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Structure of Atom Complete Notes JEE

The document provides comprehensive notes on the structure of the atom, covering the quantum mechanical model, quantum numbers, and rules for electron filling. It discusses the discovery of subatomic particles, limitations of early atomic models, and introduces concepts like electromagnetic radiation and the photoelectric effect. Additionally, it details Bohr's model, hydrogen spectrum, and de Broglie's hypothesis regarding the wave nature of particles.

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2 views3 pages

Structure of Atom Complete Notes JEE

The document provides comprehensive notes on the structure of the atom, covering the quantum mechanical model, quantum numbers, and rules for electron filling. It discusses the discovery of subatomic particles, limitations of early atomic models, and introduces concepts like electromagnetic radiation and the photoelectric effect. Additionally, it details Bohr's model, hydrogen spectrum, and de Broglie's hypothesis regarding the wave nature of particles.

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BHANGRA SHOOTER
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Structure of Atom - Complete JEE-Level Notes

1. Quantum Mechanical Model and Quantum Numbers

• Developed by Schrodinger using wave equations.

• Provides a probability map of where an electron is likely to be found (orbital).

Born’s Interpretation:

• The square of the wave function (ψ²) gives the probability density of finding an electron.

Radial Probability and Wave Functions (Hydrogen-like atoms):

• Radial distribution function: Probability of finding electron at a distance r.

• Number of radial nodes = n − l − 1;

• Number of angular nodes = l; Total nodes = n − 1

Quantum Numbers:

a. Principal Quantum Number (n): Shell level; n = 1, 2, 3...

b. Azimuthal Quantum Number (l): Subshell; l = 0 to (n−1)

s (0), p (1), d (2), f (3)...

c. Magnetic Quantum Number (m): Orientation; m = −l to +l

d. Spin Quantum Number (s): +1/2 or −1/2

Rules for Electron Filling:

Aufbau Principle: Electrons occupy lowest energy orbitals first.

(n + l) Rule: Lower (n + l) → lower energy. If same, then lower n → lower energy.

Pauli Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in an atom can have all four quantum numbers
the same.

Hund’s Rule: Electrons occupy orbitals singly with parallel spins before pairing.

Electronic Configuration Examples:

• Oxygen (Z = 8): 1s² 2s² 2p⁴

• Fe (Z = 26): [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²

Extra Stability of Half and Fully Filled Orbitals:


• Due to symmetrical distribution and exchange energy.

• Cr (Z = 24): [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹ instead of 3d⁴ 4s²

• Cu (Z = 29): [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ instead of 3d⁹ 4s²

2. Discovery of Subatomic Particles

Cathode Rays: Discovered by J.J. Thomson; negatively charged, e/m = 1.758 × 10¹¹ C/kg

Anode Rays: Discovered by Goldstein; positively charged particles.

Electron: Charge = -1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, Mass = 9.109 × 10⁻³¹ kg

Proton: Discovered by Goldstein, Mass ≈ 1836 × electron mass

Neutron: Discovered by James Chadwick; neutral charge.

3. Thomson’s Model: Atom as positive sphere with embedded electrons (failed to explain
scattering).

4. Rutherford’s Model: Gold foil experiment → nucleus is small, dense, positively charged.

Limitations: Failed to explain electron stability & spectra.

5. Atomic Number (Z) and Mass Number (A):

Z = no. of protons; A = protons + neutrons

6. Electromagnetic Radiation:

c = λν; c = speed of light (3 × 10⁸ m/s), λ = wavelength, ν = frequency

7. Blackbody Radiation: Classical theory fails; Planck’s quantum theory explains it.

E = hν (h = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ Js)

8. Photoelectric Effect: E = hν = φ + KE;

Terms: Threshold frequency (ν₀), Stopping potential, Saturation current

9. Bohr’s Model:

• mvr = nh/2π; rₙ = n²a₀; Eₙ = -13.6Z²/n² eV

• Energy emission: ΔE = hν

10. Hydrogen Spectrum:

ν̅ = RZ²(1/n₁² − 1/n₂²); R = 1.097 × 10⁷ m⁻¹

Series: Lyman (UV), Balmer (Visible), Paschen, Brackett, Pfund (IR)


11. de Broglie Hypothesis: λ = h/mv (Wave nature of particles)

Davisson & Germer Experiment confirmed wave nature of electrons.

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