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Physics Krishna Final-1(1)(1)

The document is a Physics investigatory project by Krishna Mishra on the concept of a self-designed transformer, completed under the supervision of Ms. Neelam Singh. It includes sections such as the introduction to transformers, objectives, theory, procedure, observations, results, and conclusions regarding the relationship between input and output voltage ratios. The project also acknowledges contributions from teachers, parents, and classmates, and lists precautions and sources of error.

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sangeetamanojrai1987
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3 views21 pages

Physics Krishna Final-1(1)(1)

The document is a Physics investigatory project by Krishna Mishra on the concept of a self-designed transformer, completed under the supervision of Ms. Neelam Singh. It includes sections such as the introduction to transformers, objectives, theory, procedure, observations, results, and conclusions regarding the relationship between input and output voltage ratios. The project also acknowledges contributions from teachers, parents, and classmates, and lists precautions and sources of error.

Uploaded by

sangeetamanojrai1987
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics Investigatory Project

NAME: KRISHNA MISHRA


CLASS: XII
ROLL NO:
SESSION: 2024 - 2025
llPage
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

KRISHNA MISHRA
has successfully completed his Physics
project titled
The concept of self designed Transformer.

under the supervision and guidance of

NEELAM SINGH

in the partial fulfillment of the Physics


practical under supervision of lab
assistant
Mr Sunil Naik
assessment conducted during the
academic year
2024-2025.
EXAMINER TEACHER

2IPage
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my immense gratitude to


my physics teacher Ms.Neelam Singh
Chauhan for the help and guidance provided
for completing this project and Mr.Sunil Naik
I also thank my principal madam Ms. Ishita
Ghoshal for providing us all the facilities that
was required.

I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and


inputs in making this project. Most of all I thank
our school management, for providing us the
facilities and opportunity to do this project.

Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who


have done this project along with me. Their
support made this project fruitful.

- Krishna Mishra
3IPage
INDEX

CONTENT PAGE NO.


Certificate 2

Acknowledgement 3

Topic 5

AIM 6

Introduction 7-8

Theory 10-12

Procedure 13

Observation 14

Calculation 16

Conclusion 17

Precautions 18

Bibliography 19

41Page
TOPIC

TO INVESTIGATE THE CONCEPT OF


SELF DESIGNED TRANSFORMER

SI Page
INTRODUCTION:

The transformer is a device used for converting a low


alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the a1nount of 1nagnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely
used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes.
In electronic, 1neasurement and control circuits, transformer
size 1nay be so s1nall that it weight only a few tens of gran1s
where as in high voltage power circuits, it 1nay weight
hundred of tones. In a transformer, the electrical energy
transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without
the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step-up transformer. A transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both
for high and low current circuits.
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the relation between the ratio of:
I.Output and Input Voltage
2.Number of turns
In the secondary coil and the pri1nary coil of a self designed
transformer.

APPARATUS
q SWITCH
q RESISTOR & PLUG
q STEP UP & STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
q LED LIGHT
DIAGRAMS

iron
core

primary secondary
coil coil
JI
110/120 220/24()
volts voles

primary secondary
coil coil
►
,220/240 110/120
volts volts

Magnetic Core

Magnetic flux path

Load
THEORY:
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
plp2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary.
In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked
with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then
the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if
Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns
are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and
; =
rate of change of flux in each turn off the coil at this
instant,
We have,
d0
E P=- pdt
N ( 1)

And
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get,
Es/Ep = -Ns/Np ------------ (3)

As Epis the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in


the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E - Ep) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further
if RPis the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous
current lpin the primary coil is given by -

E-Ep=IpRp

When the resistance of the primary is small, 1PRP can be


neglected so therefore
E-Ep = o or E=Ep
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as

= output e.m.f I input e.m.f


Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
IN A STEP UP TRANSFORMER:
Secondary

I.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is


higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the
same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in
the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a
step down transformer steps up the current.
In a Step Down Transformer
Primary Secondary

ov
2A 10 turns 10A

Core
2000 W 2000W

If 1 p = value of primary current at the same instant


And Is= value of secondary current at this instant,
Then Input power at the instant = EpI p
And Output power at the same instant= EsIs

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then:


Input power= output power or EpI p=i EsIs
Uses of Transformer :

A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations:

•!•In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air


conditioner, etc.
•!•A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
•!•A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
•!•A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays
and NEON advertisement.
•!•Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized
power supplies.
•!•Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long
distances.
•!•Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc.
PROCEDURE :

• Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper


and wind a large nu1nber of turns of thin Cu wire on
thick paper (say 300) uniformly on it leaving two free
ends Pl& P2 This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
• Cover the pri1nary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller nu1nber of turns (say 100) of
thick copper wire on it leaving two free end S1 & S2.
This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.
• Connect pl, p2 to A.C 1nain and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and a1n1neter
respectively.
• Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1 and s2.
• Now connect s1and s2 to A.C 1nain and again
1neasure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step up transformer.
OBSERVATIONS

• No. of turns in primary, NP= 300


• No. of turns in secondary, NS = 100

S.No. Input Voltage Output Es


Ep
(Ep) (Volt) Voltage (Es)
(Volt)
1. 80V 240V 3

2. 240V 80V 1/3

RESULT:

Clearly ES / EP = NS / NP within experimental error.


CONCLUSION

• The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil


depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage
• The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage
• There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer
PRECAUTIONS :

• Keep yourself safe from voltage.


• While taking the readings of the current and voltage of the
a.c. should remain constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR:

• Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.


• Eddy current can change the readings.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• GOOGLE Search Engine


• INFORMATION FROM
LIBRARY
• HELP FROM TEACHERS
• NCERT textbook class 12
• NCERT physics lab Manual

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