Ever since man has started to observe, think and reason he has been wondering about the world around him, He tried to find ways to organize the disorder prevailing in the observed facts about the natural phenomenon and material things in an orderly manner, His attempts resulted in the birth of 2 single discipline of science, called natural philosophy. = There was a huge increase in the volume of scientific knowledge up till the beginning of nineteenth century. It was found necessary to classify the study of nature into two branches, the biological sciences which deal with living things and physical sciences which concern with non-living things. Physics isan important and basic part of physical sciences besides its other disciplines such as chemistry, astronomy, geology etc. Physics is an experimental science and the scientific method emphasizes the need of accurate Measurement of various measurable features of different phenomena or of manmade objects, At the present time, there are three main frontiers of fundamental science, = The world of the extremely large Th a + ee, gather information from the far side of the universe and have recently detected, as radio waves, the “firlight" of the big bang which probably started off the expanding universe nearly 20 billion years ago. > The world of the extremely small “The particles such as, ¥ The world of complex matter: {tis also the world of “middle-sized” things, from molecule at one extreme to the Earth at the other. This is all Pst dels with he study of mater and eneny andthe rltinsip between them, The study of hs involves investigating such things as * % Branches of Phy By veret However, ab led that the laws formulated by the previous investigators need modifications. Further researches gave birth to many new disciplines in physics such as nuclear physics, particle physics, relativistic mechanics, solid state physics. There are some important areas of physics areBranches Concerned Mechanics Deal with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected Linear motion to forces or displacements Greular motion Electromagnetism | Interaction of electrically charged particles and the interaction of |» AC generator magnetic fields with electrical conductors > FMand aM Optics involves the behaviour and properties of light, including the | » Camera construction of instruments that use or detect it > Laser Sound Sound isa vibration that propagates asa typically > Noise audible mechanical wave through a medium such as ait > Microphone Solid-state Concerned with the structure and properties of solids > Transistor physics > PN junction Plasma physics | electrically neutral medium of unbound positive and negative | > Neon signs | particles | | Magneto study of the dynamics of electrically conducting fluids arthquakes studies | hydrodynamics ‘Space of physics | study of plasmas as they occur naturaly in the universe > Solar wind > auroras ‘Quantum deals with physical phenomena at nanoscopicscales where | > Blackbodyradation — ‘mechanics the action is on the order of the Planck constant > Electron microscope Heat concerned with heat and temperature and their relation } Heat engines 1 Thermodynamics. | to energy and work ‘Special relativity | relationship between space and time to the special > GPS «ase of inertial reference frames [> Eme General relativity | relationship between space and time to the special caseofnon-| > Blackhole inertial reference frames | > Time traveling ‘Alomic physics | studies atoms as an isolated system of electronsand an atomic | > Atomic spectra nucleus > Xrays ‘Molecular physics | study ofthe physicalproperties cfmoleciles,thechemicalbonds | > Laser | between atomsas wellas the molecular dynamics Nuclear physics | studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei Nuclear reactor » Nuclear medicine Particle physics | studies the nature of particles that are the constituents of what |» Cyclotrons is usually referred to as matter and radiation > PET imaging Hydrodynamics, | the study of liquids in motion Aerodynamics > Weather pattern Superconductivity. | ¢ phenomenon of exactly zero elecirical resistance and > magnetic levitation | expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials devices when ¢ooled belowa characteristic critical temperature Superfluidity. | a state of matter in which the matter behaves lie a fluid with | > Liquid helium teroviscosity; where it appears to exhibit the ability to self- propel and travel in a way that’ defies the forces of gravity and surface tensionPhysics and other Branche: > Physics is most fundamental of all sciences and provides other branches of science, basic principles and fundamental laws. > This overlapping of physics and other fields gave birth to new branches. = Branches Role of physics Astrophysics Deals with the physics of the universe, especialy with "the nature of the heavenly bodies, rether than their positions or motiors in space. | Chemical physics It focuses more on the charecterstc elements and theories of physic Oceanography Covers @ wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics. | Biophysics | an science using methods of, and theories from, physics to study biological systems Geophysics concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth Physics of music | areas of study are the function of musical instruments, the human voice (the physics of speech and singing) | Medical physics Engineering Physics the application of physics concepts, theories and methods to medicine or Healthcare Engineering physics or Engineering Science refers to the study of the combined disciplines of physics, mathematics and combined with engineering studies in computer, electrical, materials or mechanical engineering. (Ree eee Science and technology are a potent force for change inthe outlock of mankind. The information media and fast means of communications have brought all parts of the world in close contact with one another. Events in one part of the vorld immediately reverberate round the globe, We are living in the age of information technology. The computer networks are products of chips developed from the basic ideas of physics. The chips are made of silicon, Silicon can be obtaingd from sand. Its up to us whether we make a sandcestle or a computer out oft. Computer chips are made from wafers of the metalloid silicon, a semiconductor Early developments of the integrated circuit go back to 1949, when German engineer Werner Jacobi filed a patent for an integrated-circuit-lke semiconductor amplifying device showing five transistors on a common substrate in a 3-stage amplifier arrangement. Sees The quantities which can be measured and have physical significance is called Physical Quantities. “Types: Physical quantities are of two types (i) Base quantities (i) Derived quantities Base Quantities: “+ “The base quantities are the minimum number of those physical quantities in terms of which other physical ‘quantities can be defined.” or ‘+ "The quantities which are not derived from other quantities but other quantities are derived from these quantities.” ‘Examples: Length, mass, time etc.6 | Chit [MEASUREMENT COLLEGE PHYSICS I: Derived Quantties: “The quantities which are derived from the base quantities are called Derived Quantities” + Examples: Velocity, acceleration, force etc. ‘There are two + Choiceofe stendard 4 Theestablishment ofa procedure for comparing the quantity to be measured with the standard so that a number and a unit are determined as the measure of that quantity. Ideal standard! {an ideal standard has two principal characteristics % ttisaccessible It's invariable 1.3. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS in 1960, an international committee agreed on a set of definitions and standard to descibe the prysial quantities. The system that was established is called the System international (s) The system international (Sis built from three kinds of units Base units Supplementary units + Derived units "The units associated with the base quantities are called base units.” fase units for phySeakgquentities as siown in the table ca Pre aa a Pema “Length metre m metre is the length ofthe path travelled by light in vacuum during a time ihterval of 1/299,792,458 of a second, (1983) 1 kilogram isequal to the massof the international prototype of the Klogram platinumricium alloy cylinder) kept t international Bureau of Weights and leasures, at Sevres, near Pars. France. (1889) e seconds the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods Of the radiation brresponding tothe transition between the two hyperfine fevelsof the ground ate of the cestum-133 atom. (1967) 1e ampere is that constant current which, if ‘maintained in two straight parallel fonductors of infinite ength, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 etre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force, equal 9 2.x 107 newton per metre of length, (1948) he kelvin, 's the fraction 1/273,16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. (1967) kilogram kg “| The mole is the amount of substance ‘ofa system, which contains. asmany elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon ~ 12, (1971) “the candela isthe luminous intensity, in a ven direction, ofa Soirce that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 54010" hertz and that has a radiant ptersity, ction of 1/683 watt per steracian, (1979) intensity inthet E “General Con‘erence on Weights and Measures has not yet classified certain units ‘ofthe SI under either base or derived units, These SI units are called Supplementary units.Radian and Steradian are the supplementary units. SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS Quantity Unit Symbol) 1. Plane Angle Radian ad wz 2, Solid Angle Steradian | s “When an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle subtends an ‘angle on the centre of the circle, that angle is called Radian.” {tis the Si unit of Plane angle (20). in complete circle, there is 2n radian, on “The angle subtended atthe centre ofa sphere by an area of ts surface equal to the square of radius of the sphere.” Itis the S| unit of Solid angle (30), in complete sphere, thereis 4n Steradian. Length times length Area times length Mass per unit volume kg/m? Distance per unit time m/s Change in speed per unit time m/s? Mass times acceleration (kg +m)/s? (newton, N) Force per unit area kg/(m+s*) (pascal, Pa) Force times distance (kg +m?)/s? (joule, J) Mass can thought of as a form of energy. In fact the mass is highly concentrated form of energy. Einstein's famous equation, E=mc* means. Energy = mass, x speed of light’, According to this equation 1 kg mass is actually 9 x 10%) energy. Scientific Notation} a : at soln the ne ee ee le, there should be only one non-zero digitat the left of decimal. % i) ae is written as 1.34 x10" ii) 0.0023 is written as 2.3 x10PEM en Ss ° Use of SI units requires special care, more particularly in writing prefixes. Following points should be kept in mind while using units - Full name of the unit does not begin with 2 capital letter even ifnamed aftera scientist e.g, Newton. The symbol of unit named after a scientisthas intial capital letter © Such as N for newton. > The prefix should be written before the unit without any space ¢ Suchas 1x10°mis written as 1 mm. > Acombination of base units is written each with one Space apart Newton meter is written as Nm > Compound prefixes are not allowed. © 1yyFmay be writtenas pF. > Arnumber such as 5.0 x 10" cm may be expressed in scentfc notation as 5.0x10' m. jame Symbol Factor Name Symbi > When multiple of a base unit is raised toa power, | 424 ota y 40 deci Measurement in practical work should be recorded | 10" peta P 108 micro p immediately in the most convenient unit, eg., 40% tera T 109 nano n © Micrometer Screw gauge measurement inmm} 403 giga G 10°12 pico p and the mass of Calorimeter in grams (g) 408 mega M 40-8 femto f * But before calculation for the result, alll 493 Kilo init aca measurements must be converted to the | 509 ecto fh meaty ee deka _da appropriate S| base units > Standard prefixes are given in the table POO Ue eis All physical measurements have errors. These errors may occur due to 1._negligence or inexperience of a person 2. inappropriate method 3. natural variations in the object being measured + 4, Imperfection of a person’s senses. There are three major types of errors Random Error: Random error is said to occur when repeated measurements of the quantity, give different values under the ns. It is due to some unknown causes. > linimize “Repeating the measurement several times and taking an average can reduce the effect of random errors. Systematic Error: Se een irene ry o_etror of instruments, poor calibration of instruments or incorrect markings etc. > Howto minimize —$$—$_——_—— Systematic error can be reduced by comparing the instruments with another which is known to be more accurate. Thus for systematic error, a correction factor can be applied. Personal Error: 5 oui cig uence eboaaseapntessee (vee ‘Such error can be minimized with care, and experience.The uncertainty in measurement may occur due to 4 Inadequacy or limitation of a measuring instrument % Limitation 6f human senses % Natural variation ofthe object isbeing measured We use many devices to measure physical quantities such as length time and temperature they all hare some limit of precision EXPLANATION: Each device for measurement has some least count. The precision of the device depends on its least count, therefore, all devices have some limit of precision. Eater physics is based on measurements, but CaUet Ween ne sn er a physical a cuanity messed Thee & cra some uncer about ts deterined vale Coe This uncertainty may be due to a numbér of reasons. One reason is the type of instrument, being used. We know that every measuring instruments is calibrated to a certzin smalest division This fect put almitto the degree of accuracy which may be achieved wile measuring whit Al the digits 3, 2,3, 4,5, 6,7, 8, 9aresignificant. {zero between two significant figures i significant. —Zerosto the lft of a significant digit are not significant Ly None of the zeros in 0.00467 or 02.59 is significant. Zerosto the right of a significant digit may or may not be significant. in decimal fraction, zeros to the rghtof a significant figure are. significant. * All the zeros in 3.570 or 7.4000 are significant. = However, in integers such as 8,000 kg, the number of significant zeros is determined by the accuracy of the measuring instrument. ‘© Ifthe measuring scale has a leastcount of 4 bg then there are four significant figures written in scientific notation as 8.000 x 10” kg. ‘Ifthe least count of the scale is 10 kg, then the number of significant figures will be 3 written insscientific notation as 8.00 x10" kg and so on. When a measurement is recorded in scientific notation or standard form, the figures otver than the powers of * 2 > ten are significant figures. 4 Ameasurement recorded as 8.70x 10° kg has three significant. figures. Example: Suppose that we want to measure the length of a straight line with the help of a meter rod calibrated in millimeters. Let the end point of the line lies between 10.3 and 10.4 cm marks. By convention, if the end of the line does not touch or cross the midpoint of the smallest division the reading is confined to the previous division. In case the end of the line seems to be touching. Or have crossed the midpoint, the reading is extended to the next division. The uncertainty or accuracy in the value of @ measured quantity can be indicated conveniently by using significant figurers,Rules for multiplication and division: In case of multiplication or division of numbers, the number of significant figures in the answer should be equal to the number of significant figures of the factor having least number of significant figures. Example: Consider the following 5.348x107 x 364x104 1.336 As the factor 3.64 x 10° has least number of significant figures, so the answer should have three significant figures. So the answer is 1.46x 10° 1.45768982 x10° In case of addition or subtraction of numbers, the number of decimal places in the answer should be equal to the factor containing smellest number of decimal places. Example: ‘Suppose we wish to add the following quantities expressed in meters. i) RA ii) 2.7543 8 3.42 4.10 0.003 1273 75.523 8.1273 Correctanswer: 75.5m 8.13 m For rounding off, Following rules are followed > Ifthe first digit dropped is less than 5, the last digit retained should remain unchanged. > Ifthe first digit dropped is more than 5, the cgi to be retained Is increased by one. > Ifthe digit to be droppedis 5, “the previous digit which is to be retained is increased by one ifit is odd —— Retainedas suchifitis even > Forexample, the following numbers are rounded off to three significant figures as follows. The digits are deleted fone by one. $43.75 isroundedoffas 43.8 56.8546 isroundedoffas 56.9. + 73.650 isrounded offas 73.6 64.350 isrounded offas 64.4 “Precision of a measurement is defined os the least count of the measuring instrument.” Precision depends upon the instrument 4 Smaller the least count of measuring instrument, the more precise will be the measurement. + Precisionis also called the Absolute Uncertainty. In fact, precision is the least count of the measuring device. For example, least count or precision or absolute uncertainty of a meter rod is +0.l.em “Accuracy depends upon fractional uncertainty or percentage uncertainty." + Itmeans that a measurement wil be more accurate if it has less fractional uncertainty. Least Count Measurement Least Count ——————_ i Measurement Fractional Uncertainty = a Percentage Uncertainty =Example A Example B ‘Suppose that we measured the length of an abject by a | Suppase that we measured the length of an object by ‘meter rod as 25,5em, Then vernier calipers as 0.45 em. Then of i Fractional Uncertainty = 2°" = 0,004 Fractional Uncertainty = 2-212 9,99 5cm, 0.45 cm 04cm 0.01. cm age Uncertainty = x100=0.4% 100 =2.% Y 255 om 0.45 om » ‘The reading 25.5 cm in example ‘A’ taken by meter| » the reading 0.45 cm in example ‘8’ taken by vernier rule is although less precise but is more accurate | calipers is more precise but is less accurate. in fact, it raving less percentage uncertainty or error. | _ isthe relative measurement which is important, The smaller a physical quantity, the more precise instrument should be used. Here the measurement 0.45 cm demands that a gauge, with least count 0.001 cm, should have been used. Colour printing uses just four colour cyan, magenta, yellow and black to produce the entire range of colours. Al the colour in this book have been ‘made from just these four coluors. - Cyan ¥Magenta Yellow Black The "" in CMYK stands for key because in four-color printing, cyan, ! ‘magenta, and yellow printing slates are carefully keyed, or aligned, with the key of the black key plate, Some sources suggest thatthe "«” in CMYK comes from the last letter in "black" and was chosen because B already means blue EMS acne Aaa To assess the total uncertainty or error, it is necescary to evaluate the likely uncertainties in all the factors involve in that calculation. The maximum possible uncertainty or error in the final result can be found as follows, Absolute uncertainties are added . Example: The distance x determined by the difference between two separate position measurements X,=10.540.1em and x, =26.8+0.1cm is recorded as =X, ~X,=16.340.2cm Mee Percentage uncertainties are added. Example: The maximum possible uncertainty in the value of resstance R of a contuctor determined from the measurements of potential difference V and resulting current flovr by using R = V/lis found as follows: v §2+01V | = 0.8440.05A OAV 100 ‘The percentage uncertainty for Vis = 52V" 400 = about 2% ‘ 2 Oot 6% The percentage uncertainty for! s 0.84A 100Hence total uncertainty in the value of resistance R when Vis divided by lis 8. The resultis thus quoted as on = 6.19 VA" =6.19 ohms with a sage uncertainty of 8% R= 6.20.5 ohms The result is rounded off to two significant digits because both V and R have two significant figures. Uncertainty being an estimate only is recorded by one significant figure, Penn Multiply the percentage uncertainty by that power. Example: ' 4 - . Inthe calculation of the volume ofa sphere using V =e % age uncertainty in V = 3 x % age uncertainty in radius r. As uncertainty is multiplied by power factor, it increases the precision demand of measurement. ifthe radius of a small sphere is measured as 2.25 cm by a vernier caliper with least count 0.01 cm, then the radius ris recorded as fe = 2.25 + 0.01 em Absolute uncertainty = Least count = +0.04.cm. he 10 oa % age uncertainty in ¢= 2250m 100 Total percentage uncertaintyinV = «3 x04=12% 4 Vole Set Thusvolume 3 v= $2914 (2.25 om ? V = 47.689 cm? with 12 % uncertainty, Thus the result should be recorded as Vo= 417£06cm ‘These are not decoration pieces of glass but are the earliest known exquisite and sensitive thermometers, built by the accademis del cimento (1657-1667) in florence. They contained alcohal, some times coloured red for easier reading. For uncertainty in the average value of many measuremer > Find the average value of measured values. > Find deviation of each measured value from the average value, “% The mean deviation is the uncertainty in the average value.Example: The six readings ofthe micrometer screw gauge to measure the diameter ofa wire in mmare 1.20, 1.22, 1.23, 119,122,121 120+ 1,22 41.23 4+ 161941224 1.21 PIRES ee aaa tpi Se es ht The deviation ofthe readings, which are the difference without regards to the sign, between each reading and average value are 0.01, 0.01, 0.02, 0.02, 001, 0, 0.01+0.01+0.02 +0.02+0.01+0 6 y. Thus, likely uncertainty in the mean diameter 1.21 mm is 0.01 mm recorded as 1.24 + 0.01mm > Mean of deviations 0.01mm, The device which made the pendulum clock practical. ‘The first practical cock, driven by a pendulum, was developed by Christian Huygens around 1656, mee The uncertainty in the time period of a vibrating body is found by dividing the least count of timing device by the number of vibrations. Example: The time of 30 vibrations of a simple pendulum recorded by a stop watch accurate upto one tenth of a second is 54.6, 1 pete as = 4.82 8 ‘wih uncertainty as = 0.003 Thus, period Tis quoted as T = 1.82 + 0.003 s Hence, its advisable to count large number of swings to reduce timing uncertainty The cesium atomic frequency standard at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Colorade (USA). j ttis the primary standard for the unit of time, Very accurate iocis can he constructed by locking an electronic oscillator to the frequency of an atomic transition, The frequencies associated with such transitions are so reproducible that the definition of the second is now tied to the frequency associated with a transition in cesium-133: 1 second = 9192, 631,770 cycles ofthe standard C5-133 transition,Each base quantity is considered a dimension denoted by a specific symbol written within square brackets. It stands for the qualitative nature of the physical quantity Example: Different quantities such as length, breadth, diameter, light year which are measured in meter denote the same dimension and have the dimension of length (L). Similarly the mass and tine dimersions are denoted biy [M] and [7], respectively Other quantities that we measure have dimension which are combinations of these dimensions. Example: Speed is measured in meters per second. This will obviously have the dimensions of length divided by time. Hence we write Dimension of length Dimensions of speed = Sa Dimension of time {l 4 “1 tv] ss [L}IT = {LT (T] Similarly the dimensions of acceleration are {L} 2 so = [L][T LT {a] iT] (ME ] The dimensions of force are (FJ ={m){al-[M] [LT *] = [MLT*] Using the methad of dimensions called the dimensions analysis, we can check the correctness of a given formula or an equationand can ako derive it, Dimensional analysis makes use of the fact that expression of the dimensions can be manipulated as algebraic quantities (teen © Inorder to check the correctness of an equation, we are to show that the dimensions of the quantities on both sides ofthe equation are the same, irrespective ofthe form of the formula > This called the principle of homogeneity of dimensions. (i) Deriving a possible formula > The success ofthis method for deriving a relation fora phystcal quantity depends on the correct guessing of various factors on which the physical quantity depends. Dimensional Analysis cannot apply to derive @ relation sum of preducts or product of sums. wrdar 2 LIMITATIONS: > Dimensional Analysis cannot apply to derive % Numerical constant Trigonometric function 4 kogarithmic function + Exponential function The pair of quantities which have same dimensions «Work, torque, energy ‘+ Impule, momentum «Angular momentum * Planck's constant Pressure, stress, elastic modulus radioactivity, frequency(Order of magnitude of some Temperature aes) Order of magnitude of some distances Order of magnitude of some masses bi i ' eee 9 | | m) leo nen ie iw | ; ep eens | 0s San Sun vee le | ie 1 Dierater 1 tg 0m moccve tas we | 8 eee, | 1s, @ Col i “aamnent amo 400 ‘Heght of a = ae ‘ow | pee | ‘org ursen pee | 1010 Distance to the 108 LU weonte | & Bn | ie eee | Distance tothe LQ x newest star = beet 1m a Diameter ofthe eco i oe GE Wiky Way Galaxy 1068 ' mercury bes Distance tot elie | | || vw btn ie i tanker it a | 108 09 [4 wate tot Mount Everest feo Duration ee iOS eres. | (s) | sco cnomtmne P | 3 | commen | {[ One year | 3.15% 10 < @ me | | ae oecomes nad |] One day 8.64 10° : lee Orbital period a ee Sound waves | 1.0.x 10° Radio waves | 1.0« 10° i ae Atomic Nee at pee || vibration 10x10” | j Acceleration | |\/"; 7°] Energy {P.E &K.E,) lu er {|} sous Fore | lar LT Density Iwan r i | Light waves | 2.0% 10 Work [wr Angular velocity |i/"s°7 ———— | a | | | Momentum |i .7'| Angular acceleration ie ie interval (ey) | Pressure uci’ Angular mementum \M ir [ ocorteunierss 51107 | Timpulse [a Lr foment of inertia [a 7”| | (Age ofthe Eath 4 4g? |) f | welt api: One year yj Torque Iw er2| | Frequency criy [One ye 3.2x10" 2 | wer + t | (One day 86x10" Wavelength | y'z 7°] Stress lw er ‘Time between ‘cease anna —e normal heartbeats x10" | Period of audible te |sound waves 10? | 1 f typical | 9 Travel Time Of Light Cee ree Feet [Period of vibration | Moon Earth | 4 min 20s | | crane axto” | Sun To Earth | 8 min 20s eee | Pluto To Earth] 5h 20s ‘light waves aio" | lakes \aaossctomamnserancs Approximate Values of Some | _Time Intervals, |Unit Kilogram Meter Second (Me (Mere Momentum, ea Impulse Torque, Work, | Energy fe Power Acceleration ___ Dueto gravity Frequency, angular frequency viscosity lite math oT Wavelength ‘Stress -Least Count. Least Count pee naa Percentage Uncertainty.= Fractional Uncertain a Measurement MeasurementMeese BBCi 1." Physicsis science based primarily on (2) Hypothesis (b) Experiments (c} Definition (d) None of these 2 ‘The branch of science which deals with living things (a) Biological Science _(b) Physical Science {c) Social Science {d) Humanities 3. The branch of science which deals with the properties of matter and energy and relation between themis called {2} Chemistry (b) Physics {c) Biology (d) Mathematics 4. Physicsis an important part of {a) Biological Science .(b) Physical Science {c) Social Science {d) Humanities 5. How many frontiers of fundamental science (a) Two (b) Three (c) Four (d) Five 6, _ Electron belongs to which kind of frontiers of fundamental science? (a) World of extremely small (b) World of extremely large {0) World of complex matter (d) None of these 7 ‘The branch of physics which is concerned with ultimate particles of which the matter is composed is (2) Plasma physics _(b) Nuclear physics (c) Atomic physics (d) Particle physics 8B The branch of physics which deals with velocities approaching the speed of light is called {) Relativistic mechanics (b) Quantum mechanics (¢) Classical mechanics, {d) Wave mechanics 9. The branch of physics which deals with the structure and properties of solids is called (a) Particle Physics (b) Thermodynamics {c) Solid state physics (d) Molecular Physics. 10, The overlapping of physics and other fields gave birth to (a) Biophysics (b) Astrophysics (c) Geophysics {d) All of these 11, Computer chips are made of DGK 2014, BWP 2018 {a) Carbon (b) Germanium (c) Sodium {4) Silicon 12. _Stlicon can be obtained from BWP 2015 (a)Sand (b) Water (o)Air (4) Metals 13, _Incolor printing, the whole range of colors can be obtained by mixing (a) Six colors (b) fire colors (¢) four colors (6) three colors 14, Nuclear Physics deals with {2} Atom (b) elementary particles (c) atomic nuclei (4) tight 15. Physical sciences deals with (2) living things (b) non tiving thi (c} both living and non living (4) none of these 1. Physical quantities are often divided into {2} Two categories —_(b) Three categories (c) Four categories (4) Seven c=’ gories 2. The quantities which are defined in terms of other physical quantities are called {2} Derived quantities (b) Base quantities (c) Abstract quantities (4) None of these 3. The principal characteristics of an ideal standard are 5 (a) Accessible (b) invariable (c) Botha & b (4) All of these 4. The base quantity among the following is. (a)Temperature ——_(b) Torque (¢) Force (4) Velocity 5. Which of the following is the derived quantity? {a} Length (b) Time (c) Mass (4) Weight 6. Theprefixatto stands for: Mirpur 2015 @ (bo) 10 (Oi 19° 10" ERIE N Urner ne 1, System international of units was established {a} 1950 (b) 1955 {c) 1960. (d) 1965,10. iu 2. BUa 35. System international of units is built up from. (a) Base units (b) Derived units {c)Supplementary units (4) All ofthese The base units in SI units are (a) Two (b) Three (c)Four (4) Seven 51 unit of temperature is {a)"F Kk (ec ; (8) All of these Sl unit of intensity of light is theas {a)mole (b) candela (c)ampere (a) Kevin, Which of the following in not a unit of time {a) Light year (b) Leap year {e)Lunar month (a) nano-second Si unit of workis lalerg (b) electron volt {c) joule (0) kilowatt-hour Which physical quantity has unit ampere-hour? (alElectriccharge _(b) Electric Current (cl Power (A) Electric potential Which of the following is not a unit of young’s modulus? (a)Nm? {b) Nev (cj dynecm? (d) mega Pascal Light year is unit of Unral4, Fs 19 (a)intensity flight (b) Temperature (ofime (d) Length Which of the following pai of units are both 1 base units? Dgk 18 (2) Ampere, degree celsius (b) Ampere, kelvin (c). Coulomb, degree celsius (@) Coulomb, kelvin Supplementary units are Sgd-12 {a Two (b) Tee (6) Four (d)Seven Slits of plane angle (two dimensional) Mul-36 (2) Degree (b) Radian (c) Revolution (d)Allof these Slunits of solid angle (three cimensional) is Rutt, Guj16, Dek 19 {a} Degree (b) Radian (o) Meter (@)Steradian ‘Three dimensional angle subtended at the center of the sphere by an area of its surface equals to the square of the radius of the sphere is called Une-18 (| Degree (b) Radian (q) Meter (4) Steradian Solid angle (Steradian) subtended at the center bya sphere is Unr-13,18, Bwll8 (2) 2x (b}6x (gan (ax Te ange between two radi ofa cele which eu off onthe dreumferene ofan arc equal nlength tothe radi (573° () 3" (9 375 (@)None Unit of pressure in terms of base units: Rwh14, Lhr-18 (2) nym (| kg mis? (c) Pascal (a) allofthese Which is base quantity Guj-14,15, Fsd 14,18 {aj area {b) volume (c) length {d} velocity Which ofthe followingis correct representation of a number according to scientific notation (a) 2134.7 {b) 21.347x10" (c) 213.4710 (4) 2.1347x10° The scientificnotation of a number 0.00367 is expressed as (2) 3.67« 10 (b) 3.672 10° (c)0.367«10* {a} 367x10° + The scientific notation of a number 423.7 is expressed a5 (a) 0.42379 10 (b} 4.237 10" (c)0.4237% 10° (4) 423710" ‘Which is least sub-multipie? DGK-15, Mul 19 ¥ [ahatto (b) ferto (0) pico {d)nano Which is greatest sub-multiple? {a eiga (bs) tera {e) peta (dea Yotta means (2) 10" (b) 10% “ {e)10* (a) 30%27. 31. 32. 33. 35. 37. 39. & 41. 49. Deca, deci and mega, respectively means {a} 10", 107, 10° (b} 10°, 10°, 10° (c 107, 10', 10° Pico, kilo and tera, respectively means (@)10", 10°, 10" _{b} 10%, 10°, 107 (c) 10”, 10°, 10° The ratio of one giga-meter to one exa-meter is equal to (a) One giga (b) One tera (c)One pico The ratio of one nano-meter to one atto-meter is equal to {a) One giga (bj One tera {One pico What isthe ratio o> vat is tH 1 ratlO Get me (a) 10° (o) 10° (9 10” One light year is equal to (2)946x10%cm ——(b) 9.4610 (0) 9.46x10°Km ‘Which one of the following is not allowed zs standard prefix? (2) pF (b) WaF (one ‘The rest mass of electron is 9.1 x10” Kg. its mass in gm is (3) 91x10* (b}9.1x10™ {9.1x10" ‘Number of seconds in one day is (2) 10000 sec (b) 86400 sec (0) 1440 sec The density of water is 1000 Kg m”. Its value in CGS system will be (2) 1000 cm* (b) 100. gem? (¢) 10g am* Steradian isthe angle which lies in {2)Three dimension _(b) Two dimension (0 One ¢imension The term 134.7 can be written in scientific notation as: (a) 1347x107 (b) 1.347 x 10° (9) 1347x10° How many years in one second? (2)3.1x 10°yr {b)3.1x107yr (o)3.1%10% yr 73.560's round off as @) 736 () 737 (74.00 Slunit of coefficient of viscosity is fa) Kem?s* {b) kgm’? (c) kgm? s? Si system is bultt up by how many kinds of units (a) Six (0) five (four Energy of 1 kg mass is fa) 9x10) = (b) 7x10) (99107) ‘The ratio of 1 femtometer to 1 nanometer is: (10° (0) 10° (910” ‘Which of the following is derived unit? (a), Newton (b). Meter + (@) Candela 2 isequal to: (a) 0035rad— bt) 0.30 rad (9035 red 2.0 radian is equal to: fa) 573° (ey) 576° {9114.6 The quantity 4 (km)? is equal to: (a) Axto’m? —b) 1x10°m? {e) 1x10? m? 2rrevolutions are equal to; @) mrad ty rad (0 2xrad ‘One radian is equal to: (@) 772° () 673° ()57.3° Pascal isthe unit of: a) Pressure (b).— force (q\Tension (¢) 10%, 10°, 10° (a) 10", 107,10" (d) One nano (¢) One nano (10% Uhr-14, Mul-48, Sed-39 (4) 9:46 x 10" miles Bwo-t7 (d) nF {@)91x10 (a) 3800sec (#) 1gem? {) None ofthese. See-19 () 1347 x10" (#)3.1.x10°yr (4) None {d) kgms (d)three (dx 104 thts (4) 10° Mirpur 2015, Guj-19 (d) Mole Rwp-19 (4) 0.0035 rad Mitn-19 ()1155° thes (@) 1x10 m? Ubr-19 (a) 4rrad Guj-19 (aya73" Gu-19 {d) weight51. 52. 10. 1. 2 2B. ‘The quantity 2.3x 10” can be written as: Fsd-19 (a) 0.0023 (b) 0.023 (e)0.23 (4) 23 Which one of the followings not a unit of energy: Bwl-19 (a) Kilowatt = (b) rg (Joule (8) Kilowatt hour The types of systematic errors are (a) Personal errors {b) instrumental errors Error in certain measurement occur due to (a) inappropriate technique (b) Negligence The uncertainty may occur due to (a) Limitation of an instrument {b) Limitation of human senses (c) Natural Variance ofthe object (a) All of these Error due to incorrect design or calibration of measuring devices are called (a)Personal errors (b) Systematic errors (¢) Random errors Systematic erro in the measurement can be reduced a) By taking the average of ll the measurements b) Bycomparing the instrument with another which is known to be more accurate. )_ Byimproving the quility of measuring instrument (c) Theoretical errors (4) All ofthese (c)Faultly apparatus (4) Allof these (d) All of these d) Byimproving the experimental techniques Random error can be minimized by (a). By taking the average of all the measurements (€) Byimproving the experimental techniques Sgd-17 {b) By reducing zero error in device (d) By using instrument of small least count ‘The error which has same effect that upon all measurements of a particular quantity is called {a) Personal errors _(b) Systematic errors (c) Random errors (d) Allof these The maximum possible error in reading of meter rod with least count of 1m is {a)imm_ (b) dum {co} 10um_ (d) 001ym The maximum possible error in reading of vernier caliper with least count of 10m is (a) 1mm (b) 4um (10m (4) 001m The maximum possible error in reading of screw gauge with least count of 100um is (2) 1mm (6) 4m {¢) 104m (4) 10pm The zero error belongs to the category of $3d-18, RwLA7, Dgk-19 (2) Personal errors (b) Random errors {¢) Systematic errors (4) All ofthese Error occur dudito negligence and inexperience of a person is called (a) Personal errors —_(b) Systematic errors. (6) Random errors (d) Al ofthese If errorin measurement of radius of circle is 2%, then permissible error in its area will be: Fsd-19 (eh1% (0) 2% (04% (a) 8% In any ineasurement the accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit are called {a) Whole numbers ~ {b) Fractional numbers (6) Significant figures (4) Random no Significant figures in 0.000476 are Shw-16, $g4-19, Guj-19, Bwl-19 (a) Two (b) Three (q) Four (6) Sic Significant figures in 0.00100 are Bwi-18, Sed-11, Dgk-18, Mul-18 (a) Two () Three (6) Four (a) sic Significant figures in 8.70x 10° are (a) Two (b) Three (0) Four (@) Five Significant figures in 0.705555 are . (@) Two (t) Three (0) Four (0) Sic In the measurement of 8000Kg, if the least count of scale is 10 Kg, then the numbers of significant figures are (a) Two (0) Three (9 Four (¢) sic Mul-19i. 12. 13, 14, 16. m7. 18. 19, The zero is significant only when it (a) lies before the decimal point (b) lies left to the significant digit {c) lies right to the significant digit (4) __ lies between the two significant digits The zero to the right of significant figures is [a) Significant (b) Not significant c) May or may not be significant (d) None of these The zero to the left of significant figures is (a) Significant (b) not significant (c) may or may be significant (a) none Number of Significant figures with increasing degree of approximation (a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) remains unchanged (d) None of these In case of multiplication or division of numbers, the number of significant figures in answer should be equal to sighifcant figures ofthe factor (a) Having least number of significant figure (b) Having maximum number of significant figure (C) Norestriction for number of significant feures (d) None of these In case of adgition or subtraction of numbers, the number of decimal places in answer should be equal to the factor containing (a) Smallest number of decimal places (b) Largest number of decimal places (b) No restriction for decimal places (¢) None of these The length of floor tle is 0.333m while its breadth is 0.278m. Find its area insignificant figures (a) 0.092 m? (b) 0.0925 m? (0.092574 m? (¢) 0.93 m? Find out the volume of the sheet correct up to appropriate significant digits. By considering heights equal to :L,05cm, length is equal to 3.233m and breadth is equal to 2.105 m, (71m (b) 7.15 m? (9.725m°> (4) 7.55 m* The number $5.43 is rounded off as (a) 55.4 (b| 55.5 (55.43 (d) 55 ‘The number 56.8546 is rounded off as (:)56.8 (b} 56.9 (056.7 (4) 56 ‘The number 73.650 is rounded off as (a) 73.65 (b) 73.66 (9737 (4) 736 The number 64.350 is rounded off as (2) 64.35 (b) 64.36 (c) 64.4 (4) 64 For 4.40 x 10°, no. of significant digits (a) 3 (b)4 (2 (d)4 What are the numbers of significant figures in the given number 8000? (3) one (b)three (cl two (¢) four BE Least counts called sed-i9 {a} Fractional uncertainty(b) Percentage uncertainty (c) Absolute uncertainty (4) None of these Least count of meter rod is (a) 001m (b)0.co1cm {c)0.tcm (4) tom ‘precise measurements one which has (a). Maximum number of decimal places (b] Minimum number of decimal places (0) More accuracy (d} None of these Aprecise measurement is one which has Syd-19 (a) Large fractional uncertainty (b) Less Percentage uncertainty (cl Large Absolute uncertainty (d) Less Absolute uncertainty A measurement is made with a meter rod graduated In mm. the correct reading is (a)0.21m (b)0.2145m (90214 (02mCOLLEGE PHYSICS 6 10, 1. 2. 13. 14. 15, 16. 17. 18. 19, (H#4 | MEASUREMENT ‘The length of an object s recorded as 25.5cm by using the meter rod graduated in mm, the absolute uncertainty nthe reading is (a)40.1em (t} 201mm (9 40.080m (@) 005mm Which ofthe following measurement is more precise? (a)3i27s (0) 312.75 {3127s (837s Screw gauge is more accurate than vernier calipers by {a} 10 tes (b) 100 times (¢)1000times (4) None of these The accuracy of measurement depends on (a) Quality of instrument (b) Percentage uncertainty (Absolute uncertainty _(d) Calibration of scale Which one of the following type is uncertainty? (2) Fractional (b) Percentage (¢) Absolute (2) Al ofthese Incolour printing, the whole range of colours can be obtained by mixing (a)Seven colours _(b) Three colours (©) Fourcolours (d) infinite colours Time taken by light to reach from sun to earth (a)2ero second ——_(b) 8min 20sec (c)1 min 20 see (G)ininity precise measurement is the one which has Swi-18 (2) Less precision {b) Greater precision (6) Less fractional uncertainty {d) none of the above. If the reading is taken with measuring scale whose minimum division is 1 mm, then correct reading is- (@).0.2145 m (b). 021m (0.214 m (d]None Which of following is most precise instrument? (a) Meter rod {b) Screw gauge (clVernier caliper {d) All ofthese ‘The least count of astop watch is O.2sec. The time of 20 oscilations of the pendulum is found to be 20sec. the percentage errorinthe time perio (a) 10% {b)075% (c)050% (0) 0.25% ‘Age of the universe is approximately {a} 5x10” sec (b) 8.6110" sec {c)3.2x10” sec (¢) 1.4x10” see The time taken by light from moon to earthis: Dgk-19 (a) 1 min 10sec (b] 1 min 20 see. (c) 1min30 sec. (¢) Amin 40 see. ‘Ameasurement taken by Vernier Calliper with least count as 01 emis recorded as 0.45 cm, it has fractional uuncertainitys Bwh19 {a} 0.01 (b} 0.02 (9.003 () 045 In addition and subtraction (a) Percentage uncertainties are added {b) Percentage uncertainties are subtracted (0) Absolute uncertainties are added (¢) Absolute uncertainties are subtracted In multiplication and division Ung, Swit (2) Percentage uncertainties are added (b) Percentage uncertainties are subtracted (c) Absolute uncertainties are added (d) Absolute uncertainties are subtracted ‘The percentage error inthe measurement of voltage and curent are 2% and 6% respectively. How much wil be uncertainty inthe value of resistance (a)11% (o)0.33% (08% (a)3% ‘The percentage errr in the measurement of mass and speed are 2% and 3% respectively. How much willbe maximum errorin kinetic energy Uhr 18, e418 (@)11% () 5% (8% (d} 1% In calculation, uncertainty for power factor can be evaluate by (a) Taking same power of Percentage uncertainties . (b) Dividing Percentage uncertainties by that power (c). Multiply Percentage uncertainties by that power (d) None of these10. i. i. 13. 14, 3. If the error in the measurement of radius of a sphere is 1%, then the error in the measurement of volume will be Guj-18, Dgk18 (2) 3% (0) 5% (c)8% (a) 1% If the radius of the earth shrinks by 1.5% (mass remaining same) then the value of acceleration due to gravity changes by (a)1% {b) 2% (c)3% (d) 4% How uncertainty in the average value of many measurements can measure? (2) By finding the average value of measured values {b) By finding deviation of each measured value from average value {c) The mean deviation is the uncertainty in the average value (d) a, band care steps to determined The uncertainty in the time period of a vibrating body is found by (a) Least count x number of vibrations {b) Least count / number of vibrations {c)_ Least count + number of vibrations (d) Least count - number of vibrations A system takes 88,00 seconds to complete 25 oscillations. Time period of the system is {a) 352s {b) 35.2 {c)3.520s (d) 3.52005 Absolutes uncertainties are added in following operation i (a) Mutipication _(b) division (c) subtraction (@) none Ina simple pendulum experiment, percentage errors in L and T are 0.1% and 2% respectively. What is maximum percentage error in LT"? ) 41% (b) 3% (5% (#)23% The percentage errors in the measurement of mass and speed are 2% and 3%, respectively. The maximum tro: inthe estimation of kinetic energy will be Sgd-t1 (a) 1% (b) 8% {c) 5% {d) 11% ‘A person measures a point whose position is 10.540.1em and then measures another point whose position is 26.8+0.1cm. The distance ‘x’ determined by the difference between two separate positions is (a) 16.3:0.1em (b) 16.340.2cm (¢)37.320.2em (@) 16340.tem ‘Two capacitors C,=5.2yF#0.1uF and C,= 12.2 ut0.1uF are joined in parallel. Find the net capacitance in thiscase. (2) 70u40:1pF (b) 7.0,40.2uF (c) 17.4yF+0.2pF (a) 17.4yF#0.1uF ‘There are four readings ofa micrometer to measure the diameter ofa wire in mm are4.21, 1.23,1.25, 13. The mean of deviations is: Mtn19 (2) 002mm (b) 0.01mm (9 0.10mm (4) 020mm Ws We sae ‘The method of dimension analysis does not fail in case of (a) Power function _(b) Exponential function. (c) Trigonometricfunction _(d) None of these Which of the following statementsis dimensionally correct? (a) Pressure is force per unit length (b) Pressure is force per unit volume (c) Pressure is force per unit area (d) Pressure is work per unit area Which one ofthe following quantities has same dimensions (i) torque (i) energy (Ii) work? (a) and (i) (b) (and (i) (¢ (i) and (i) (d) Allof these What is ratio of dimension of power to work? Mul19 far (bat? [dite (d)4:7 Centripetal Force has dimension Guj-18 (a) (MUT] (b) (Mtr) (e) (mur?] (@)iMer} Dimensions of coefficient of viscosity are: Ajk-16, Dgk-19 @ [wrt] [Mert ro) (@lmr*| Decide which of the following is correct from. (a) m= E/c* (b) m= 0° JE (m=c7E (d)m=ce10. 11, 12, 13, 4, 16, 17. 18. 19, 20, 21, Dimension of energy is Lhr-LS (a){MIT*} (o)(MUT"}] (j{MeT?] (a) (MUT?} ‘The product of energy and time is dimensionally same as product of (a) Impulse & distance (b) Impulse & time (c} impulse & velocity {a)impulse & acceleration Dimensions of a where F force, ( length and mis mass Sgd-17, Agk-18 @) yeu! (O) Mer (Mer mer! The dimension of impulse are same as that of (a) velocity (b) energy (c)momentum (d) torque Dimensions of G(the gravitational constant) are (ayer? (yet (omer? (d) none of these Which equation cannot be derived from dimensional analysis? {a) sevt+1/2 at! (b)v, =v, at (c)l=le™ (d) all of these Which pair of quantities has dimensions different from the other three pairs? (a). Impulse and linear momentum, b} plank’s constant and angular momentum (c) moment of inertia and moment of force (d) young’s modulus and pressure The quantities L/R and RC (where L, Cand R stand for inductance, capacitance and resistance respectively) have the same dimensions as those of (a) velocity {b) acceleration (c) time (d) force The dimensions of plank’s constant are the same as those of (a) energy (b) power ¢) angular frequency (d) angular momentum Ofthe following quantities, which one has dimensions different from the remaining three, (a) energy per unit volume (b) force per unit area, (c} product of voltage and charge per unit volume. (d) Angular momentum. The dimension of the ratio of angular to linear momentum is (a) Mur (o) MT! (mur Pedneid home g (a) Time {b) Energy (c) Velocity The dimension |u “LT"| represents the quantity: (a) Length (b) Mass (¢) Time () wr (a) Force Guj-19 (d) Velocity ‘The numerical value of constants in any formula cannot be determined by dimensional analysis, however it canbe found by: {a) addition (b) physical Quantities (c) Experiments Guj-19 {d) uUncertainitySR a eee ese 1.1__ Introduction to physics Ee ae ae Physical sees = 1.3 __ International system of units ae of physical quantitiesrele) -1.5%R=0.9 31. R-=L5%R =0.985R s=vtsct ___GM (0.985R)° =9.46x10!m gi _GM/(0985R) _ g GM/R? x change in acceleration 16, =(15307-)100=3» 20 vib require time =20 see Tae et Ivib.tequire time=—=Isec 12 20 vib. hasabsalute uncerta int y =0.1 see Ivib.has absaluteuncerta int y = =0.005sec Pegeene= "00-0 % 3. VeIR Rew 1 632% =8% 4 oe KB=em? 2 4 +2(386)=8% 6. 3 31%) = 3%10. CHAPTER # 1: MEASUREMENTS ‘The branch of physics which deals with the ultimate particles of which the matter is composed is: a) Plasma physics b). Atomic physies ©) Nuclear physies 4d). Particle physics ‘The branch of physics which deals with atomic nuclei is called a) Acoustics b) Thermodynamics ©) Magnetism 4) Nuclear physies Silicon is abundantly obtained from a) Water b) Metal ©) Sand 4) Stones. ‘The number of base units are a) Three b) Five ©) Seven 4) Nine Which of the following is a derived quantity: a) Force b) Mass ) Length 4) Time Which of the following is SI base unit? a) gram b) slug ©) Newton d)_kilogram Which one of the following is not a unit of length: a) Angstrom b) Micron ©) Radian 4) Light year Which is not a base unit in SI units? a) Kilogram b) Joule ©) Ampere &) Kelvin An example of derived unit is a) Candela b) Ampere ©) Coulomb 4) Mole Candela is the SI unit of a) Charge b) Luminous intensity ©) Power d)_ Refractive index 11, An alternate unit to kgms~? is a) Js b) Ns ©) Nm aN 12, The SI units of pressure in terms of base units are a) kgm s~* b) kgm-ts~* ©) kgm s~ @) kgm? s 13, The SI unit of plane angle is a) Steradian b) Radian ©) Degree 4) Candela 14, Steradian is the ange! which lies in: a) One dimension b) Two dimensions ©) Three dimensions 4) None 15, The SI unit of the solid angle is. a) Degree b) Steradian ©) Revolution @) Radian 16, The solid angle subtended at the center of sphere by an area of its surface equal to the square of radius of the sphere is called: a) Degree b) Radian ©) Minute ) Steradian 17. Sl unit of pressure is a) Nm? b) N?m ©) Nm? 4) Nm 18, Which is a derived unit: a) Candela b) Ampere ©) Kelvin 4d) Newton 19, The unit of force is, and its symbol is, ‘which is the correct pair? a) Newton, n b) Newton, N ©) newton, n 4) newton, N 20. Which one is the correct representation of the unit of pressure? a) Newton/Meter b) newton!meter 6) Newtonimeter, 4) Newton/Meter21. 22. 2. 24, 25, 26. 27. 28. 29, Which of the following is least multiple a) Pico b) Femto ©) Nano 4) Ato Which one is the highest power multiple? a) giga b) mega ©) kilo @) deca The prefix pico is equal to a) 10- b) 10-7 ©) 107 4) 10-# The SI unit of intensity of light is: a) Mole b) Kelvin c) Candela a) Ampere 0.0023 can be expressed in scientific notation as a) 23x10" b) 0.23 x 10-2 ©) 23x10 4) None 1024 can be written in scientific notation as a) 1.024x 10° by 2" ©) 0.000976 4) 10300097 Error occurs due to negligence and inexperience of a person is a) Systematic Error b) Random Error ©) Personal Error 4) None Error in measurement may occur due to a) Inexperience of a person b) ‘The faulty apparatus ©) Inappropriate method 4) Due to all reasons in a, b and ¢ In any measurement the significant figures are a) All accurately known and all doubtful digits b) Only accurately known digits ©) Only doubtful digits 4) All accurately know digits and the first doubtful digit ). Number of significant figures in 0.0173 are: a) Three b) Four ©) Five 4) Two 31. A student added three figures 72.1, 3.32 and 0.003. The correct answer regarding the rules of the addition of the significant figures will be a) 75423 b) 7542 o) 54 4) 75 32. If the reading is taken with measuring scale whose minimum division is Imm, then the correct reading a) 0.2145 m b) 021m ©) 0.214m 4) None 33, 75.560 is round off as a) 75.6 b) 75.7 ©) 76.00 4) None 34, Zero to the right of non-zero digits are: a) Significant b)_ Not significant ©) May or may not be significant d) None 38, What is the number of significant figures in the measurement recorded as 8.70 x 104 kg? a) 1 b 3 34 a7 36, Zero is not significant only ifit a) Lies to the left ofa significant digit b)_ is between two digits, ©) isto the right of a significant digit 4d) is before the decimal point 37. Significant figures in 0.000846 are a) Six b) Four ©) Seven d) Three 38. The sum of the three numbers, 2.7543, 4.10 and 1.273, up to correct decimal places is a) 81 b) 813 ©) 81273 @) 8.127 39, 73.650 rounded off up to one decimal is a) B6 b) 37 ©) 74.00 4) 73.65 40. Absolute uncertainties are added in following operations: a) Multiplication b)_ Division ©) Subtraction 4d) None41, An accurate measurement is one which has less a) Precision b)_ Absolute uncertainty ©) Fractional uncertainty 4) None 42. If xy =10540.10m and x) = 268+ 0.1.em, then x = x, — x is given as a) 16.340.1.cm b) 16.34 0.2 em ©) 16.140cm 4) 16.30 em 43. Smaller is the least count of the instrument, more is the measurement: a) Accurate b) Precise ©) Accurate and precise &) None of these 4. Which is a correct record for the diameter of wire when measured my a screw gauge of least count 0.001 em: a) 23cm b) 231em ©) 2312em d) 2.3124 em 48. Which one of the following is not regarded as a fundamental quantity in Physics? a) Length b) Mass ©) Time a) Weight The dimensions of torque are a) [MT] b) [mizr-') © [Mer] a) (Mi?) 46. Dimensions for acceleration due to gravity is a) [MLT~?) b) [mur] ©) [Lr] d) [M°Lr~] 48. As Fy = Gmqrv, the dimension of coefficient of Viscosity 7 is a) [MET] b) [Mur-) ©) [Mir 4) [ML] 49, [M°L°T1] refers to quantity a) Velocity b) Time period ©) Frequency 4) Force 50, The dimension of the following pair is not the same a) work & energy b)_ work and torque ©) Momentum & impulse d) Mass & moment of inertia 51. Unit of Gis? a) Not kg? b) Nake ©) Nmkg? &) None 52. The dimension of force is a) MLT! b) MLT? ©) ML"T d) ML" 53. ML’'T” is the dimension of a) Force b) Pressure ©) Momentum @) Energy 54, A light year isa unit for a) Time b) Distance ©) Velocity &) Time period '58, The dimensional formula for the quantity light year a) [LT] ») IT) ) (mier~) 4) [e} 86, The dimensions of stain are a) [MLT} b) [ML°T] ) IML?) d) [M"L'T'} ‘57, How many years in one second? a) 3.1.x 10° years b) 3.1.x 10-7 years ©) 3.1.x 10~® years d) 3.1.x 107° years