ID 2 – INDUSTRIAL DRAWING (CAD 3D)

LESSON 1.1. Introduction to 3D

Learning • Analyse the basic concepts of 3D to classify the differ-

Outcomes ent computer-aided software in creating appropriate
three-dimensional objects. (CDIO Skills 1.3)

TIME FRAME Week 1

Introduction

In this lesson student should learn to work on the three axes, the X, Y and Z axis.
In 2D axes you have been working in a single plane with two axes, X and Y. Plan
views, sections, and elevation represent only two dimensions. Isometric, perspec-
tive, and axonometric drawings, on the other hand represent all three dimensions.
This lesson introduces to define the UCS, viewing on the different angles, and the
creation of solid shapes and mesh primitive.

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Activity 1.1 (Let’s Get Started!)

In your experienced in 2D drawing in AutoCAD, identify what basic commands

being used in the given figure.

Analysis 1.1 (Let’s Think About it!)

1. From the commands you have identified, what commands are very useful to
draw all the objects in the above figure?
2. Is the presentation in the above figure in 2D or 3D?
3. Why do we need to represent the object in 3D?

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Abstraction 1.1 (Let’s Explore!)

NAVIGATING AND DISPLAYING 3D MODELS

2D AND 3D DRAWING
1. Plans, elevations, and sections are examples of 2D drawings that depict 3D
objects.
2. 3
a. A plan is essentially an aerial picture of a space. The roof would be re-
moved to reveal the internal area while creating a floor plan.
b. When drawing internal elevations, this would represent one of the walls be-
cause an elevation is a view from the side of an item. All windows, doors,
and built-in furniture that is in close proximity to a wall would fall under this
category.
c. A section is a cut through of a space which will show more features and
some structural detail. Depending on what you want to display, you can cut
a section line from any location in the area.
3. A realistic representation of an object that depicts the object in three dimen-
sions is made using a perspective drawing. The drawing's objects will get
smaller as they get farther away.

Isometric Drawing constructed with both sides receding from the corner
edge at 30 degrees

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3D WORKSPACE
Workspace Settings (WSCURRENT)
Displays the current workspace name at the Command prompt and sets a speci-
fied workspace to be the current one.
Methods
1. Command window

2. Status bar, Workspace Switching

STEPS:
1. Command: WSCURRENT <ENTER>
2. Enter new value for WSCURRENT <"Drafting & Annotation">: Enter value
Value to enter: 3D Basics
Enter the text exactly
3D Modeling including the space.
Text is not case sen-
Drafting & Annotation sitive
AutoCAD Classic

3D Basic Workspace
Home Tab

Render

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3D Modeling Workspace
Home

Solid

Surfaces

Mesh

Render

Layout

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VIEW MODES
Table 1. View Control for 2D and 3D
UCS Display Orthogonal view
UCS Display Isometric view (3D)
(2D)
Top view (default)
SW Isometric view
/Arial View

Bottom view SE Isometric view

Left view NE Isometric view

Right view NW Isometric view

Front view Parallel (default)

Back view Perspective

Most popular viewing modes in CAD software

1. Isometric View (Parallel)
2. Perspective View
3. Shading
4. Wireframe
5. Section View
6. Exploded View
Table 2. Sample output of the View mode in AutoCAD

Figure 1. Isometric View Figure 2. Perspective View Figure 3. Shading

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Figure 5. Section Setup

Figure 4. Wireframe
Figure 6. Section View

VISUAL STYLE
Visual styles control the display of edges, lighting, and shading.

STEPS:
Command: VSCURRENT <enter>

The following predefined visual styles are supplied with the product:
Table 3. Visual Style description
ICON VISUAL STYLE MEANING

2D Displays objects using lines and curves to repre-

Wireframe sent the boundaries. Figure 7

Conceptual Displays objects using smooth shading and the

Gooch face style. The Gooch face style transitions
between cool and warm colors, rather than dark and
light. The effect is less realistic, but it can make the
details of the model easier to see. Figure 8

Hidden Displays objects using wireframe representation

and hides lines representing back faces. Figure 9

Realistic Displays objects using smooth shading and ma-

terials. Figure 10Figure 10. Realistic

Shaded Displays objects using smooth shading. Figure 11

Shaded with Displays objects using smooth shading and visi-

Edges ble edges. Figure 12
Displays objects using smooth shading and mon-
Shades of
Gray. ochromatic shades of gray. Figure 13

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Displays objects with a hand-sketched effect by

Sketchy
using the Line Extensions and Jitter edge modifi-
ers. Figure 14
Displays objects with partial transparency. Fig-
Xray
ure 15

Sample Output of commonly used visualstyle

Figure 7. 2D
Wireframe Figure 8. Conceptual Figure 9. Hidden Figure 10. Realistic

Figure 12. Shaded w/ Figure 13. Shaded w/

Figure 11. Shaded Edges Grey Figure 14. Sketchy

Figure 15. XRAY

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VIEW CUBE
Indicates the current viewing direction. Dragging or clicking the ViewCube ro-
tates the scene.
a. Method 1
Command: DISPLAYVIEWCUBEIN2D
Enter new value for DISPLAYVIEWCUBEIN2D <ON/OFF>: OFF
b. Method 2
Command: NAVVCUBE
Enter an option [ON/OFF/Settings] <ON>: ON
The ViewCube have twenty-six parts categorized as follows;
1. Corner - eight
2. Edge – twelve
3. Face – six (top, bottom, front, back, left, right)
You use the other twenty defined parts to access angled views of a model. Clicking
one of the corners on the ViewCube reorients the current view of the model to a
three-quarter view, based on a viewpoint defined by three sides of the model. Click-
ing one of the edges reorients the view of the model to a half view based on two
sides of the model.

a. Edge b. Corner c. Face

Figure 16. Three categories of ViewCube

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Viewing Your Drawing Using ViewCube

Counterclockwise
rotation of ViewCube
Home in SW Isomet-
ric view Clockwise rotation of
ViewCube

Default view of ViewCube TOP

view 2D

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DEFINING THE USER COORDINATES SYSTEMS

TYPES OF COORDINATES SYSTEM

• World Coordinate System (WCS) is fixed and cannot be changed at the point
0,0,0.
• User Coordinate System (UCS) allows to change the location and orienta-
tion of the X, Y, and Z axes to reduce the number of calculations needed to cre-
ate 3D.

The UCs command lets you redefine the origin of your drawing and establish the
positive X and the positive Y axes.

THE RIGHT HAND RULE

The direction of the X, Y, and Z axes change when the UCS 23
6is altered. The right-hand rule helps determining the rotation direction when
changing the UCS or using command that require object rotation.

To remember the orientation of the axes:

1. Hold your right hand with the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger pointing at
the right angles to each other.
2. Consider the thumb with this pointing in the positive direction of the X axis.
3. The forefinger points in the positive direction of the Y axis.
4. The middle finger points in the positive direction of the Z axis.

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SETTING THE DISPLAY OF THE UCS ICON

The UCS icon provide a visual reminder of how the UCS axes are oriented. Auto-
CAD provides two methods of displaying icon: 2D UCS style and 3D UCS style.

2D UCS Style
The following examples display two 3D UCS icons viewed in model space and a
UCS icon viewed in a paper space layout.

Figure 17. UCS in 2D

Wireframe (Top view Model Figure 18. UCS in the Layout Figure 19. UCS in 3D Visual
Tab) Tab (Paper Space) Style (Top View Model Tab)

Figure 20. Square repre-

Figure 21. UCS top view Figure 22. Selected UCS
sents the WCS in the cross-
with shaded circle and
hair
square
3D UCS Style

Working on View Control

TOP View. Draw a 3x2 rectangle
FRONT View. Draw a 3x1 rectangle
RIGHT SIDE View. Draw a 2x1 rectangle

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UCS
Sets the origin and orientation of the current user coordinate system (UCS).
The UCS is the active coordinate system that establishes the XY plane (work
plane) and Z-axis direction for drawing and modelling. You can change the UCS
origin and orientation for convenience as you specify points, enter coordinates, and
work with drawing aids, such as Ortho mode and the grid.
Command: UCS <enter>
Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis]
<World>:

Specify origin of UCS

Defines a new UCS using one, two, or three points:
• If you specify a single point, the origin of the current UCS shifts without
changing the orientation of the X, Y, and Z axes.
• If you specify a second point, the UCS rotates to pass the positive X axis
through this point.
• If you specify a third point, the UCS rotates around the new X axis to define
the positive Y axis.
The three points specify an origin point, a point on the positive X axis, and a point
on the positive XY plane.
QUESTION: 1.HOW ARE YOU GOING TO CREATE A RECTANGLE POSITION IN 45 DEGREES?
QUESTION: 2. What is the relationship between the UCS and the Object to be drawn?
QUESTION: 3. Is there a standard procedure? UCS rotation by 45 degrees first or draw

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If you do not specify a Z coordinate value when entering a coordinate, the cur-
rent Z value is used.

Tip. You can also select and drag the UCS icon origin grip directly to a new loca-
tion, or choose Move Origin Only from the origin grip menu.

Figure 23. Selected UCS with square grip at the origin and circle grips for direction of second and third
point

Complete the drawing in the previous activity to form a complete box shape. File-
name: PRACTICE01_UCS

Face
Dynamically aligns the UCS to a face on a 3D object.
Move the cursor over a face to preview how the UCS XY plane will be aligned.
1. Open the file PRACTICE02
2. Command: UCS <enter>
3. Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis]
<World>: F
4. Select face of solid, surface, or mesh: PICK as shown in Figure 24
5. Enter an option [Next/Xflip/Yflip] <accept>: <ENTER>
6. Do the same steps above to apply in Figure 25 and Figure 26

Figure 24, Front View Face Figure 25. Right Side View Face Figure 26. Top View Face

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Tip You can also select and drag the UCS icon (or choose Move And Align from
the origin grip menu) to align the UCS with faces dynamically. Use this option for
3D solid and surfaces objects.
Next Locates the UCS on either the adjacent face or the back
face of the selected edge.
Xflip Rotates the UCS 180 degrees around the X axis.
Yflip Rotates the UCS 180 degrees around the Y axis.
Accept Accepts the changes and places the UCS.
7. Command: UCS <enter>
8. Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis]
<World>: F
9. Select face of solid, surface, or mesh: PICK as shown in Figure 25
10. Enter an option [Next/Xflip/Yflip] <accept>: N<ENTER>
This option will switch to the next face for this instance the next selected face
will be the bottom face

Figure 27. Selected Face Figure 28. Selected Face using NEXT option

11. Command: UCS <enter>

12. Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis]
<World>: F
13. Select face of solid, surface, or mesh: PICK as shown in Figure 27
14. Enter an option [Next/Xflip/Yflip] <accept>: X<ENTER> See Figure 29
15. Enter an option [Next/Xflip/Yflip] <accept>: Y<ENTER> See Figure 30
16. Enter an option [Next/Xflip/Yflip] <accept>: <ENTER>

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Figure 30. Using YFLIP option from XFLIP will

Figure 29. Using XFLIP option will rotate Y axis rotate the X axis 180 degrees
180 degrees

Named
Saves or restores named UCS definitions.
STEPS
1. Command: UCS <enter>
2. Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis]
<World>: NA
3. Enter an option [Restore/Save/Delete/?]: _S
4. Enter name to save current UCS or [?]: XY
5. OTHER METHOD
a. Right click on the UCS. See Figure 31
b. Select Named UCS
c. Click Save and enter the name XY

Figure 32. Using UCS World Figure 33. Restoring save XY

option UCS
Figure 31. Naming UCS

RETURN THE UCS TO ITS DEFAULT LOCATION

6. Command: UCS
7. Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis]
<World>: W
8. UCS will display in normal view (SE Isometric View). See Figure 32
HOW TO RESTORE SAVE UCS?
9. Right click on the UCS and select Named UCS. Select XY.
10. After selecting XY, UCS will now display the save UCS setting XY
11. Or use the following commands

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a. Command: UCS
b. Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/
ZAxis] <World>: NA
c. Enter an option [Restore/Save/Delete/?]: _R
d. Enter name of UCS to restore or [?]: XY <ENTER> SEE Figure 33

Object
Aligns the UCS to a selected 2D or 3D object. The UCS can be aligned with any ob-
ject type except xlines and 3D polylines.
STEPS
1. Command: UCS
2. Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis]
<World>: OB <ENTER>
3. Select object to align UCS: click the top corner

Previous
Restores the previous UCS.
You can step back through the last 10 UCS settings in the current session. UCS
settings are stored independently for model space and paper space.

View
Aligns the XY plane of the UCS to a plane perpendicular to your viewing direc-
tion.
The origin point remains unchanged, but the X and Y axes become horizontal and
vertical. Once the UCS is perpendicular to your view you can draw 2D objects like
placing border in the object
STEPS
4. Command: UCS
5. Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis]
<World>: V <ENTER>
6. Insert rectangle, multi-leader, and multi-line text. See Figure 35

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Figure 34. Normal View

Figure 35. Created rectangle, ML, and MText in
UCS-VIEW while the 3D object is in SE Isometric
View

World
Aligns the UCS with the world coordinate system (WCS).
Tip You can also click the UCS icon and choose World from the origin grip menu.

Figure 36. UCS will return to its original location

12. Command: UCS
13. Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis]
<World>: W
X, Y, Z
Rotates the current UCS about a specified axis.

You can define any UCS by specifying an origin and one or more rotations
around the X, Y, or Z axis.

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STEPS
1. Command: UCS
2. Current ucs name: *WORLD*
3. Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis]
<World>: X
4. Specify rotation angle about X axis <90>: 90 (See Figure 37)
5. Command: CIRCLE
6. Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 1.5,1
7. Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 0.5
8. Insert circle on the top face with a radius of 1
9. Insert circle at the right-side face with a radius of .5 (See Figure 38)
10. Save the file as PRACTICE02_UCSOptions

Figure 37. Rotation angle about X axis by 90 de-

grees Figure 38. Draw circles on the faces

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Z Axis
Aligns the UCS to a specified positive Z axis.
The UCS origin is moved to the first point and its positive Z axis passes through
the second point.

Object
Aligns the Z axis tangent to the endpoint that is nearest to the specified
point. The positive Z axis points away from the object.

3DORBIT
Rotates the view in 3D space, but constrained to horizontal and vertical orbit
only.
1. Command: 3DO
Hold left click button and drag your mouse. You can navigate on the other side
by releasing left button and continue holding the left click button again to view
another angle of the object.
2. Press ESC or ENTER key when done
3. Use other options by pressing RIGHT CLICK

4. Turn back to normal view by clicking TOP view and SE ISOMETRIC view.

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GIZMO
Displays 3D gizmos, which helps you move, rotate, or scale a set of objects along
a 3D axis or plane. (Autodesk)
Command: DEFAULTGIZMO
value for DEFAULTGIZMO
0 - MOVE Gizmo (3DMOVE)
1 - ROTATE Gizmo (3DROTATE)
2 - SCALE Gizmo (3DSCALE)
3 - NO Gizmo
3DROTATE
In a 3D view, displays the 3D Rotate gizmo to aid in revolving 3D objects around
a base point.
1. Command: 3DROTATE
2. Select objects: Highlight all objects and press ENTER key. See Figure 39
3. Specify opposite corner: 4 found
4. Select objects:
5. Specify base point: Select the RED orbit. See Figure 40
6. Specify rotation angle or [Base point/Copy/Undo/Reference/eXit]: TRACK 90
degree [Verify the POLAR mode degree if it is set to 90]. See Figure 41
7. Press ESC key
8. Use 3DROTATE to display the object as shown in Error! Reference source
not found.Figure 43
9. Save the file as EXERCISE_3DRotate

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Figure 39. After selecting object 3DROTATE icon dis-

play on screen Figure 40. Selected orbit color RED

Figure 42. After 3DROTATE object rotate by 90

degrees
Figure 41. Specify angle of rotation or rotate to track
90 degrees

Figure 43. Final position of an object

3DMOVE
Sets the default display the 3D Move Gismo when an object is selected
This command is very useful when presenting the objects in exploded view and
locate its
Command: DEFAULTGIZMO
Enter new value for DEFAULTGIZMO <0>: 0

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or
Command: 3DMOVE
Select objects: 1 found (PICK the circle)
Select objects:
Specify base point or [Displacement] <Displacement>: PICK the RED arrow (See Fig-
ure 44
Specify stretch point or [Base point/Copy/Undo/eXit]: Move to desired location
(SeeFigure 45

Figure 44. Picking the basepoint RED arrow Figure 45. Moving part of the object

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HOW TO RETURN THE CIRCLE TO ITS ORIGINAL LOCATION

Command: 3DMOVE
Select object: PICK the circle. 1 found
Specify base point or [Displacement] <Displacement>: PICK the RED arrow
Specify stretch point or [Base point/Copy/Undo/eXit]: B
Specify base point: PICK the center of circle
Specify stretch point or [Base point/Copy/Undo/eXit]: Move to it back by tracking
the 3DCENTER See Figure 46

Figure 46. Tracking the object using the 3D center snap

Another option for 3DMOVE is you can create a copy of object without moving
the original object

Figure 47. 3D Move with copy objects

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3DSCALE
Command: DEFAULTGIZMO
Enter new value for DEFAULTGIZMO <0>: 2
Or
Command: 3DSCALE
Select objects: Select all objects Specify opposite corner: 4 found
Select objects:
Specify base point: PICK the 3D Center. See Figure 48
** SCALE **
Specify scale factor or [Base point/Copy/Undo/Reference/eXit]: .5

Figure 49. Scaled to 0.5

Figure 48. Picking the3D center of object

THICKNESS, ELEVATION, 3DPOLY, 3DFACE, COMMANDS

THICKNESS
Sets the default 3D thickness property when creating 2D geometric objects.
NOTE: rectangle, spline, 3Dpoly, helix, construction line, ray, multiline, ellipse is
not part of the thickness command
STEPS
1. Open a blank drawing ACAD template
2. Change the view from TOP to SE Isometric view
3. Command: THICKNESS <ENTER>
4. Enter new value for THICKNESS <0.0000>: 1<ENTER>
5. Command: L<ENTER>
6. Specify first point: 0,0<ENTER>
7. Specify next point or [Undo]: 3,0<ENTER>
8. Specify next point or [Undo]: 3,3<ENTER>
9. Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 0,3<ENTER>
10. Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 0,0<ENTER>
11. Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: <ENTER>
12. Command: UCS<ENTER>
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13. Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis]

<World>: X<ENTER>
14. Specify rotation angle about X axis <90>: 90<ENTER>
15. Command: THICKNESS<ENTER>
16. Enter new value for THICKNESS <0.0000>: 3<ENTER>
17. Command: L<ENTER>
18. Specify first point: 0,0,-3<ENTER>
19. Specify next point or [Undo]: 3,0,-3<ENTER>
20. Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: <ENTER>
21. Command: UCS<ENTER>
22. Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis]
<World>: W<ENTER>
23. Command: THICKNESS<ENTER>
24. Enter new value for THICKNESS <0.0000>: 1<ENTER>
25. Command: C <ENTER>
26. Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 1.5,1.5<ENTER>
27. Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 1<ENTER>
28. Change the visual style to CONCEPTUAL
29. Filename format: EXERCISE01_UCS-Thickness (See Figure 50)

Figure 50. Thickness view

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ELEVATION
Stores the current elevation of new objects relative to the current UCS.

STEPS
1. Create a new drawing in ACAD template
2. Command: REC<ENTER>
3. Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]:
0,0<ENTER>
4. Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 3,3<ENTER>
5. Command: THICKNESS<ENTER>
6. Enter new value for THICKNESS <0.0000>: 4<ENTER>
7. Command: C<ENTER>
8. Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 1.5,1.5<ENTER>
9. Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 1<ENTER>
10. Command: ELEVATION<ENTER>
11. Enter new value for ELEVATION <0.0000>: 4<ENTER>
12. Command: REC<ENTER>
13. Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]:
0,0<ENTER>
14. Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 3,3<ENTER>
15. Output should be shown in Figure 51
16. 3
17. Filename format: EXERCISE02_ThicknesElevation

Figure 51. Thickness and Elevation

TIP: Aside from specifying the coordinates to specify Z axis, use ELEVATION
to specify only the XY plane coordinates.

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3DPOLY
Creates a 3D polyline
A 3D polyline is a connected sequence of straight-line segments created as a sin-
gle object. 3D polylines can be non-coplanar; however, they cannot include arc
segments.

Figure 52. Output Figure 53. Uses polyline command

NOTE: A polyline object is created from the origin to the midpoint of a box with object
snap method but there is no midpoint snap on the object. There are two methods to
apply is this case, a) Line command or b) 3DPOLY

2
3

1 4
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 54. 3Dpoly steps
STEPS
1. Open the drawing file EXERCISE_3DPOLY1
2. Command: 3DPOLY <ENTER>
3. Specify start point of polyline: 0,0<ENTER> [1]
4. Enable the OBJECTSNAP mode by pressing F3. Make sure that MIDPOINT
option is selected.
5. Specify endpoint of line or [Undo]: snap on the midpoint of a BOX, [2]
6. Specify endpoint of line or [Undo]: 0,0 or SNAP on the endpoint of 3DPOLY line
at the origin
7. Specify endpoint of line or [Close/Undo]: <ENTER> (See Figure 54)
8. Save as the file to this format EXERCISE03_3DPoly
9. Open another drawing file EXERCISE_3DPOLY2
10. Use 3DPOLY to connect all lines as shown in Figure 55`

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Figure 55. Connected 3DPOLY

NOTE: Using 3DPOLY command you can connect objects. 3DPOLY is consider
as one object.
.
3DFACE
Creates a three-sided or four-sided surface in 3D space.

After entering the last two points for a 3D face, the command repeats automatically
using these two points as the first two points of the next 3D face. For example:

Figure 56. Identified PICK Figure 57. Extracted 3D Face

points
STEPS:
1. Open the drawing file ID2_EXERCISE04.dwg
2. Command: 3DFACE<ENTER>
3. Specify first point or [Invisible]: click endpoint of 1x
4. Specify second point or [Invisible]: click endpoint of 2x
5. Specify third point or [Invisible] <exit>: click endpoint of 3x
6. Specify fourth point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: click endpoint of 4x
7. Specify third point or [Invisible] <exit>: click endpoint of 5x
8. Specify fourth point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: click endpoint of 6x
9. Specify third point or [Invisible] <exit>:<ENTER>
10. PICK selected 3DFace and move on the other side. See Figure 57
11. Save as the file with Filename format: EXERCISE04_My3DFace

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