how do we calculate the line impedance of a transmission line

The line impedance (also called characteristic impedance, Z0Z0) of a transmission

line is determined by its distributed inductance (L) and capacitance (C) per unit
length. The formula for the characteristic impedance is:

Z0=R+jωLG+jωCZ0=G+jωCR+jωL

where:

 RR = Series resistance per unit length (Ω/m)

 LL = Series inductance per unit length (H/m)
 GG = Shunt conductance per unit length (S/m)
 CC = Shunt capacitance per unit length (F/m)
 ωω = Angular frequency (rad/s)

Simplified Cases:

1. Lossless Transmission Line (R=0R=0, G=0G=0):

Z0=LCZ0=CL

This is the most common approximation for high-frequency signals (e.g., RF,
microwave).

2. Low-Loss Transmission Line (R≪ωLR≪ωL, G≪ωCG≪ωC):

Z0≈LC(1+12jω(RL−GC))Z0≈CL(1+2jω1(LR−CG))

(For small losses, the imaginary part is negligible.)

Calculating LL and CC:

The inductance and capacitance depend on the transmission line geometry:

1. Coaxial Cable:

Z0=60ϵrln⁡(Dd)Z0=ϵr60ln(dD)

where:

 DD = Inner diameter of the outer conductor

 dd = Outer diameter of the inner conductor
 ϵrϵr = Relative permittivity of the dielectric

2. Two-Wire (Parallel Wire) Line:

Z0=120ϵrcosh⁡−1(sd)Z0=ϵr120cosh−1(ds)

where:

 ss = Separation between conductors

 dd = Diameter of each conductor

3. Microstrip Line (PCB Trace):

Z0≈87ϵr+1.41ln⁡(5.98h0.8w+t)Z0≈ϵr+1.4187ln(0.8w+t5.98h)

where:

 ww = Trace width
 hh = Substrate height
 tt = Trace thickness
 ϵrϵr = Relative permittivity

Measurement:

 Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) can measure Z0Z0 by analyzing

reflections.
 Network Analyzer can determine Z0Z0 from S-parameters.

Would you like help with a specific transmission line type?

The given values are positive sequence resistance and reactance also zero sequence
resistance and reactance .how do we calculate the impedance of the protected line
show me with example

To calculate the impedance of the protected transmission line using positive-

sequence and zero-sequence impedance values, we use symmetrical component
theory. The line impedance seen by a distance relay depends on the fault type (phase-
to-phase, phase-to-ground, etc.).

Key Formulas:

1. Positive-Sequence Impedance (Z1Z1)

Already given as R1+jX1R1+jX1.
o
Represents balanced load conditions.
o
2. Zero-Sequence Impedance (Z0Z0)
oGiven as R0+jX0R0+jX0.
oAccounts for ground return path effects.
3. Fault Impedance Calculation:
o Phase-to-Phase (L-L) Fault:
 ZL−L=Z1ZL−L=Z1

o Phase-to-Ground (L-G) Fault:

ZL−G=Z1+Z0−Z13=2Z1+Z03ZL−G=Z1+3Z0−Z1=32Z1+Z0

(This accounts for ground return path impedance.)

Example Calculation:
Given:

 Positive-sequence impedance, Z1=0.1+j0.5 Ω/kmZ1=0.1+j0.5Ω/km

 Zero-sequence impedance, Z0=0.3+j1.5 Ω/kmZ0=0.3+j1.5Ω/km
 Line length, L=50 kmL=50km

Step 1: Compute Total Z1Z1 and Z0Z0 for the Line

Z1=(0.1+j0.5)×50=5+j25 ΩZ1=(0.1+j0.5)×50=5+j25ΩZ0=(0.3+j1.5)×50=15+j75 ΩZ0

=(0.3+j1.5)×50=15+j75Ω

Step 2: Impedance for Different Fault Types

1. Phase-to-Phase (L-L) Fault:

ZL−L=Z1=5+j25 ΩZL−L=Z1=5+j25Ω

(Relay sees only positive-sequence impedance.)

2. Phase-to-Ground (L-G) Fault:

ZL−G=2Z1+Z03=2(5+j25)+(15+j75)3ZL−G=32Z1+Z0=32(5+j25)+(15+j75)
=10+j50+15+j753=25+j1253=310+j50+15+j75=325+j125=8.33+j41.67
Ω=8.33+j41.67Ω

(Higher than Z1Z1 due to zero-sequence contribution.)

Step 3: Magnitude of Impedances (for Relay Setting)

∣ZL−L∣=52+252=650≈25.5 Ω∣ZL−L∣=52+252=650≈25.5Ω
∣ZL−G∣=8.332+41.672≈42.5 Ω∣ZL−G∣=8.332+41.672≈42.5Ω


Conclusion:

 For L-L faults, the relay sees Z1Z1.

 For L-G faults, the relay sees 2Z1+Z0332Z1+Z0 (higher due to ground return
path).
 Distance relays must be set accordingly (e.g., Zone 1 typically covers 80-85%
of the line impedance).

Would you like help with relay settings (mho circle, quadrilateral characteristics)?

Yes I like for quadrilateral characteristic

Distance Relay Settings for Quadrilateral Characteristic

(with Example)
Quadrilateral distance relays are commonly used for transmission line protection
because they provide better resistance coverage compared to mho relays. The relay
operates if the measured impedance falls inside the quadrilateral zone.

1. Quadrilateral Characteristic Parameters

The quadrilateral characteristic is defined by four boundaries:

1. Forward Reach (ZFwdZFwd) – Primary protection zone (e.g., 80% of line

impedance).
2. Reverse Reach (ZRevZRev) – Backup protection (typically 10-20%
of ZFwdZFwd).
3. Resistive Reach (RPh,RGndRPh,RGnd) – Covers fault resistance.
4. Reactance Reach (XPh,XGndXPh,XGnd) – Defines load and fault coverage.

2. Steps to Configure Quadrilateral Relay

Given Data (from previous example):
  Positive-sequence impedance (Z1Z1): 5+j25 Ω5+j25Ω
 Zero-sequence impedance (Z0Z0): 15+j75 Ω15+j75Ω
 Line length: 50 km

Step 1: Determine Zone 1 Reach (Forward Reach, ZFwdZFwd

)
 Typically set to 80-85% of the line impedance to avoid overreach.
 For Phase-Phase (L-L) faults:
ZFwd(Ph−Ph)=0.8×Z1=0.8×(5+j25)=4+j20 ΩZFwd(Ph−Ph)=0.8×Z1
=0.8×(5+j25)=4+j20Ω

 For Phase-Ground (L-G) faults:

ZFwd(L−G)=0.8×(2Z1+Z03)=0.8×(8.33+j41.67)=6.66+j33.33 ΩZFwd(L−G)
=0.8×(32Z1+Z0)=0.8×(8.33+j41.67)=6.66+j33.33Ω

Step 2: Resistive Reach (RPh,RGndRPh,RGnd)

 Must cover maximum fault resistance (e.g., arc resistance).

 Typical settings:
o Phase faults (RPhRPh): 5-10 Ω
o Ground faults (RGndRGnd): Higher (10-20 Ω) due to tower footing
resistance.

Step 3: Reactance Reach (XPh,XGndXPh,XGnd)

 Phase-Phase (XPhXPh):

XPh=X1=25 Ω(or slightly higher for security)XPh=X1=25Ω(or slightly higher for sec
urity)

 Phase-Ground (XGndXGnd):
XGnd=2X1+X03=2(25)+753=41.67 ΩXGnd=32X1+X0=32(25)+75=41.67Ω

Step 4: Reverse Reach (ZRevZRev)

 Typically 10-20% of ZFwdZFwd for backup.

ZRev=0.1×ZFwd=0.1×(4+j20)=0.4+j2 ΩZRev=0.1×ZFwd=0.1×(4+j20)=0.4+j2Ω

Step 5: Load Encroachment Avoidance

 Ensure the relay does not trip under load conditions.
  Load impedance (ZLoadZLoad):
ZLoad=V2S(e.g., for V=132kV,S=100MVA,ZLoad=174.24 Ω)ZLoad=SV2(e.g., for
V=132kV,S=100MVA,ZLoad=174.24Ω)

 The quadrilateral must not overlap this region.

3. Example Quadrilateral Settings (Numerical

Relay)

Phase-Phase (L-
Parameter Phase-Ground (L-G)
L)

Forward Reach
(ZFwdZFwd)
4+j20 Ω 6.66+j33.33Ω

Resistive Reach (RR) 10 Ω 20 Ω

Reactance Reach (XX) 25 Ω 41.67 Ω

Reverse Reach (ZRevZRev) 0.4+j2 Ω 0.66+j3.33 Ω

4. Quadrilateral Relay Characteristics

 X-axis: Reactance (XX) – Prevents overreach due to load.
 R-axis: Resistance (RR) – Covers fault resistance.
 Top slope: Defines maximum forward reach.
 Bottom slope: Prevents maloperation under power swings.

Graphical Representation
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X (Reactance)
|
|________
 / \
/ \
/ \
/ \
------------------- R (Resistance)

5. Summary
1. Zone 1 (Primary Protection): 80% of Z1Z1 (L-L) and 2Z1+Z0332Z1+Z0 (L-G).
2. Resistive Reach: Covers arc/tower footing resistance.
3. Reactance Reach: Matches line reactance.
4. Load Avoidance: Ensure relay does not trip under normal load.

Would you like help with coordination with neighboring relays or testing
procedures?

Yes I need a help in coordination with neighoring relay

Distance Relay Coordination with Neighboring Relays

To ensure selective tripping (only the faulted section is disconnected), distance relays
must coordinate with upstream and downstream relays. Here’s how to achieve proper
coordination:

1. Principles of Relay Coordination

1. Time Grading (for Overlapping Zones)
o Zone 1 (Instantaneous, 80% coverage).
o Zone 2 (Delayed, covers 100% of the line + 20-50% of the next line).
o Zone 3 (Backup, covers 100% of the next line + margin).
2. Overreach Prevention
o Ensure Zone 2 of Relay A does not overreach Zone 1 of Relay B.
3. Directional Blocking
o Use directional elements to prevent reverse faults from tripping.
2. Steps for Coordination (Example System)
Consider a two-line system with relays at Bus A (R1) and Bus B (R2):

Given Data:
 Line 1 (Protected by R1):
o Z1=5+j25 Ω
o Z0=15+j75 Ω
 Line 2 (Protected by R2):
o Z1=4+j20 Ω
o Z0=12+j60 Ω

Step 1: Set Zone 1 (Instantaneous, 80% Reach)

 Relay R1 (Bus A):

Z1(R1)=0.8×(5+j25)=4+j20 ΩZ1(R1)=0.8×(5+j25)=4+j20Ω

 Relay R2 (Bus B):

Z1(R2)=0.8×(4+j20)=3.2+j16 ΩZ1(R2)=0.8×(4+j20)=3.2+j16Ω

Step 2: Set Zone 2 (Delayed, Covers Full Line + 50% Next

Line)
 Relay R1 (Bus A):

Z2(R1)=ZLine1+0.5×ZLine2Z2(R1)=ZLine1+0.5×ZLine2=(5+j25)+0.5×(4+j20)=7+j35
Ω=(5+j25)+0.5×(4+j20)=7+j35Ω

o Time Delay: Typically 0.3–0.5 sec (to allow R2’s Zone 1 to trip first).
 Relay R2 (Bus B):
Z2(R2)=ZLine2+0.5×ZNextLineZ2(R2)=ZLine2+0.5×ZNextLine

(Assuming next line is similar, Z2(R2)=6+j30 ΩZ2(R2)=6+j30Ω)

Step 3: Set Zone 3 (Backup, Covers Next Full Line)

 Relay R1 (Bus A):

Z3(R1)=ZLine1+ZLine2=9+j45 ΩZ3(R1)=ZLine1+ZLine2=9+j45Ω

o Time Delay: 0.8–1.2 sec (longer than Zone 2).

Step 4: Check Overlap & Selectivity
 Condition:

Z2(R1) (7 + j35 Ω)<Z1(R2) (3.2 + j16 Ω)+ZLine2 (4 + j20 Ω)Z2(R1) (7 + j35 Ω)

<Z1(R2) (3.2 + j16 Ω)+ZLine2 (4 + j20 Ω)7+j35<7.2+j36(Safe, no overreach
)7+j35<7.2+j36(Safe, no overreach)

Step 5: Directional Control

 Ensure relays only trip for forward faults (use directional elements).

3. Coordination Example (Time-Graded

Zones)

Zone
Relay Zone 2 (Delay) Zone 3 (Backup)
1 (Instant)

R1 (Bus A) 4 + j20 Ω (0s) 7 + j35 Ω (0.4s) 9 + j45 Ω (1.0s)

R2 (Bus B) 3.2 + j16 Ω (0s) 6 + j30 Ω (0.4s) (Depends on next line)

4. Key Considerations
1. Load Encroachment Avoidance
o Ensure Zone 3 does not overlap with minimum load impedance.
2. Communication-Assisted Schemes (POTT, DCB)
o Use Pilot Protection (e.g., Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip) for faster
fault clearance.
3. Fault Resistance Coverage
o Adjust resistive reaches (RPh,RGndRPh,RGnd) to avoid underreach.
5. Summary of Coordination Rules
✅ Zone 1: 80% of the protected line (instantaneous).
✅ Zone 2: 100% of protected line + 50% of next line (delayed).
✅ Zone 3: 100% of protected line + 100% of next line (backup).
✅ Time Grading: Zone 2 (0.3–0.5s), Zone 3 (0.8–1.2s).
✅ Directional Supervision: Prevent reverse faults from tripping.

Would you like help with communication-assisted schemes (e.g., POTT, DCB)
or testing procedures?

I like the communication assisted scheme

Communication-Assisted Protection Schemes for

Transmission Lines
To enhance speed, selectivity, and reliability, modern distance relays
use communication-assisted schemes such as:

1. POTT (Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip)

2. DCB (Directional Comparison Blocking)
3. PUTT (Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip)
4. DUTT (Direct Underreach Transfer Trip)

Here’s how they work and how to implement them:

1. Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (POTT)

How It Works
 Relays at both ends communicate via fiber optic/power-line carrier (PLC).
 Zone 2 (overreaching) detects fault → Sends a "permissive signal" to the
other end.
 Trip occurs only if both relays see the fault (redundant security).

Settings Example

Parameter Relay R1 (Bus A) Relay R2 (Bus B)

Zone 2 Reach 7 + j35 Ω 6 + j30 Ω

Parameter Relay R1 (Bus A) Relay R2 (Bus B)

Permissive
Send if Zone 2 picks up Trip if Zone 1 + receive signal
Logic

Delay 0.1–0.2 sec (for signal transmission)

Advantages
✅ Faster than time-graded schemes (no intentional delay).
✅ Secure (requires confirmation from both ends).

Disadvantages
❌ Requires reliable communication channel.

2. Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB)

How It Works
 Relays send blocking signals if fault is in the reverse direction.
 If no blocking signal is received, the relay trips.
 Used in multi-terminal lines where POTT is complex.

Settings Example

Parameter Relay R1 (Bus A) Relay R2 (Bus B)

Forward
7 + j35 Ω (Zone 2) 6 + j30 Ω (Zone 2)
Reach

Reverse Reach 0.4 + j2 Ω (20% of Zone 1) Same

Blocking Logic Send if reverse fault detected Block if signal received

Advantages
✅ Works even with weak infeed conditions.
✅ No permissive signal needed (only blocking).
Disadvantages
❌ Slower than POTT (blocking signal must time out).

3. PUTT vs. DUTT

Scheme Principle Use Case

PUTT (Permissive Zone 1 (underreaching) sends trip Short lines with low fault
Underreach) signal resistance

Zone 1 trips immediately + sends High-speed tripping for

DUTT (Direct Underreach)
direct signal critical lines

4. Choosing the Right Scheme

Scenario Recommended Scheme

Short lines, strong

POTT (fast & secure)
infeed

Long lines, weak infeed DCB (avoids overreach)

Multi-terminal lines DCB or Hybrid POTT/DCB

Critical lines (no delay) DUTT

5. Testing & Commissioning

1. Channel Testing
 o Verify signal transmission time (< 10 ms for POTT).
o Check noise immunity (PLC schemes).
2. End-to-End Testing
o Simulate faults at different locations and verify:
 POTT: Both relays trip only when expected.
 DCB: Blocking signal prevents maloperation.
3. Fault Resistance Coverage Test
o Ensure high-resistance faults do not cause miscoordination.

6. Summary
 POTT: Best for most applications (fast + secure).
 DCB: Best for weak-infeed/multi-terminal lines.
 PUTT/DUTT: Used for ultra-high-speed requirements.

Would you like help with relay settings files (SEL, GE, Siemens) or fault studies for
coordination?

I like help with relay settings files

Relay Settings Files for Distance Protection (SEL, GE,

Siemens)
Each manufacturer has a unique format for relay settings. Below are key
parameters for quadrilateral distance protection with communication-assisted
schemes (POTT/DCB) in SEL-421, GE D60, and Siemens 7SA6.

1. SEL-421 (Schweitzer Engineering

Laboratories)
File Structure (ASCII Settings)
ini
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SET GROUP 1
Z1DIST = 4.0 + j20.0 ! Zone 1 Phase-Phase
Z1GDIST = 6.66 + j33.33 ! Zone 1 Phase-Ground
 Z2DIST = 7.0 + j35.0 ! Zone 2 Phase-Phase
Z2GDIST = 10.0 + j50.0 ! Zone 2 Phase-Ground
Z3DIST = 9.0 + j45.0 ! Zone 3 Backup
Z3GDIST = 13.0 + j65.0 ! Zone 3 Ground
RPh = 10.0 ! Resistive Reach (Phase)
RGnd = 20.0 ! Resistive Reach (Ground)
TZ2 = 0.4 ! Zone 2 Time Delay (sec)
TZ3 = 1.0 ! Zone 3 Time Delay (sec)
POTT = ENABLE ! Permissive Overreach TT
POTT_DLY = 0.1 ! POTT Signal Delay (sec)
DCB = DISABLE ! Directional Comparison Blocking
COM_CH = FIBER ! Communication Channel Type
END

Key Settings Explanation

 Z1DIST, Z1GDIST: Zone 1 reach (80% of line impedance).
 RPh, RGnd: Resistive reach (adjust for fault resistance).
 POTT: Enables Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip.
 COM_CH: Fiber optic or PLC channel.

2. GE D60 (General Electric)

File Structure (XML/ASCII)
xml
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Run
<RelaySettings>
<Distance>
<Zone1>
<PhPh>4.0+j20.0</PhPh>
<PhG>6.66+j33.33</PhG>
</Zone1>
<Zone2>
<PhPh>7.0+j35.0</PhPh>
<PhG>10.0+j50.0</PhG>
<Delay>0.4</Delay>
</Zone2>
<Zone3>
<PhPh>9.0+j45.0</PhPh>
<Delay>1.0</Delay>
</Zone3>
</Distance>
<POTT>
<Enabled>True</Enabled>
 <SignalDelay>0.1</SignalDelay>
</POTT>
<ResistiveReach>
<Phase>10.0</Phase>
<Ground>20.0</Ground>
</ResistiveReach>
</RelaySettings>

Key Settings Explanation

 <PhPh>, <PhG>: Phase-Phase & Phase-Ground impedances.
 <POTT><Enabled>: Enables communication-assisted tripping.
 <SignalDelay>: Time for signal transmission.

3. Siemens 7SA6 (SIPROTEC)

File Structure (DIGSI Format)
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// Siemens 7SA6 Distance Protection
GROUP "Zone1"
Z1F = 4.0 + j20.0 // Forward Reach (Phase)
Z1GF = 6.66 + j33.33 // Forward Reach (Ground)
R1F = 10.0 // Resistive Reach (Phase)
R1GF = 20.0 // Resistive Reach (Ground)
END

GROUP "Zone2"
Z2F = 7.0 + j35.0 // Zone 2 Reach
T2 = 0.4s // Zone 2 Delay
END

GROUP "POTT"
POTT_MODE = ON // Enable POTT
POTT_T = 100ms // Signal Delay
END

Key Settings Explanation

 Z1F, Z1GF: Zone 1 forward reach.
 POTT_MODE: Enables Permissive Overreach scheme.
 R1F, R1GF: Resistive reaches for arc resistance coverage.
4. Key Parameters Across All Relays

Setting SEL-421 GE D60 Siemens 7SA6

Zone 1 (L-L) Z1DIST <PhPh> Z1F

Zone 1 (L-G) Z1GDIST <PhG> Z1GF

Zone 2 Delay TZ2 <Delay> T2

POTT=ENABL POTT_MODE=O
POTT Enable E
<Enabled>True
N

Resistive <Phase>, <Gro

RPh, RGnd R1F, R1GF
Reach und>

5. Best Practices for Relay Settings Files

1. Backup Settings
o Always save a pre-fault configuration before changes.
2. Testing
o Use COMTRADE files for end-to-end testing.
3. Communication Checks
o Verify channel latency (< 15 ms for POTT).
4. Fault Studies
o Validate settings using ETAP/ASPEN simulations.

6. Example Workflow for Relay Configuration

1. Calculate impedances (Z1, Z2, Z3).
2. Define resistive reaches (RPh, RGnd).
3. Enable POTT/DCB and set signal delays.
 4. Test using staged faults.
5. Document settings in a protection coordination study.

Would you like a sample settings file for a specific relay model?

sample settings file for Siemens 7SA6

Here’s a complete sample settings file for the Siemens 7SA6 relay in DIGSI format,
configured for quadrilateral distance protection with POTT:

Siemens 7SA6 Relay Settings File (DIGSI 4.92+)

plaintext
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// ==============================================
// SIEMENS 7SA6 DISTANCE PROTECTION SETTINGS
// Configuration: Quadrilateral + POTT Scheme
// Line: 132kV, 50km, Z1=5+j25Ω, Z0=15+j75Ω
// ==============================================

// 1. SYSTEM PARAMETERS
GROUP "SYSTEM"
VNOM = 132.0 // Nominal voltage (kV)
FNOM = 50.0 // Frequency (Hz)
CT_PRIMARY = 800 // CT ratio (800:1)
VT_PRIMARY = 132000 // VT ratio (132kV:110V)
END

// 2. DISTANCE PROTECTION (QUADRILATERAL)

GROUP "DISTANCE"
// Zone 1 Settings (80% of line)
Z1F = 4.0 + j20.0 // Phase-Phase (Ω)
Z1GF = 6.66 + j33.33 // Phase-Ground (Ω)
Z1T = 0.2 + j1.0 // Reverse reach (10% of Z1F)

// Zone 2 Settings (100% line + 50% next line)

Z2F = 7.0 + j35.0 // Phase-Phase (Ω)
Z2GF = 10.0 + j50.0 // Phase-Ground (Ω)
T2 = 0.4 // Zone 2 delay (sec)

// Zone 3 Settings (Backup)

Z3F = 9.0 + j45.0 // Phase-Phase (Ω)
T3 = 1.0 // Zone 3 delay (sec)

// Resistive Reach
RFPP = 10.0 // Phase-Phase (Ω)
RFPG = 20.0 // Phase-Ground (Ω)
 // Quadrilateral Angles
PHI_LINE = 80 // Line angle (degrees)
THETA_FWD = 75 // Forward tilt angle
THETA_REV = 105 // Reverse tilt angle
END

// 3. POTT SCHEME (COMMUNICATION-ASSISTED)

GROUP "POTT"
POTT_MODE = ON // Enable POTT
POTT_LOGIC = Z2 // Use Zone 2 for overreach
POTT_DLY = 0.1 // Signal delay (sec)
POTT_CH = FO // Fiber optic channel
POTT_DBF = OFF // Disable echo mode
END

// 4. DIRECTIONAL ELEMENTS
GROUP "DIRECTIONAL"
POLARITY = +90 // Forward direction = +90°
MEMORY_POL = ON // Enable polarization memory
END

// 5. OUTPUT CONTACTS
GROUP "OUTPUTS"
TRIP_CMD = 1 // Trip command to CB
SIGNAL_CMD = 2 // Alarm contact
END

// 6. MONITORING
GROUP "MONITORING"
DIST_LOG = ON // Fault recording
EVENT_LOG = ON // Event logging
END

Key Settings Explained

Parameter Value Purpose

4.0+j20.0, 6.66+j
Z1F, Z1GF Zone 1 reach (80% of line impedance).
33.33

Resistive reach for phase/ground faults (covers arc

RFPP, RFPG 10.0, 20.0
resistance).

POTT_MODE ON Enables Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip.

Parameter Value Purpose

POTT_DLY 0.1 Ensures signal synchronization between relays.

Matches the line impedance angle (tan⁻¹(X/R) = 78.7°

PHI_LINE 80°
for Z1=5+j25Ω).

THETA_FWD/
75°, 105° Defines the quadrilateral’s reactance boundaries.
REV

How to Import in DIGSI

1. Save the file as 7SA6_Zones_POTT.dig
2. In DIGSI 4.92+:
o Go to Device → Import Settings
o Select the file and validate settings.
3. Verify settings using the relay’s test mode.

Testing Recommendations
1. End-to-End POTT Test:
o Simulate a fault in Zone 2 and verify both relays trip within 100ms.
2. Load Encroachment Test:
o Apply 95% of load impedance and confirm no maloperation.
3. Directionality Test:
o Reverse faults should not trigger POTT.

Need a Different Configuration?

 For DCB (Directional Comparison Blocking), replace POTT_MODE with:

plaintext
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GROUP "DCB"
DCB_MODE = ON
BLOCK_LOGIC = Z2_REV
END
 For PUTT (Permissive Underreach), use Z1F instead of Z2F in POTT logic.

Let me know if you need adaptations for specific fault scenarios or coordination
studies!