in international level. They're from different
highest confidence; the second was Nigeria, then parts of this country (Malaysia) such as Kedah,
Singapore and Chinese athletes showed the lowest Terengganu, Melaka, Johor, UITM Kelantan, Kelantan
confidence. Similarly, results of Cox and Whaley and Kuala Lumpur. All participants are volunteers. They
(2004) showed African-American athletes had higher have fought in the 2nd round of the international
expectancies for success, which can correspond to championship.

107
 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 11 (1): 106-112, 2012

According to Fidel and Tabachnich research; for the data (Kim and Mueller 1978). To ensure that the
analysis factor, more than 10 subjects per estimated characteristics of the data set were fitting for the factor
parameter are acceptable [13]. analysis to be conducted on the sample, The Kaiser-
Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling sufficiency and
Instruments: The instrument is used to collected sport Bartlett Test of Sphericity (BTS) were conducted on the
confidence participations before the international data. To determine the best factor structure to represent
Taekwondo completion including trait sports-confidence the TSCI exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used.
inventory (TSCI); Vealey (1986). The TSCI was then back Principal component analysis was employed. These
translated into Malaysian version. Similar to the original methods were chosen because an underlying theoretical
version, the TSCI composes of 13 items that only structure was hypothesized and because it was assumed
measures sports self-confidence and asks subject to rate that the dimensions or factors describing the structure
how confident they generally feel when competing in might be interred correlated. Three major sequential steps
sports. A 9 point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (low) to were undertaken. Firstly, it involved identifying the
9 (high) was used for each item and the TSCI scores were number of meaningful factors to retain based on the
computed by summing all responses. Scores ranging from screen test (Cattell) and the percentage of (common)
a low of 13 to a high of 117. All items were positively variance accounted for by a given factor. Using the
stated. screen plot, we obtained the eigen value (i.e. the amount
of variance that is accounted for by a given factor)
Procedures: The study protocol was approved by the associated with each factor and looked for a point before
Research Ethical Committees (Human). Cross-cultural the slope is flattens out. Factors that seem before the
adaptation involved in translating psychological testing break were assumed to be meaningful and were retained
due to different cultural background, especially in terms for rotation [16]. Factors appearing on the horizontal line
of the meaning of each item in the scale [14]. So according after the break were taken to account only for a trivial
to Brisline’s research [15], functionally, an equivalent amount of variance and were therefore not retained.
translation can be demonstrated when responses to the Secondly, it involved an oblique rotation on the retained
original and target version are studied. Thus the original factors to help with interpretation. An oblique rotation
TSCI questionnaire is translated from English to Malay by was applied because it was hypothesized (and later
2 MSc students, back up questioners translated have confirmed) that the factors would be correlated with one
been converted to English and check without the help of another. Thirdly, it involved interpreting the rotated
the original scale. solution by identifying which items load on each retained
Immediately after warming up, the head coaches factor, the conceptual meaning of items that load on the
calls all Taekwondo players and asking them to fill same factor and conceptual differences in items that load
up the questions. Participants are briefly explained about on different factors. The minimum loading of an item was
the procedure of the study and received written determined at 0.3 [17].
instructions. They asked to read the items carefully and Finally, an examination of items that loaded strongly
respond correctly to each item to research assistant. They on each factor was made to see if the items actually fit
had a pencil and questions to complete the TSCI during together. Cronbach a coefficients were calculated to
the 20 minutes prior to competition. Three research evaluate the internal consistency of the TSCI total and
assistants helped participants to fill out the subscale scores.
questionnaires.
RESULT
Statistical Analysis
Descriptive Analyses: Analyses were performed by using The data were checked for accuracy. No missing
SPSS (Version 18.0). Descriptive analyses of the data were value or outliers were present. Descriptive statistics
performed with all study variables to describe the study (Means, percentage and standard deviation), exploratory
participants. factor and Cronbach s alpha were used.
Age means between gender groups was obtained.
Factor Analysis: Factor analysis is a statistical technique The different ages mean were normal between males and
that decreases a large number of interrelated questions to females so we have used parametric statistics. Table 1,
a smaller number of underlying common factors or provided means and standard deviations for each of the
domains that are primarily responsible for co variation in items in TSCI.

108
 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 11 (1): 106-112, 2012

Exploratory Factor Analysis: EFA is used to find out the Study 2

underlying structure of a relatively large set of variables. Participation: From 261 participants 130 were girls (%42.8)
EFA with Principal Component Analysis was employed (Mean = 13.1 years. SD =2.818) and 168 were boys (%43.1)
for sample aiming at empirically revealing and (Mean =12.47, years. SD =2.962). Their age's ranges vary
demonstrating the hypothesized, underlying structure of from 7 to 21 recruited from different sports club. They're
the preliminary model of TSCI. Before conducting an EFA, active and have attended in some national competitions
the results of the KMO measure of sampling adequacy and listed as national team.
and the Bartlett’s test of sphericity were examined to
determine the appropriateness of factor analysis. Methods and Procedures: There are two English
Bartlett’s test was significant (BTS value=1513.297, translators who translated English to Persian and 2 others
p<0.001), showing that the correlation matrix was double check Persian to translated to English with no
significantly different from an identity matrix. Similarly, the help. The head coaches informed about the methodology.
KMO Measure of Sampling Adequacy of 0.93 was Head coaches and 3 sport students are informed of the
substantial. Both revealed that it was appropriate to research's goal. They are arranged with separated coach
perform a factor analysis. twenty minutes before the game started while they waiting
From the screen plot and the Kaiser-Guttman rule, to start their fight. They are given pencils and options to
factor analysis of results on the 13 items suggested that answer the questionnaires. Assistants are available to
those 13 items in 1 factor were most interpretable. We help them to fill out the form. The participants are also
prespecified and required that at least 10% of the variance asked to mark their gender, Experimental and age.
be explained by a retained factor [18].
Solution was supported by the percentage of RESULT
variance accounted for by each factor. The first factor
accounted for was 50.79% Therefore, a one factor solution Descriptive statistics (Means, percentage and
was chosen based on the screen test. Their absolute standard deviation), exploratory factor and Cronbach s
values reflect the unique contribution that each factor alpha were used. Means between gender groups were
makes to the variance of the observed item. We use this obtained. The mean were normal between different age’s
varimax to determine which groups of items are measuring groups so we have used parametric statistics. Table 3
a given factor and for interpreting the meaning of each provided means and standard deviations for each of the
factor. items TSCI.
Table 2 demonstrated the rotated principal factor
loading varimax for the TSCI items. Exploratory Factor Analysis: EFA is used to find out the
underlying structure of a relatively large set of variables.
Internal Consistency: Internal consistency of the TSCI EFA with Principal Component Analysis was employed
was checked by calculating alpha reliability coefficients for sample aiming at empirically revealing and
using SPSS 18. The overall alpha coefficient was 0.91. demonstrating the hypothesized, underlying structure of

Table 1: Means and SD for items of TSCI

Items Items 1 Items 2 Items 3 Items 4 Items 5 Items 6 Items 7 Items 8 Items 9 Items 10 Items 11 Items 12 Items 13
Mean Std Deviation 5.85 5.65 5.55 5.52 5.82 5.84 5.62 5.75 5.73 5.74 5.71 5.53 5.86
1.793 1.746 1.834 1.825 1.973 1.875 1.921 1.871 1.758 1-841 1.732 1.848 1.938

Table 2: Final exploratory factor analysis results

Items Items 8 Items 9 Items 11 Items 10 Items 7 Items 1 Items 5 Items 6 Items 2 Items 12 Items 4 Items 13 Items 3
Component 0.817 0.802 0.782 0.766 0.748 0.735 0.713 0.694 0.690 0.683 0.645 0.574 0.523

Table 3: Means and SD for items of TSCI

Items Items 1 Items 2 Items 3 Items 4 Items 5 Items 6 Items 7 Items 8 Items 9 Items 10 Items 11 Items 12 Items 13
MeanStd Deviation 6.790 6.469 6.391 6.290 6.457 6.364 6.395 6.321 6.279 6.259 6.647 6.515 6.879
1.500 1.593 1.550 1.675 1.583 1.623 1.532 1.646 1.597 1790 1.709 1.646 1.637

Table 4: Final exploratory factor analysis results

Items Items 8 Items 9 Items 11 Items 10 Items 7 Items 1 Items 5 Items 6 Items 2 Items 12 Items 4 Items 13 Items 3
Component 0.775 0.707 0.782 0.765 0.764 0.789 0.804 0.793 0.770 0.731 0.735 0.753 0.722

109
 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 11 (1): 106-112, 2012

the preliminary model of TSCI. Before conducting an EFA, and according to the researcher results we can find
the results of the KMO measure of sampling adequacy different scores between different nationality in this
and the Bartlett’s test of sphericity were examined to questionnaire.
determine the appropriateness of factor analysis. The exploratory factors analysis in two versions
Bartlett’s test was significant (BTS value=2090.66, demonstrated that one factor solution best fits the data
p<0.001), showing that the correlation matrix was and the results of the present research support the
significantly different from an identity matrix. Similarly, the hypothesis that sports confidence is a valid questionnaire
KMO Measure of Sampling Adequacy of 0.95 was for measurement in this sample. Accounting for the
substantial. Both revealed that it was appropriate to Malaysian version was %50.7 of the variance but for
perform a factor analysis [18]. If KMO is higher, Barlett Persian version it was %58.4 of the variance. According
Test gets statistically more significant. If both tests to this results both of versions have high loading in the
values are high, this indicates that the scale has a strong one factor and the 8thquestion have a higher loading in
correlation between items [19]. Malaysian version (compare your confidence in your
From the screen plot and the Kaiser-Guttman rule, ability to be successful to the most confident athlete you
factor analysis of results on the 13 items suggesting that know) and 11thquestion have a higher loading in Persian
13 items in 1 factor were most interpretable. We version (Compare your confidence in your ability to meet
prespecified and required that at least 10% of the variance the challenge of competition to the most confident athlete
be explained by a retained factor [18]. you know).
Solution was supported by the percentage of According to Veale’s results (1986, 1998),
variance accounted for by each factor. The first factor Gayton and Nickless (1987) validity for TSCI can be found
accounted for was 50.79% Therefore, a one factor solution for all the questions in both versions with 13 items each
was chosen based on the screen test. Their absolute and are scored on a 9-point scale ranging from low
values reflect the unique contribution that each factor confidence (score of 1) to high confidence (score of 9)
makes to the variance of the observed item. We use this [20]. reliability was 0.91 in the Malay version but in the
varimax to determine which groups of items are measuring Persian version was 0.94. Vealy obtained 0.93 alpha
a given factor and for interpreting the meaning of each reliability for colleagues and high school students and
factor. Table 4 demonstrated the rotated principal factor again he used test re test that was 0.83 [21]. Many
loading varimax for the TSCI. researchers [8,22-25] ] used the TSCI for their study and
they have confirmed that TSCI can strongly predicted
Internal Consistency: Internal consistency of the TSCI sports performance. Between the psychologies factors
was checked by calculating alpha reliability coefficience (sports anxiety) have positive relationship with sports
using SPSS 18. The overall alpha coefficient was 0.94. performance.
Self-confidence is suggested to be one of the most
DISCUSSION powerful qualities that expert athletes possess and sport
confidence reduced cognitive anxiety and physiological
The purpose of the present study was to investigate arousal during the performance [26]. Also Results from
the validity and reliability of the Malay and Persian some study showed that between emotional intelligence
version of trait sports confidence (TSCI) among with self-confidence was a significant relationship [27].
adolescent Taekwondo athletes. Evidence of factorial The results of the current study provide preliminary
validity was established using EFA. Developing validity support to suggest that increased self-confidence allows
is essential from the English version to the Malay and athletes to enhance or maintain a facilitating outlook
Persian version, in utilizing these questionnaires in these towards out coming competition. Further, athletes are able
countries. The hypothesis predicted that Trait Sport to enhance and protect their level of self-confidence using
Confidence Inventory was validated in this study. cognitive strategies including thought stopping, positive
According to the descriptive analysis, there is a different self-talk and mental rehearsal. These strategies function
mean between the Malaysian and Persian version. by allowing the performer to control any negative
The highest mean was 5.86 for the thirteenth question in thoughts or images experienced and, assisted by greater
Malaysia and also the highest mean was 6.87 for the effort and motivation, maintain positive perceptions of
thirteenth question in Iran. This results is similar to Xinyi, control and interpret symptoms experienced as facilitating
Smith and Adegbola (2004) and Cox and Whaley (2004) towards performance [28].

110
 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 11 (1): 106-112, 2012

The present study has limitations; the last two 9. Xinyi, Z., D. Smith and O. Adegbola, 2004. Cross-
of which have implications for future research. The cultural comparison of six mental qualities among
subjects filled up these questions at the same time; Singaporean, North American, Chinese and Nigerian
20 minutes before Competition, the measures were all professional athletes. International J. Sport and
based on self-report, in which they had different Exercise Psychol., 2(2): 103-118.
experience in Taekwondo and psychology field, their age 10. Cox, A.E. and D.E. Whaley, 2004. The influence of
was between 8 to 21 years old and researchers have task value, expectancies for success and identity on
selected only taekwondo players. In conclusion, the athlete’s achievement behaviors. J. Applied Sport
results of the current study indicated that the one-factor Psychol., 16: 103-117.
with 13 items model each and are scored on a 9-point scale 11. Perry, J.D. and J.M. Williams, 1998. Relationship of
ranging from low confidence (score of 1) to high intensity and direction of competitive trait anxiety to
confidence (score of 9) of the TSCI possessed a more skill level and gender in tennis. The Sport
satisfactory factorial validity in Malaysian and Iranian Psychologist, 12: 169-179.
Taekwondo players and can be used as a measure of trait 12. Sohrabi, F., S. Atashak and M.M. Aliloo, 2011.
sports confidence. Psychological profile of athletes in contact and
non-contact sports. Middle-East J. Scientific Res.,
REFERENCES 9(5): 638-644.
13. Tabachnick, B.C. and L.S. Fidel, 2001. Using
1. Lyasi, G. and M.H. Salehian, 2011. Multivariate Statistics. 4ed. Boston, Massachusetts:
Comparison of personality traits between individual Allyn and Bacon.
and team athletes. Middle-East J. Scientific Res., 14. Al-Haadi Shafie, A., A.S. Mahmud Zuria, Salleh, A.K.
9(4): 527-530. Jusoff and M.A.A. Ibrahim, 2011. Reliability and
2. Moritz, S.E., D.L. Feltz, K.RFahrbach D.E. andMack, validity of peer aggression coping self-efficacy scale.
2000. The relation of self-efficacy measures to sport World Applied Sciences J., 14(Learning Innovation
performance: Ameta-analytic review. Research and Intervention for Diverse Learners): 40-43.
Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71: 280-294. 15. Brislin, R.W., 1970. Back translation for cross cultural
3. Cox, H. Richard. 2002. Sport Psychology: Concepts research. J. Cross Cultural Psychol., 1(3): 185-216.
and Applications. (Fifth Edition). New York: McGraw- 16. Hatcher, L., 1994.A Step-by-Step Approach to Using
Hill Companies. the SAS System for Factor Analysis and Structural
4. Vealey, R.S. and M.A. Chase, 2008. Self-confidence in Equation Modeling. Cary, NC, SAS Institute,
sport: Conceptual and research Advances. In T. S. pp: 57-127.
Horn (Ed.), Advances in Sport Psychology (3rd ed.). 17. Demirbas, O.C., 2011. The study on the validity and
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. reliability of sustainable development awareness
5. Hoffman, J.D., 2000. Sport confidence and perception scale. World Applied Sciences J., 12(10): 1698-1707.
of coaching behavior of male and female high school 18. Cattell, R.B., 1966. The screen test for the number of
basketball players. Thesis presented to the faculty of factors. Multivariate Behave Res., 1: 245-276.
Springfield College. 19. Kaya, B., B. Habaci, S. Küçük, F. Adigüzelli and M.
6. Feltz, D.L., 1988. Self confidence and sport Habaci, 2011. Development of Instructional Strategies
performance. IN K. B. pandolf (ED.) exercise and Scale: Reliability and Validity. World Applied
sport. Sciences J., 15(4): 507-516.
7. Yoo, Seang, L., A model to understand sport- 20. Gayton, W.F. and C.J. Nickless, 1987. An
confidence and sport competition anxiety of college investigation of the validity of the trait and state
varsity athletes, 1994. D.P.E, Springfield College sport-confidence inventories in predicting marathon
(Barbara E. Jensen). (213pp 3f $12.00) PSY 1876. performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65: 481-482.
8. Gould, D., K. Ieffenbach and A. Offett, 2002. 21. Vealey, R.S., 1986. Conceptualization of sport
Psychological Characteristics and Their Development confidence and competitive orientation: preliminary
in Olympic Champions. J. Applied Sport Psychol., investigation and instrument development. Journal
14: 172-204. Sport Psychol., 8: 221-246.

111
 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 11 (1): 106-112, 2012

22. Feltz, D.L., 1994. Collective efficacy in sport. J. Sport 26. Callow, N. and L. Hardy, 2001. Types of Imagery
and Exercise Psychol., 16(Suppl.): 516. Associated with Sport Confidence in Netball Players
23. Hays, Y., 2007. Sources and Types of Confidence of Varying Skill Levels. J. Applied Psychol., 13: 1-17.
Identified by World Class Sport Performers. J. 27. Torkfar, A., Z. Abbariki, A. Ghorban Rostami and E.
Applied Sport Psychol., 19: 434-456. Karamiyan, 2011. Reviewing relationship between
24. Goddard, R.D., W.K. Hoy and A. Woolfolk Hoy, 2004. emotional intelligence and competitive anxiety in
Collective efficacy beliefs:Theoretical developments, athlete students, in individual and group fields.
empirical evidence and future directions. Educational World Applied Sciences J., 15(1): 92-99.
Res., 33(3): 3-13. 28. Carver, C.S. and M.F. Scheier, 1998. On the self-
25. Beattie, S., S.L. Lew Hardy and T. Woodman, 2004. regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge
Precompetition Self-Confidence: The Role of the Self. University Press.
J. Sport and Exersice Psychology, 2004, 26, 427-441.

112

View publication stats