Natural ScienceGrade 9

Term 3
By Mahmud Sherbhai
(No memes in this one coz last time i got called broke)

Forces
Force- Action that can be described as a push/pull
Exert- To apply by pushing/pulling/twisting
Measured in newtons (N)

2 sides to forces
● Magnitude and Size
● Direction

● Can be described with arrows

● Forces are always applied in a certain direction

Effects of forces
1. A force can cause something to move (pushing something)
2. Can cause a moving object to change speed (car breaks)
3. Can cause directional change (Being bumped from the side by a car)
4. Change shape (Twisting a cloth)
5. Cause rotation (Wheels)

Force Pairs
● Resisting Force (Pushing a wall) *not the same as a resistor
● Pushing force will be equal to resisting force but in opposite directions
● Called Force Pair
● F1 is applied on the wall and F2 on the person

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

● When we apply force on an object, and it does not move, The forces are balanced eg.
A boy pushing on a large heavy box. There are 2 forces acting on this box. The first is
the pushing force of the boy and the second is FRICTION. Friction is opposing the
force of the boy because F1 = F2
● BUT if the pushing force > friction, the box will move. This is an unbalanced force. This
will show a visible effect of motion
Contact & Non-Contact forces
● Contact- Forces exerted when 2 objects touch (both objects are exerting a force unto
each other)
● Non Contact (also called field forces)- When 2 objects touch due to a third party,
mainly Gravity

Contact Forces
➔ Types
◆ Friction- Force that a surface exerts on an object. It acts parallel to the
surface and opposite to the movement of the object. Friction prevents an
object from moving and it produces heat
◆ Tension- Tension is a pulling force. It occurs when objects are pulled apart and
have a strain. Eg. elastic band
◆ Compression- Pushing or squeezing an object to make it smaller. This is bcz
you are pushing the air particles closer together, or removing the particles
from the object
Field Forces

Gravitational Force
● Pulling Force that 2 objects exert on each other due to their masses.
● The Earth exerts a greater gravitational force on the Moon

● F=MA
➔ F= Force (N)
➔ M= Mass (kg)
➔ A= Acceleration
➔ 9.8m-¹

Weight and Mass

● Weight- The gravitational Force that a celestial body exerts on an object close to it’s
surface (Measured in Newtons)
● Mass- The amount of matter an object is made of

Weight = 9.8 X mass

Eg. Weight = 9.8 x 1kg
Weight = 9.8 N

Magnetic Forces
● Force that 2 magnetic objects exert on each other over a distance
● They act in a magnetic field
● Magnetic objects have magnetic fields around them

Magnetic and non magnetic materials

● Iron, Nickel, Cobalt
● Man Made such as Steel
Types of magnetic forces
● Force of Attraction(me to Naeema) : Pulling force (unlike poles)
● Force of Repulsion: Pushing Force (like poles)

Magnetic field of earth

● Earth has a north and south pole.Earth is like a giant magnet and has a
magnetic field around it which is a result of the electric currents, that is
constantly circulating within it.

Electrostatic Force
● A force that 2 electrically charged objects exert on each other over a distance.
● An Electrostatic force exists around any charged object
(Remember that protons and neutrons are held together in the nucleus)
➔ An atom as a whole is neutrally charged bcz protons = Electrons
➔ Electrons can be removed or added. (Static Electricity from Last Year)
Electrostatic Potential energy
● A box lifted off the ground overcomes Gravitational Potential Energy and when
dropped it turns into Gravitational kinetic energy
● Likewise when we move apart unlike charges, it turns into potential energy and
requires work to move it apart, removing the electrostatic field between them

Lightning ⚡
● Air movement cause Water molecules to collide with each other creating friction and
static electricity causing lightning
● The top of cloud becomes positively charged, and bottom negatively
● This creates an electric field with Earth
● The negative bottom gives out negative charges/lightning (electrons) to Earth and
earth’s surface becomes LESS POSITIVE and the clouds MORE POSITIVE

ELECTRIC STUFF 🔌 (EASY PART)

CELLS
● Device that produces electricity by converting chemical energy into electrical energy
● Stored into electrical potential energy
● Dry cell- Cannot be recharged / Wet Cell - can be rechargeD
● 2 or more cells connected in Series/Parallel

Voltage- Measured in Volts (V)

Also called potential
Measured using a Voltmeter (measures potential energy of a cell)
Voltage measures how many electrons a cell can provide to a circuit

RESISTORS
● Resistors are components that oppose/restrict the flow of electricity. Bulbs and
Buzzers etc are also resistors
● Higher resistance= lower current
● Resistors offer heat, light & sound
 ● Measured in Ohm (Ω)
● Conductors offer resistance too. (Silver, Copper and gold offer very little)
● Heat in a conductor is a sign of wasted energy

Variable resistors
● Do not have a fixed supply of resistance (speakers with volume options)
● Controlled using a button or something (rheostat)
● Symbol is the same as for a normal resistor but with an arrow through it
● LDR- Light dependent resistor- is sensitive to the amount of light it gets. The darker it
gets, the brighter the light will become

Diodes
● Special component that controls the flow of electricity
● Offers high resistance when the current flows in one direction and low in the other
direction(only allow one direction for current to flow thru)
● Not made of metal but rather 2 semiconductors
LEDs convert electrical energy into Light energy (LIGHT EMITTING DIODES)
LED is a diode

Factors that affect Resistance

● Type of Material - Copper, Gold, Silver offer little
Nichrome and tungsten offer a considerable amount
Silicon is a Semiconductor
Wood and Rubber have high resistance bcz they are electrical
insulators
● Length- Longer the more resistance
● Thickness- More space to move thru = less resistance
● Temp- The hotter, the more resistance

Series and Parallel Circuits

● Cells in series
○ The total voltage becomes higher

○
● Voltage- Amount of potential energy provided by a cell or used by an electric
component to move a certain amount of charge in a circuit. Also called potential
difference
● Resistors in series-
○ Connected one after the after
We can check it’s voltage by connecting the voltmeter on both sides of the resistor
➔ The total voltage in the circuit should be = to the voltage of the battery
➔ The higher the resistance of a resistor= The higher the voltage across it
➔ The total sum of the voltages across all the resistors in the circuit
Current in a series circuit
 ● Current is the flow of charge thru an electrical conducter such as a copper wire
● Measured in Amps
● Measured using an Ammeter
○ Always connected in series

● Current is the same thru out the circuit

● The total current decreases if the number of resistors increase

Parallel Circuits
★ Total Voltage for all the cells is the same as only 1 cell
★ Lasts Longer

No matter the amount of resistance, The voltage remains the same

Current in Parallel circuits

● The total current supplied by the battery is the same as the sum of the currents thru
al the resistors in a parallel circuit
● Higher resistance = less current
● More resistors=More currents

Important points in a parallel circuit

● Current increases as Resistors increase
● If too many resistors are connected in parallel, it might cause the circuit to shutdown
● Current can also be controlled by connecting resistors in series in certain branches

Safety with the National Grid and electricity

● Overload- Excess electric current flowing thru an electric circuit can cause a circuit to
shutdown
○ It can also cause wires to melt or catch fire
Problem with Parallel circuits in a house: basically every branch in the circuit in ur house is
connected thru parallel and the 240V are going to each and every plug or thing or something
and everytime u plug something in, the current increases causing an overload

Protection things
Fuse- The power lines coming from outside ur house are connected to a fuse box which
contains a fuse that breaks and melts if the current exceeds the safe lvel

Circuit Breaker- A safety device that will open the circuit if too much current flows thru the
circuit

Earth Leakage- A safety device used to protect ppl from electric shocks by redirecting thr
current into the ground

3 pin Plugs
Has a nuetral, earth and
Live wire.
 ● Earth wire from the Appliance is connected to the earth cable in the wall plufg where
the current will be connected to the earth leakage
➔ Without an earth wire, u could get electrocuted

Coal Power Stations

● Produces 90% of electricty
● Coal is burnt to produce steam @ 500°
● Steam is released from furnace and shot onto the blades rotating the turbine to
produce electricity
● Kinetic energy is made into mechanical energy.
● Shaft is connected to a magnet which rotates and produces electricity

Wind Power
● Renewable source of energy
● Wind causes the propellers to turn causing the generator to produce electricity

Falling Water
● In a hydroelectric power station , there is a turbine connected to a generator at the
bottom of the dam. When the water falls, it produces electricity
● A pumped storage plant releases water from a large dammed reservior into a
reservior below

Sun Heated Steam

● Uses sun heated mirrors called heliostats to heat up water to use the steam to turn
the turbine of the generator

Nuclear Fission
● Release of energy when elements such as uranium is split into other atoms
● When uranium is split, HIGH SPEED NEUTRONS are released and also energy that is
used to produce electricity
Uranium 235 is placed in a reactor. Low speed neutrons are shot into the uranium, when a
uranium atom captures a nuetron under the right condition, The atom splits making smaller
atoms and producing energy
Nuclear Waste is disposed in Vaalouts in Northen Cape

Sea Waves
Up and down movement of waves creates air in a contained are which turns a turbine