Introduction to the

Philosophy of Human
Person
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Doing Philosophy

Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Doing Philosophy
First Edition, 2020

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 Introduction to the
Philosophy of Human
Person
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Doing Philosophy

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person – Grade 12

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Distinguishing Holistic Perspective and
Partial Point of View!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Philosophy of Human Person – Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on Distinguishing Holistic Perspective and Partial Point of View!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the
 module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what
you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current
lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you
in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This

aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to

solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

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What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you
transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery

in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to

you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget
to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the
module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Philosophy. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.

This module consists of 1 lesson:

1. Doing Philosophy: Distinguishing holistic perspective from a

partial point of view.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• Define Philosophy based on its etymological meaning

• Understand Philosophy in its real sense
• Realize that a particular phenomenon may have various interpretations
based on one’s perspectives
• Distinguish holistic perspective from a partial point of view • Realize that
 having holistic perspectives in life based on philosophical question leads
to a philosophical reflection
• Appreciate the history of Philosophy which shows how the perspectives
of early Greek philosophers paves the way to a holistic understanding
of Philosophy

What I Know
Direction: Analyze and Share: In the empty box, put a tick mark (/) on the
experience that you think expresses moments of being in the world of philosophy.
Leave blank the item/s which you think are not.
1. Your father went to Divisoria, called your mother via CP and asked
her what items he needs to buy.

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2. Your father went to Divisoria, called your mother via CP and asked
her how much the budget is to spend for the items.

3. Your father went to Divisoria, called your mother via CP and asked
her why it is wise to buy in Divisoria than in the mall.

4. Your father went to Divisoria, called your mother via CP and asked
her why items in Divisoria are cheaper than the items in the mall.

5. Your father went to Divisoria and asked himself why do people

spend money to buy things when supposedly these are God-given
gifts to all.

Answer the following in your separate answer sheet.

1. Which item did you choose? Answer the following

sub questions:
a. Is it item 1? Why or Why not?
b. Is it item 2? Why or Why not?
c. Is it item 3? Why or Why not?
d. Is it item 4? Why or Why not?
e. Is it item 5? Why or Why not?
2. Which item introduces us to a holistic perspective? Why?
3. Based on your analysis, how do you differentiate holistic perspective
from a partial point of view?
 Lesso Distinguishing Holistic
n 1 Perspective and Partial
Point of View

What’s In
The activity below provides us the idea that even if we are looking at one and
the same phenomenon or stimulus, the possibility of extracting differences in our
observation exists. Why does it happen? Why do we have different perspectives?
Activity 1: Observe and Reflect. Look at the following images and answer the
corresponding questions.

2
Is this glass half full or half empty? Why? Do
you
see
two

different things? What are those? How

does it happen?

davidsummertonconsulting.co.uk

researchgate.net
 white around the dot? Why?

What’s New

What do you see? Do you the dot or the

Activity 2: Watch and Share: Watch a 2:15 – minute video clip and share your
answer on the following questions after the poem.

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Tln3usoDIw

THE BLIND MEN AND THE ELEPHANT.

A HINDOO FABLE.

It was six men of Indostan The fourth reached out his eager hand, To learning
much inclined, And felt about the knee. Who went to see the Elephant “What
most this wondrous beast is like (Though all of them were blind), Is mighty
plain,” quoth he;

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That each by observation “T is clear enough the Elephant Might satisfy
his mind. Is very like a tree!”

The First approached the Elephant, The fifth, who chanced to touch the ear And
happening to fall Said: “E’en the blindest man Against his broad and sturdy
side, Can tell what this resembles most; At once began to bawl: Deny the fact
who can, "God bless me!—but the Elephant This marvel of an Elephant Is very
like a wall!" Is very like a fan!”

The Second, feeling of the tusk, The sixth no sooner had begun Cried:
"Ho!—what have we here About the beast to grope, So very round and
smooth and sharp? Than, seizing on the swinging tail To me 't is mighty
clear That fell within his scope, This wonder of an Elephant “I see,” quoth
he, “the Elephant Is very like a spear!" Is very like a rope!”

The Third approached the animal, And so these men of Indostan And
happening to take Disputed loud and long, The squirming trunk within his
 hands, Each in his own opinion Thus boldly up and spake: Exceeding stiff
and strong, "I see," quoth he, "the Elephant Though each was partly in the
right Is very like a snake!" And all were in the wrong!

a. What do you think this parable by John Godfrey Saxe means?

_
b. What does this line mean: “Though each was partly in the right and all were in the
wrong”?

c.
How can you relate this parable with the philosophical distinction: holistic
perspective and a partial point of view?

What is It
Going back to the activity that you did in “What I know”, item 5 is the good
example of a philosophical reflection: “Your father went to Divisoria and asked
himself why do people spend money to buy things when supposedly these are God
given gifts to all”. Why?

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Let’s analyze each statement.

Item 1: “Your father went to Divisoria, called your mother via CP and asked
her what items he needs to buy.” This is a kind of simple question that requires
simple and definite answer. As such, the conversation ends by providing you the
answer. Does it trigger any philosophical reflection?

Item 2: “Your father went to Divisoria, called your mother via CP and asked
her how much the budget is to spend for the items”. Compared with item 1, this
question requires a kind of mathematical computation, so it could be better that
the first. However, the question also requires an exact answer. Again, the
conversation ends. Does it trigger any philosophical reflection?

Item 3: “Your father went to Divisoria, called your mother via CP and asked
her why it is wise to buy in Divisoria than in the mall”. This is definitely a kind of
high order thinking skill because it requires an ability to compare. When one is
engaged into an act of comparing, then he or uses is actually thinking. And, this
would not provide us a definite and exact answer, as there would be different
opinions that would come out from different people’s perspectives. Does it trigger
a philosophical reflection?
 Item 4: “Your father went to Divisoria, called your mother via CP and asked
her why items in Divisoria are cheaper than the items in the mall”. Compared with
item 3, this also belongs to the higher order thinking skills, however, it is more
challenging because it requires an ability not only to compare but to analyze various
perspectives. It pushes us to be more analytical in our judgment. Science actually
can provide us experimentally proven ideas why being vegetarian is more ideal.
But, does it trigger a philosophical reflection?

How about item 5, why is it considered as a good philosophical question

which could trigger a philosophical reflection? Such kind of question pushes us to
be critical thinkers. This separates a simple question from a philosophical
question. Unlike a simple question, philosophical question does not provide us a
definite or ready answer; it is the kind of question that endures or perennially
exists because the answer it gets is also questioned making it endless series of
quest for truth; lastly, it makes sense of our experiences because it affects our
being.

For instance, if you were asked: “Why are you here?” What would be your
answer? Maybe you would say: “I am here to study”, “I am here to comply with the
demands of academic requirements”, I am here to comfort you”, etc. If such are the
answers, the question “why are you here?” is just a specific question pertaining to
a particular situation, and not a philosophical question.

How if you perceived that the question: “Why are you here?” is used
contextually similar to “Why do you exist?” or “Why are you here for?” – A SEARCH
FOR MEANING, then, such is a philosophical question, and as such will lead you
to a philosophical reflection. A reflection about the meaning of your life.

A distinction between the universal and the particular will further clarify
the nature of philosophical questions. Particular refers to a part of the whole,
while,

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universal pertains to the whole. Example: “Why are you here?”. It is “particular”
if the reason why we ask this question is due to some challenges or struggles we
encounter daily. It is “universal” if the reason why we ask this question is to find
the purpose for existing. It means we involve the totality of our existence. We
include the aspect of “Who” determines our purpose aside from “What” is our
purpose. Therefore, to philosophize is to look at life from a holistic perspective.

Three Characteristics of Philosophical Questions

a. These questions are often very broad or general.

b. There is no single methodology for answering these questions. c. These
questions seem to have no practical utility. They are trivial and general and
serve no practical purpose. The importance of these questions lies on other
disciplines that emerged because somebody dared to ask these trivial and
general questions.

How Philosophy Is Defined

Philosophy comes from two Greek words: Philo which means love, and
Sophia which means wisdom. Thus, we understand Philosophy as a Love of
Wisdom. Essentially significant is its real meaning which states: Philosophy is a
science of sciences of all things that exist (of beings), in their ultimate causes and
principles
through the help of human intellect (reason) alone.

1. It is a science of sciences, because it is a systematic body of knowledge

which is not only based on the ideas, theories, and hypothesis but on
knowledge that conforms to reality.
2. Of beings, because from the point of view of metaphysics, it tells everything
that exists, or may exist, of everything knowable. It is therefore qualified as
mother of all sciences because of its much unabridged meaning and scope.
3. In their ultimate cause, because it tells us all about asking and answering
not only the facts and causes but which conforms to reality.
4. Through the help of human intellect alone, because Philosophy deals
with the human metaphysical reason. The main tool of philosophy is the
human reason.

Philosophers are lovers of wisdom because:

1. They are engaged in philosophy and their goal is to become wise. To be wise
is to know the truth. (logic and epistemology)
2. They are far above the usual people we encounter daily. (philosophy of man,
social philosophy)
3. They are not swayed by popular views and are not easily deceived. (politics)
4. They are the best people to seek counsel from for they see things clearly.
(rational psychology and ethics)
5. They know truths ordinary people do not know. (metaphysics, philosophy of
religion, theodicy)

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Looking into the reasons stated above, it must be understood that
philosophers as lovers of wisdom are expectedly having a comprehensive knowledge
and understanding of everything that exists and that can be known by the intellect.
Thus, other disciplines are considered branches of philosophy such as: logic and
epistemology, philosophy of man and social philosophy, politics, rational
psychology and ethics, metaphysics, philosophy of religion and theodicy.

Abridged History before Philosophy

The ancient Greeks were so engrossed with their myths (mythology) about
their gods and goddesses to such an extent that in order to please the gods and
grant their wishes, they would offer some token whenever they needed some favors
from these gods. Around 650 BC, a man from a fishing village in Miletus named
THALES started to diverge from the mythological (relating to, based on, or appearing
in myths or mythology) tradition and sought to answer questions like: “What is that
underlying substance that reality is made of? How do things come to be, change and
pass away? Is there something that remains amidst all these changes?” Then
Philosophy started. THALES was named as the Father of Western Philosophy.
Ancient Philosophy (600 BC – 600 AD) may be characterized as a period that held
the cosmocentric view. PHUSIS = NATURE) Ancient philosophers wondered about
the world (kosmos in Greek). The question that concerned them was the origin of
the universe – the arche (Greek for starting point). “Where did all things come from?”
(Sioco, et. al., 2016).

The Pre-Socratics
 Miletus was the ideal place for the first practice of philosophy. As center of
trade and commerce in ancient Greece, it became the melting pot of ideas from
other cultures in other parts of the globe. It was part of ordinary life to hear
people trying to voice their opinion and convince others through arguments. Thus,
the Milesians were exposed and became tolerant to different ideas.

The Triumvirate of the three Milesians

Triumvirate means a group of three men holding power. The first three
philosophers who gave us a non-mythological account of the nature of reality and
the universe without the aid of instruments were Thales, Anaximander, and
Anaximenes. They were able to construct their philosophical perspective or reality
by merely using their rational faculty together with their ability not only to observe
but also to speculate. They introduced the doctrine that all matters have life
(hylozoist=hylo or stuff and zoe or life). They believe that the universe is alive or
animate and material (Sioco, et. al., 2016).

Thales was the most popular among the three, being the Father of
Western Philosophy and was regarded as one of the seven sages
of ancient Greece. He was the teacher of Anaximander. He
believed that the natural magnet is alive since it could make an
object move. His main idea is that the fundamental substance or
primary
constituents of reality is WATER. He was the first to assume that greatestgreeks.wordp ress.com

7
the earth is flat, such that when you reach the edge of the horizon, you will fall.
While in Egypt, as trader, he became familiar with geometry and brought geometry
to ancient Greece. Aside from being a philosopher and mathematician, he was
considered as an astronomer because he was credited to have successfully
predicted an eclipse. He was able to assume that there must be an ORDER in the
universe and that the universe must be an orderly system known as the COSMOS,
governed by laws or logos which could be explained by man through the process
of ABSTRACTION. He was the first man to veer away from mythological tradition
and began to view things in a different angle. His curiosity and thirst for
knowledge gave him a different perspective.

Anaximander was a student of Thales. He claimed that fundamental

substance of reality is the infinite or the APEIRON (it has no precise
characteristics or attributes. It is ageless and eternal, and it
encompasses all the worlds). This is highly speculative and abstract
rather than based on observation. He believed that the
philosophybasics.com suspended in space. He was the first
earth is cylindrical and is
philosopher to attempt to draw a
map.
Anaximenes was a student of Anaximander. He concluded that the
fundamental substance must be AIR. According to him, air holds our
soul together, it encompasses the whole world. Like Thales, he went
back to the flat-earth theory, but unlike Thales who did not give an
exact shape of the earth, Anaximenes claimed that the earth and
other heavenly bodies are like saucers floating in air, thus the
pinterest.ph round.
earth is flat and

Other Pre-Socratics
 Pythagoras was also a pre-Socratic philosopher who gave
primary consideration on the nature of reality. He was the
leader of a religious cult, known as the Pythagoreans. He claimed
that Philosophy is a way of life. He believed that religion and
philosophy are connected and merged into one. He considered
pinterest.ph good for the purification of the
philosophy and mathematics as
soul. He gave importance to the contemplative (involving or given to deep reflection
or thinking) life for this cathartic (n. catharsis) process of purification. We are elated
when we were able to solve difficult mathematical problems. He believed that the
primary constituents of reality was NUMBERS. He coined the word
philosophy and was credited to be the first pre-Socratic philosopher to use the
term logos for his cosmology.

Heraclitus was known for the mystical nature of his philosophy,

especially his idea about change. He believes that the only thing
that is permanent in this world is CHANGE (flux or becoming). His
popular sayings is “You cannot step twice into the same river, for
fresh water are ever flowing in upon you. We step and do not step
into the same rivers, we are and are not.” He was the first
theimaginativecons
ervative.org

8
philosopher who wrote about the idea of change. He used the flames of fire to
emphasize the idea of change.

Parmenides’ philosophical idea is contradiction of the idea of

change from Heraclitus. He proposed that the only thing that is
permanent in this world is BEING, that is reality is made up of
one continuous object or plenum called being. Change is only an
illusion. Amidst the illusion of change, there is something
indestructible, immovable, complete and without beginning or
totallyhistory.com there is no such thing as
end, which he called being. Thus,
change and motion.

Empedocles believed himself to be immortal and that he had

magical powers. He was known to have cured somebody who
was comatose for 24 months. He was the proponent of the notion
that reality is made up of the four elements, namely, earth, air,
fire, and water. He was regarded as a pluralist (opposite of
monist) because he had four elements as his fundamental
geni.com
substances
immortal, he leaped into the mouth of
that reality is made of, instead of only Mt. Erna, an
one substance. To prove that he was
active volcano in Sicily, southern Italy, that led to his untimely death.

Anaxagoras believed that there is not just one element that reality
is made of. For him, there are many seeds or elements as there
are kinds of things. Matter becomes infinitely divisible. Whenever
you divide matter, each separated part will contain elements of
everything else. Another important contribution was his idea
about the NOUS or mind which was conceived of as
philosophybasics.com
external but is infinite and is self-ruled
 and according to him, “has
the greatest strength and power over all things.” This idea had inspired the
conception of the characteristics of the Christian God.

What’s More
Activity 3: Do the following. Write your answers on a separate answer
sheet.

1. Tabulate the main ideas of the pre-Socratic philosophers.

2. To whom do you comfortably agree with? Why?
3. To whom do you feel uncomfortable with? Why?
4. If you were a pre-Socratic philosopher, what would be your idea about
the fundamental principles of everything? Why?

What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Check your understanding. Complete the following statements to form
correct concepts. Write your answers on a separate work sheet. 1. Philo means
, and Sophia means , thus, Philosophy
etymologically means . Therefore, philosophers are called
lovers of .
2. Philosophy is a science of sciences of all things that exist (of beings), in
their causes and principles through the help of
(reason) alone.
3. A particular phenomenon may have various interpretations because
of differences in one’s .
4. A question leads to a philosophical .
5. was the father of western philosophy.

What I Can Do
Activity 5: Act what you think. Construct at least five philosophical questions
based on your perspectives on the fundamental substance of reality. Write your
answers on a separate answer sheet.
Example: What is the essence of water?
 Assessment
A. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which describes a holistic perspective?

A. It is a view centered on a single portion of an entire object.
B. It looks at all aspects of the given problem or situation.
C. All aspects are important in the decision-making.
D. Everything is tied together to form a general view.

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2. Which allows a person to look back on previous experiences and evaluate the
meaning or significance of his or her life?
A. philosophical question C. philosophical reflection
B. philosophical perspective D. philosophical inquiry

3. What is philosophy?
A. love of good will C. love of critical thinking
B. love of wisdom D. love of logic

4. Which demonstrates a partial point of view?

A. refer to single source of information
B. participate in class discussion
C. listen to the advice of both parents and teachers
D. watch video over the internet

5. Who may have already developed a broader philosophical

perspective? A. PJ who monitors his classmates’ emotional well-being.
B. Karl who listens to both sides of arguments before making
judgment. C. Franz who chats his friends about their beliefs
D. Jacques who is so talkative.

6. What differentiate philosophy from other sciences?

A. It always requires logical and critical thinking.
B. It always asks questions about empirical data.
C. It always uses scientific method to prove a hypothesis.
D. It always ends in a conclusion.

7. Which is true?
I. Both partial and holistic perspectives are contributory to
knowledge II. Reflection is not required in doing philosophy.
1. I and II are false C. I is false, II is true
2. I is true, II is false D. I and II are true

8. Which describes the process of doing philosophy?

I. It employs different philosophical methods
II. It only deals with the meaning of life
 A. II B. neither I nor II C. I D. I and II

9. Which statement states is the real definition of philosophy?

I. It is a science of science
II. It uses human intellect (reason) alone.
A. I and II B. neither I nor II C. I D. I and II

10. Which is NOT true about Thales?

A. He is the teacher of Anaximander
B. He is the father of western philosophy

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C. Apeiron is the fundamental substance
D. Earth is flat

Additional Activities
Activity 6: Think to Act. Write a reflection on this topic: “What is the Meaning of
Life”.

Follow this format:

1. What I learned: Write a statement or phrase that has great impact on you 2.
What I experienced: Narrate a true-to-life story/event that you recalled
because of the topic discussed.
3. What I realized: State your insight. It must be related to I and II. 4. What I
plan to do: Enumerate plan of actions that you want to accomplish to apply
your learning of this topic.
12
 13
Rubric for Essay

Mechanics Excellent Proficient Basic Below Basic

5 4 3 2

Organization -Specific -Specific -Specific -Specific

introduction introduction introduction introduction and
and and and conclusion
conclusion conclusion conclusion -No sequence in
-Sequenced -Sequenced -Sequenced material
material material within material within
within the the body the body is
body -Cohesive inconsistent
-Cohesive presentation
presentation content
content
Language -Enhance the -Support the -Not interesting -Unclear
effectiveness effectiveness of -Partially -Minimally
of the the presentation support the support the
presentation - -Correct effectiveness of effectiveness of
Correct grammar - the presentation the presentation
grammar Appropriate to -Correct -Occasional
-Appropriate audience grammar - mistakes in
to audience -Very few Appropriate to grammar
- No pronunciation audience -Appropriate to
pronunciation mistakes Some audience
mistakes pronunciation -Several
mistakes pronunciation
mistakes

Delivery -Good posture -Good posture -Intermitted -Poor posture

-Eye contact -Frequent eye good posture -Seldom eye
with the contact with -Occasional eye contact with the
audience most the audience contact with the audience
of the time -Appropriate audience -Not enough or too
-Appropriate gesture and -Appropriate much gesture and
gesture and expression gesture and expression
expression -Almost full expression -One-person
-Deliverance group -Partial group presentation.
with participation presentation
confidence -
Full group
participation

-Student
-Student
-Student discusses
-Student discuss the
discusses the
discusses the
the subject with a
subject with very
subject in great
subject with some
few details.
minimal details.
details.
details.
-Student do not
-Students do not
-Student
-Student outlines
outline their
outline what they
describes in
their finding
finding
have learnt
Content
detail about their
-Student show
-Student's
-Students still sound
findings
what they have
misconceptions are
confused on this topic
-Student
indicate
learnt
still seen
what they have
learnt
 14
References

Bernardo, Juanito Philip V (2016). Introduction to Philosophy of the Human

Person: JFS Publishing Services, Manila, p. 5-6.
Guevarra, Geoffrey A (2016). Pambungad sa Pilosopiya ng Tao (Batayang Aklat):
Rex Book Store, Inc., Manila, p. 7-24
Sioco, Maria Paula and Vinzons Ignatius (2016). Introduction to the Philosophy of
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